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Performing spatial analysis based on a correct multifunctional geographically oriented model in the domain of road accident is an important part of the overall transport system management. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate a methodology for using a digital road model, defining optimal parameters for building a road graph and georeferencing occurred events to determine a spatial autocorrelation index of road accidents, entirely using open data. To achieve this goal, the foundation of international standardization laid down in ISO 19100 - Geographic information is used in combination with the method for spatial autocorrelation, extended for a network, practically implemented through the capabilities of the Python programming language as an element of a Geoinformation system of road accidents. Open-source data from the OpenStreetMap geoportal were processed, as well as real archive data for 1,288 serious accidents on the territory of the city of Sofia, Bulgaria, and a spatial autocorrelation coefficient was calculated to determine the dependence or independence of the number of road accidents between individual areas with its accuracy and reliability. The result is the definition of a correct basis for carrying out spatial analysis with the laying of a foundation for the subsequent study of various factors and the definition of a complex of reasons, the establishment of which will lead to a reduction in traffic injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate whether Apian could be the developer of his namesake map projections. Evidences suggest that these mappings should not have been named after Apian. The most likely inventor of the Apian I map projection is Amerigo Vespucci, and the Apian II projection was probably developed only 300 years later by Frangois Arago. Given that the case of Apian map projections is not a single example when the map projection is not named after its real inventor and the original authorship of more mappings might be questioned in the future, the cartographic community should revise, whether it is a good convention to name map projections after their supposed inventor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on selected cartographic depictions of Korčula from the early modern age, the paper examines the geographical knowledge about that island at the time the maps were made. Special attention is directed to the hitherto unknown map of the island of Korčula from the second half of the 16th or the first half of the 17th century, which is kept in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia, given that it shows a very detailed escription of the island of Korčula, especially its western part. The objective of this paper, using the example of the island of Korčula, is to point out the importance of cartographic renderings as an important source of spatial data and to determine whether there was a gradual improvement in the quality of the displayed geographical content in accordance with the assumed development of geographical knowledge and cartographic techniques from the beginning of the 16th century to the end of the 18th century. On the basis of the selected cartographic depictions of the island of Korčula, the significance of the island of Korčula in maritime and geographic frameworks characterized by different political interests, primarily that of Venice, was confirmed. The diachronic series of early modern geographical maps and nautical charts points to the gradual development of geographical knowledge about the island of Korčula, as well as to the improvement of the quality of graphical visualization of the relevant spatial data about that Croatian island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of geospatial information science and technology and applications in numerous areas, cartography and geospatial information education is becoming increasingly more important in training graduates equipped with new capacities. Cartography and geospatial information education are crucial to cartography and geospatial information science, as a discipline and a profession. The contents have always gradually been changing, as well as corresponding effective approaches to deliver sustainable and resilient education. In the new normal era of post COVID-19, summaries and reflections on the progress of available practices and theories can support better design of effective and quality education. In this paper, the conference papers and abstracts on educational topics published in the last 10 International Cartography Conferences are used to trace the path that educators in cartography and geospatial information have gone through. Bibliometric analysis is conducted on educational topics, authors, and regions. A domain term knowledge map is drawn showing that the number of publications on education in the International Cartography Conferences has been increasing. The geographic distribution of authors is very concentrated, with authors from European countries contributing about 50% of the publications and those from the top ten countries contributing 60%. Works in many other regions are less reported. The research topics are mainly focused on undergraduate and graduate education in geographic information systems, secondary education, education atlas, learning theories, learning environmental design, online education, etc. Pedagogies and experience of distance learning and online education in the last 20 years have been well applied. However best practices of online and distance education are rarely reported to support effective new normal education in the context of COVID-19 pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a proposal is presented on how cartographers can ensure and/or enhance the trustworthiness of maps. Maps, like all other means of communication, are a result of many decisions. Many of those decisions allow for several options. Default, clear or good practices, guidelines or recommendations do not always exist for which option to choose. It is rather a characteristic of cartography that individual decisions can be made, especially on data preparation, selection, and design aspects. Because every map is a result of many decisions, trust in maps depends on those decisions being reasonable, not questioned, transparently accessible or underpinned by reliable decision makers (reliable in terms of their record as an institution, because of their reputation, because of their competence). The advent of easy-to-use map making software and data handling instruments put some of those decisions in the hands of "everyone", as well as in the hands of many who might have an interest in using maps as instruments of communicating a specific agenda. This is like other means of communication and has led to a rising discussion on "fake news", "fake media" and "fake maps", thus ultimately how we can trust the communicated information and how we can distinguish "fake" from 'trustworthy" maps. Therefore, in this paper a proposal is presented on how cartographers can ensure and/or enhance the trustworthiness of maps. This is done by introducing two concepts of "going deep", allowing for transparency of cartographic decisions and "going wide", allowing for contextualizing a given map by being able to access alternative maps of the same topic. This proposal adds to the existing attempts to contribute to an ethical framework for map making, such as the Locus Charter or the Code of Ethics of the British Cartographic Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean maps are rarely in the scope of current studies on minimum-distortion map projections. This study aims to create an uninterrupted map projection to display planet Earth as the Blue Planet: the aspect of the projection is rotated into the middle of the water surface; favourable map distortions are optimized numerically across the World Ocean. The paper starts with a short overview of existing similar projections. In the next pages, the reader may find the detailed description on the development of the new mapping. The paper concludes with maps and distortion analysis in the proposed projection and thoughts about its potential usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lambert (1 772) derived the equation of the Mercator projection as a limiting case of a conformal conic projection. In this paper, we give a derivation for equidistant, equal-area, conformal and perspective cylindrical projections as limiting cases of equidistant, equal-area, conformal and perspective conic projections. In this article the conic and cylindrical projections are not projections on a cone or a cylinder whose surfaces are cut and developed into a plane, but rather mappings of the sphere directly into the plane. Exceptions are projections that are defined as mappings on the surface of a cone or plane, as is the case with perspective projections. In the end, we prove that it is not always possible to obtain a corresponding cylindrical projection as a limiting case from a conic projection, as one might conclude at first glance. Therefore, the final conclusion is that it is not advisable to interpret cylindrical projections as limiting cases of conic projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghana is a country exceptionally rich in geologic mineral resources with contrasting topographic relief and varied geophysical setting. This paper evaluated the geological and geophysical setting of Ghana with a special focus on the impact of the geologic setting and topography on gravity. Specifically, it assessed how variations in geology, topography, landscapes and the environment control the geophysical parameters and how these vary among the major regions of the country - the Volta Basin, Northern Plains, Ashanti-Kwahu (Kumasi) and Coastal Plains in the Accra surroundings. Previous studies utilizing traditional Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches have documented the geologic evolution of Ghana evolved as a part of the West African Craton. As a contribution to the existing research, this paper presents a regional analysis of Ghana by integrated mapping of geology, geophysics and topography of the country. The technical approach of this research focuses on utilizing the console-based scripting cartographic toolset Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) integrated with QGIS for processing and mapping the datasets: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008), gravity grids. The theoretical background is based on the geologic research of West Africa supported by high-resolution data. The paper defines a conceptual cartographic framework for integrated geologic and geophysical visualization in a regionalscale mapping project on Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical elements of maps, in addition to the methods of presenting content with cartographic symbols and the criteria of cartographic generalization, are the most important elements of modern ground plan view maps. At the same time, on maps for orienteering disciplines, which are the most internationally unified maps in the world, the mathematical basis is not defined in very detailed specifications. In this paper, we describe the background and reasons for the apparent insignificance of mathematical content in orienteering maps, and on the example of the analysis of selected maps of Croatia and Slovenia, we determine in which period and to what extent mathematical elements were present on the maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the State Border Geoinformation System of the Republic of Croatia (SBGiS), based on opensource technologies, has facilitated and accelerated the storage, processing, handling, analysis and visualization of large amounts of spatial data used in open border issues, as well as standard affairs on maintaining the regulated state border of the Republic of Croatia. Centralized data storage and their spatial visualization through an interactive map allows citizens to see the situation at the state border in real time, which significantly increases the safety of movement in the border zone, but also aids in the prevention of state border breaches. The SBGiS is the only system that has been established not only for maintaining a regulated state border but also for resolving border disputes and delimitation procedures. At the end of the paper, a proposal for future system upgrades is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic maps have regained importance and are again frequently published, due to an increase in ethnic consciousness, many ethnic conflicts and the attempts of young states particularly in eastern Europe to present themselves as nation states by ethnic maps. Questions of their methodology, of how suitable individual ethno-cartographic methods are to depict certain ethnic structures and whether they are applied correctly or not are therefore on the agenda of cartography as a formal science. This paper investigates the suitability of the main ethno-cartographic methods (areal method, dot spread method, diagram method) to render certain ethnic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The map of Moravia (1569) by the renowned Vienna scholar, Paulus Fabricius (ca. 1528-1589), is still considered to be the oldest known cartographic representation of Moravia. This paper focuses on the cartographic analysis of the map with the aim to identify possible methods of its construction with regard to some known circumstances of its origin. The author of the map mentions in the appended texts that he travelled through Moravia several times. The methodology of the work is based on selected spatial analyses of the positional and height aspects of displayed settlements. The achieved results are compared and discussed in the context of other information sources, especially the existing settlement structure and contemporary communication network. The conclusions reveal a correlation between the density of the depicted settlements and the proximity of a modelled communication network. The orographic conditions of Moravia have a significant influence on the map content. The plains are covered in detail, hilly lands and highlands are rarely and randomly mapped, whereas the mountains are not described at all. In the peripheral parts of the area of interest, the author probably worked only with data from travel itineraries. With regard to achieved results, it can be assumed that there is potential to apply the established procedures to the analysis of old maps of similar type. Unlike later maps, they are based on the author's travelling experiences and impressions, rather than on complex measurements of geographical coordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to carry out a spatial analysis of the changes in selected demographic characteristics of the Cres-Lošinj area using the GIS model. For this purpose, data from all censuses carried out so far (1857−2021) were used, which were primarily analyzed cartographically by using Mean Center and the Standard Deviational Ellipse (Directional Distribution) spatial analysis methods, which are an integral part of the basic software package ArcGIS Desktop version 10.0 produced by ESRI. Tabular and graphical appendices were used to additionally complement the analyses. The analyses were carried out on three levels: the level of the Cres-Lošinj area as a whole, the individual level of the Town of Cres and the Town of Mali Lošinj, and the level of settlements. For the area of Cres-Lošinj as a whole, the results showed a tendency of the mean center of the population moving towards the north in the 1857−1948 period, then towards the southwest in the 1948−1991 period, while in subsequent censuses the tendency was again towards the north. Among the local self-government units, a common feature of the movement of the mean center of the population is that in the observed period (1857−2021), and particularly the last observed year (2021), the mean centers of the population are very close to the center of the town/municipality. Using the standard deviational ellipse (directional distribution) method, it was determined that larger settlements (Mali Lošinj, Cres and Veli Lošinj) have an increasing influence on the population direction, and it was determined that the population is concentrated closer to the larger settlements, i.e. to the centers of local self-government, while at the same time the influence on the directional distribution of the population of a large number of small settlements in the northern part of the research area decreased due to an increasing reduction in the number of inhabitants. The GIS model used in this study is suitable for researching the complexity of the demographic dynamics of the so-called of small populations because it enables an analysis at multiple spatial levels and contains methods of spatial analysis that use absolute numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine the landscape development trends of Central Lika and to analyze their interrelation with observed demographic inter-census changes. For this purpose, Landsat multispectral images and census data of the Croatian Bureau of Statistics were used for both observed years, and appropriate methods of analysis were selected. In the analysis of the satellite images, an approach was used that involves the use of data sets that are related to spring and autumn. Using the ENVI 4.7 computer programme, five classes were defined for each analyzed year: Built land, Forest, Water bodies, Arable land, Grass and shrubs, while five landscape development trends and their surface shares were identified based on their interrelation in the observed period (1 991 –2011 ): Unchanged (87.7 %), Extensification and vegetation succession (7.6 %), Intensification (2.8 %), Upbuilding (1.5 %), Water bodies (0.4 %). The obtained results showed that Upbuilding and Intensification are more represented in the central area, which is in line with the least negative demographic indicators, and with the process of urbanisation of the Town of Gospic. Extensification and vegetation succession is more prevalent in peripheral areas, where the most negative demographic indicators are more pronounced, which was found to be in line with the process of deruralisation and deagrarisation. By analyzing landscape development trends and the processes of the Central Lika landscape from different perspectives and aspects, this study allows for their better understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The map named Carta Geographica deProjecçaõ Espherica Orthogonal da Nova Lusitania ou America Portugueza e Estado do Brazil from 1 798, together with its 1 795 (?), 1 797 and 1 803 versions, is undoubtedly one of the cartographic monuments developed by Portuguese cartography from the late eighteenth century. Its organizer was the geographer, astronomer, and frigate captain Antonio Pires da Silva Pontes Leme, who relied on the work of 34 people, including astronomers, geographers, and engineers, who, although only mentioned in the 1 798 version, contributed to the creation of all versions. All of them are similar in appearance, but differ in size, content, details, amount, and distribution of toponyms, which will be the subject of another paper. The greatest similarity, however, concerns the defined map projection. The objective of this paper is to analyse and present the possible hypotheses and conclusions about which map projection was adopted for all versions of Nova Lusitania, through the identification of characteristics that allowed to infer and prove the adopted projection. The applied methodology verified that in the bibliographic search, the information about the map structure is insufficient. An article presented by General Djalma Polli Coelho in October 1 950 states that the projection suggested by its title, as orthogonal spherical, appeared to be the Sanson-Flamsteed equal-area projection. However, the expression Carta Geographica de Projecçaõ Espherica Orthogonal allows us to infer also the transverse orthographic projection. Through parameters defined for the two projections, it was possible to establish the comparative elements for a cartographic analysis, which would allow us to conclude and prove the structure adopted for the map, allowing to conclude if the adopted projection for the Nova Lusitania was an azimuthal orthographic equatorial projection, or a Sanson-Flamsteed, sinusoidal projection on the meridian 31 5°, defined west-east, (counterclockwise), from the El Hierro (Ferro) Island. This meridian is referenced approx. -62°39'46" off the Greenwich meridian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the structural characteristics (shape, position and condition) of landscape patches in Central Lika according to landscape types and for the landscape of Central Lika as a whole. A set of indicators for the landscape structure was used along with GIS technology. Interrelation of the structural characteristics of landscape patches were determined using regression analysis. When determining the landscape types of Central Lika, a method based on land cover/land use was applied. For this purpose, data from the CORINE database for the year 2012 were used. At the level of the landscape type in Central Lika and the landscape of Central Lika as a whole, a set of indicators for the landscape structure were used, based on a variety of spatial analysis methods: Mean Shape Index-for the landscape patch shapes; Core Area Index - for the condition of the landscape patches, and Average Nearest Neighbour - for the position of the landscape patches. The most important result of this paper was to confirm the correlation between the shape and condition, and between the shape and position of the landscape patches of Central Lika, while no correlation between the condition and position of the landscape patches of Central Lika was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper, based on three maps of the Croatian lands by Stjepan Glavac, Pierre Duval and Johann Christoph Weigl, is to show or rather prove the presence of propaganda messages in cartography as a scientific discipline. The maps were chosen because in research conducted to date, no propaganda elements conveying hidden messages in the area they depict have been identified. The maps reveal elements of propaganda which will be critically interpreted. In the conclusion, a short review of the paper is presented with all the maps and a personal opinion about the maps as propaganda media of that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the establishment of a webGIS pilot project in the city of Sinj, based on the research of the development of local spatial data infrastructure (LSDI) as described in the doctoral thesis (Marasović 2020). A set of LSDI development indicatorswere tested in the pilot project. The indicators to be tested were discovered in the mentioned doctoral thesis using statistical regression, statistical correlation and focus groups. The following key indicators have been identified: 1) funding from the local level, 2) awareness, 3) support for development from the decision makers, and 4) administration and citizens recognized as the main LSDI user groups. As an example of LSDI, most main stakeholders of the city of Sinj were interviewed and mapped according to their relevant capabilities, working processes and interaction between the main stakeholders. All the identified indicators were confirmed. The pilot project confirmed that the decision on investment in LSDI from the local level decision makers is essential for its implementation. For such a decision, raising the awareness of the decision makers and citizens about the benefits of LSDI is vital. Citizens and city administration were mapped as two stakeholders which interact most among the stakeholders. Delegating an employee responsible for the implementation and support from the decision makers during the implementation process are essential for success. Human Resources and Public Relationships management activities were recognized as very important in the process of raising awareness of LSDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) technology allows cartographers to make cartographic products more attractive and more understandable for their users. In our research experiment we applied new AR technology onto a paper version school geography atlas for grade 8 (15-year-olds). The experiment that we did was carried out with grade 3 students (10-year-olds). The challenge we had was to see how small children would understand the complicated geographic information presented by the atlas using AR. The results show that students deal with the information and understand maps correctly with the help of the newly presented information. The children were very interested and asked to continue lessons. They were even interested in how the atlas was created using AR technology. It is evident that the presented new technology provides us with possibilities of explaining difficult geographic topics to students of different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ivan Klobučarić was one of the most important Croatian cartographers at the turn of the 17th century. In 1579 he produced a panorama of Rijeka which is kept in the War Archives (Kriegsarchitf in Vienna. The Styrian Provincial Archives (Steiermarkische Landesarchiv) in Graz houses a map of the Bay of Rijeka with a panorama of the city dated 1586, attributed to Klobučarić. His cartographic legacy created between 1601 and 1605 can be found in the Clobucciarich - Skizzen collection. It comprises 108 sheets. Most are double-sided. Some pages show two or more items, so that the entire collection includes around 500 cartographic depictions. In terms of western Croatia, there are about twenty. This paper provides a list of the contents of Klobučarić's cartographic depictions relating to the area of Croatia. A sketch of the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland is described, with a map of parts of Croatia from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland. An analysis was conducted of the contents of the parts of the sketch and map showing the Kvarner Littoral, comparing the representation of settlements showed and those omitted, with toponyms on the map and those shown on earlier maps of the Kvarner Littoral. The paper indicates errors in previous works about Klobučarić's life, work and cartographic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Web Mercator projection is a projection of a relatively recent date. There has been a lot of controversy about its application. Some believe that this projection is not a projection of either the sphere or the surface of the ellipsoid. Therefore, in this paper, several projections of the surface of a rotational ellipsoid into a plane are investigated and it is shown that the Web Mercator projection is one of such projections. Namely, although the equations of this projection are identical to the equations for the projection of the sphere, the basic difference is in the choice of the area of definition, i.e., the domain of the projection. Furthermore, we have shown that the Web Mercator projection can also be interpreted as double mapping: mapping an ellipsoid to a sphere according to the normals and then mapping the sphere to the plane according to the formulas of the Mercator projection for the sphere. The Web Mercator projection is not a conformal projection, but it is close in properties to the Mercator projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis and definition of development types and subtypes in the landscape of Central Lika, based on processes of change in the period 1 980 201 2 CORINE Land Cover database data for 1 980 and 201 2 were used to establish the landscape types in Central Lika in those years. The landscape types in Central Lika were determined according to land cover/land use. Based on the mutual relations between the established landscape types in the two observed years, we established six landscape development types and three subtypes in Central Lika. The spatial distribution of landscape development types and subtypes in Central Lika was determined using the Standard Deviational Ellipse (Directional Distribution) spatial analysis method. The results obtained showed that in the observation period (1 980 201 2), most of the area of Central Lika (89.46%) belonged to the Stagnation landscape type. Other development types were present to a much lesser extent (about 5.5%) and were found to be Vegetation succession, Agrarisation, Vegetation degradation and Built-up land. We established a spatial gradation of three phases in the process of vegetation succession, that is, development subtypes from the centre to the margins of the research area. At the same time, in the observation period, the process and trend of extensification of land use in Central Lika was twice as present as intensification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the possibilities of depicting movement on static thematic maps, using migration as an example - a process which is a part of everyday life, but which may be spatially and temporarily extremely variable. Migrations are mostly depicted using flow maps in demographic literature and elsewhere, for example in daily newspapers. Flow maps are very useful for depicting the movement theme, but migrations, or rather selected components of migration, can also be depicted using other types of thematic maps. The greatest obstacle is the depiction of time, or rather the simultaneous depiction of several years or time periods on a single static thematic map. The paper discusses some possibilities for representing components of migration by using several different types of static thematic maps, their advantages and disadvantages, with the focus on the possibilities and difficulties of mapping spatial and temporal variables on the same map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the high mortality rate, in comparison with countries with similar living standards, is extremely urgent in Russia. It is especially noticeable at the regional level, where differences in mortality and its structure are enormous. The regions of Russia are at different stages of epidemiological transition. This is expressed in differences in their mortality rates and differences in the structure of causes of death. The regions and largest cities of the country are sometimes diverge radically, which greatly complicates research. This paper presents a typology of regions and large cities of the Russian Federation according to the main classes of causes of death in 2015 and its cartography. The spatial features of mortality according to the main causes of death are determined separately for men and women. The assessment was carried out using classification by demographic indicators (causes of mortality: some infectious and parasitic diseases; tumours; diseases of the circulatory system; respiratory diseases; diseases of the digestive system; external causes of death). The dataset included 250 territorial units: 85 regions (including cities of federal significance) and 165 large cities with populations of over 100,000. Based on the primary statistics, standardised mortality rates were calculated. The classification was carried out according to an algorithm developed by one of the authors. The classification presented allows us to highlight the specific characteristics of individual groups of regions and analyse them with a greater degree of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a study of equidistant, standard and secant parallels in normal aspect cylindrical and conical projections. First, the explanation of cylindrical and conical projections as projections on cylindrical or conical surfaces is not recommended because it leads to misunderstanding projection properties. Furthermore, equidistant, standard and secant parallels are often assumed to be identical in references. After defining these three types of parallels, it is proved that it is necessary to differentiate them in the theory of map projections and teaching it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this expert paper is to show development in the area of cartography in chronological order from the time when Albania first appeared on maps by well-known Venetian cartographers (with toponyms in Albanian). An overview of various topographic maps and maritime charts is presented, along with the relevant local and international institutions whose main activities were cartography and geoinformation during different periods. An expert opinion is expressed on the current state of cartographic and geoinformation data as a scientific discipline, with a special emphasis on alignment with international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The features, advantages and disadvantages of using QGIS, ArcGIS and Maplnfo Pro when creating atlases of various types (geographic, complex and thematic) are considered in this paper. Schemes for their potential organization are presented and technological schemes for their automated creation in these geographic information systems are proposed. As a result, approaches and solutions for improving geographic information software can be formulated. Algorithms and modules were developed, primarily aimed at formalizing the structure of atlases and automating the design process of their mathematical basis. The development of functionality was implemented using built-in developer tools implemented in Maplnfo as the MapBasic language, and in ArcGIS and QGIS in the Python programming language. A summary table was compiled, which presents the basic functionalities required to create atlases in GIS and their implementation in the appropriate software. These proposals will ensure the fulfillment of all requirements necessary for atlas design, primarily at the regional mapping level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a technique able to compute high accuracy positioning anywhere using a single GNSS receiver and without the need for corrections from reference stations. A wide range of possible PPP algorithms, using different correction models and processing strategies, exist for both post-processing and real-time applications. PPP relies on accurate satellite and clock data, with the use of precise carrier-phase measurements. Single Frequency-PPP (SF-PPP) is currently under investigation by the scientific community, owing to its cheap implementation with respect to classical differential positioning and multi-frequency un-differenced techniques. Unfortunately, the carrier-phase observable is ambiguous by an a priori unknown integer number of cycles, called ambiguity, which is difficult to resolve with SF receivers. The aim of this paper was to study the opportunity provided by the use of a multi-GNSS constellation applied to two widespread SF-PPP models, based on different carrier-phase and code observable combinations. The algorithms were tested using static data collection carried out in an opensky scenario. The results show decimeter level accuracy on the horizontal and vertical components of the position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carl Ritter von Ghega was proclaimed 201 8 Surveyor of the Year on 21 March 201 8. In this paper, we explore how this Austrian of Albanian extraction, born in Venice, played an important role in geodesy and the surveying profession and the honours he got up to the present day. We investigate his background and details of his professional path, education and most important contributions in the areas of surveying and engineering at large. We describe his most significant achievement, that is, the Semmering Railway, which was dismissed at the time as impossible to achieve. In 1 998, the Semmering Railway was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Apart from this project, which left a great impression on the engineering profession, von Ghega also developed the Borovnica Viaduct built in the mid-1 9th century in Slovenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are witnessing great developments in digital information technologies. The situation encroaches on spatial data, which contain both attributive and localization features, and this determines their position unequally within an obligatory coordinate system. These changes have resulted in the rapid growth of digital data, significantly supported by technical advances regarding the devices which produce them. As technology for making spatial data advances, methods and software for big data processing are falling behind. Paradoxically, only about 2% of the total volume of data is actually used (Čerba 2017). Big data processing often requires high computation performance hardware and software. Only a few users possess the appropriate information infrastructure. The proportion of processed data would improve if big data could be processed by ordinary users. In geographical information systems (GIS), these problems arise when solving projects related to extensive territory or considerable secondary complexity, which require big data processing. This paper focuses on the creation and verification of methods by which it would be possible to process effectively extensive projects in GIS supported by desktop hardware and software. It is a project regarding new quick methods for the functional reduction of the data volume, optimization of processing, edge detection in 3D and automated vectorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyazimuthal map projection is a mapping that represents parallels as non-concentric full circles on the plane. Polyazimuthal mappings are almost never mentioned in the literature dealing with map projections. However, these projections are flexible; their distortion characteristics are highly mutable. This paper expands the theory of polyazimuthal map projections. Furthermore, this study also shows the derivation for variants of this projection family (e. g. equal-area, orthogonal). The article concludes with some practical applications in the field of low-distortion map projections to demonstrate their advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape planning is a branch of the interdisciplinary profession of landscape architecture, which is based on landscape quality protection, and focuses on harmonising different values and interests in spatial development. The modern paradigm of the landscape is based on multidimensionality and interdisciplinarity, which makes the application of GIS indispensable in researching and analysing landscape approaches. This paper presents the application of GIS within the methods and tools of landscape planning, from the perspective of the landscape architecture profession in Croatia, involving the following methods: landscape evaluation, spatial modelling, development of strategic plans, landscape and environmental impact assessment including visual analysis and simulations, landscape character assessment, and landscape plans. The paper also highlights the diversity of potential landscape planning approaches within the instruments of different sectors, concentrating on responsibility for the landscape, spatial planning, natural and environmental protection, conservation of cultural heritage, land policies, rural and tourist development, and energy issues. The paper also indicates that, despite signing the European Landscape Convention, via which Croatia showed interest in innovative planning, conservation and management approaches, there has still been no significant shift at the institutional level, with the occasional implementation of the landscape approaches in practice. The lack of use of GIS tools is especially evident within different sectoral instruments, at all levels of spatial thinking and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most existing servers providing geographic data tend to offer various numeric data. We started to work on a new type of geographic server, motivated by four major issues: (i) How to handle figures when different databases present different values; (ii) How to build up sizeable collections of pictures with detailed descriptions; (iii) How to update rapidly changing information, such as personnel holding important functions, and (iv) how to describe countries not just by using trivial facts, but stories typical of the country involved. We have discussed and partially resolved issues (i) and (ii) in previous papers; we have decided to deal with (iii), regional updates, by tying in an international consortium whose members would either help themselves or find individuals to do so. It is issue (iv), how to generate non-trivial stories typical of a country, that we decided to tackle both manually (the consortium has by now generated around 200 stories), and by developing techniques for semi-automatic story generation, which is the topic of this paper. The basic idea was first to define sets of reasonably reliable servers that may differ from region to region, to extract "interesting facts" from the servers, and combine them in a raw version of a report that would require some manual cleaning-up (hence: semi-automatic). It may sound difficult to extract " interesting facts" from Web pages, but it is quite possible to define heuristics to do so, never exceeding the few lines allowed for quotation purposes. One very simple rule we adopted was this: 'Look for sentences with superlatives!' If a sentence contains words like " biggest" , " highest" , "most impressive" etc. it is likely to contain an interesting fact. With a little imagination, we have been able to establish a set of such rules. We will show that the stories can be completely different. For some countries, historical facts may dominate; for others, the beauty of landscapes; for others, cultural or economic achievements, and for yet others, unusual facts concerning Nobel Prize winners, food, entertainment, sports, other activities, national symbols, special laws, and so on. The results can be checked on by clicking on any country in the category "Special Information" under "Surprising Facts" . All examples shown in this paper were chosen fairly arbitrarily from over 190 examples, to show that the system is indeed working. There are two points to mention here: (a) it is a work in progress, yet has reached a very useable size; (b) the basic ideas can be applied to any area. The choice of geography was due to the wealth of data and interest in this area, but if our algorithms overlook some important facts, this is less critical than applied to types of medical treatment, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoinformation generalization can be divided into model generalization and cartographic generalization. Model generalization is the supervised reduction of data in a model, while cartographic generalization is the reduction of the complexity of map content adapted to the map scale or use by various generalization operators (procedures). The topic of this paper is the aggregation of geoinformation. Generally, aggregation is the joining of nearby, congenial objects, when the distance between them is smaller than the minimum sizes. Most researchers in generalization have focused on line features. However, the appearance of web-maps with point features and choropleth maps has led to the development of concepts and algorithms for the generalization of point and polygonal features. This paper considers some previous theoretical premises and actual examples of aggregation for point, line and polygonal features. The algorithms for aggregation implemented in commercial and free GIS software were tested. In the conclusion, unresolved challenges that occur in dynamic cartographic visualizations and cases of unusual geometrical features are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a biography of Antonio Millo, the sailor and cartographer. He was born in the early 16th century on the Greek island of Milos. He spent most of his life sailing in the Mediterranean. In Venice, he learned cartography skills. Between 1557 and 1591, he produced and published portolan charts, portolan atlases and isolarios. Nine of his works are known, and this paper describes three of his related isolarios, in which maps appear accompanied by descriptions of the Croatian islands. These isolarios are kept in the National Library of St Mark's (Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana) in Venice and the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, in London, while a facsimile edition based on Millo's manuscript copy of his 1582 isolario is kept in the private collection of Sylvia Ioannou. A comparison of all three isolarios and the contents of maps of Croatian islands in them is given, along with descriptions. The dedication to the Marquis Sforza Pallavicino from the facsimile edition of the isolario is translated into Croatian. A comparative analysis established similarities and differences in the depiction of the island of Hvar on maps from all three isolarios, and the description of the island from a facsimile edition of an isolario published in 1582, for which a translation in Croatian is provided. By comparing the contents of Millo's isolarios and those of his predecessors, and a comparative analysis of maps of the island of Hvar, Millo's contribution to the knowledge and depiction of the Croatian islands was confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jesuit Ferdinand Konšćak (1703-1759) from Varaždin was a Croatian explorer, missionary and cartographer in the Lower California area. Konšćak's maps were published in 1757 in a work by Miguel Venegas and Marcos Buriel, Noticia de la California. The book appeared in Spanish, and later in English (1759), Dutch (1761/2), French (1766 and 1796/7) and German. In this paper, all the maps attributed to Ferdinand Konšćak are listed and presented for the first time, while the reproductions are taken from the highest quality editions. The places throughout the world where Konšćak's maps are kept are also listed. In a separate table, the most important information regarding the maps presented in this paper is given in overview. Finally, it is concluded that the life and work of Ferdinand Konšćak have been insufficiently researched, particularly in regard to his cartographic contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a spatial and statistical analysis, the paper aims to assess vulnerability based on the service capabilities of public fire brigades in the Republic of Croatia. An assessment of fire hazard impacts was developed based on historical fire data over a twenty-year period for the counties and City of Zagreb, an assessment of exposure based on critical infrastructure data for the counties and City of Zagreb, and an assessment of resilience based on the coverage zones of fire brigades within the standard intervention time (15 min) for the counties and City of Zagreb. The results of the research have various potential applications and can be used as a basis for the future planning and development of the fire protection system to serve and protect people, material and cultural goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a reconstruction of the kinematics of the Tschadinhorn rock glacier using multitemporal conventional (metric) aerial photographs (1954-2015) and additional non-metric aerial photographs (2016, 2017) taken with in-house unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). A rotary-wing aircraft (hexacopter twinHEX v.3.0) was used in 2016 and a fixed-wing aircraft (QuestUAV) in 2017. The historical image data was acquired from the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (BEV). Both a digital orthophoto (DOP) and a digital terrain model (DTM) were computed for each given epoch. Precise georeferencing of the image data was carried out in the Austrian Gauss-Kruger M31 coordinate system using available aerotriangulations (ATs) of BEV and additional ground control points (GCPs) measured geodetically during both UAV campaigns. Change detection analysis provided multi-temporal 2D flow velocity fields. Subsequently, these data were collated to produce a simpler velocity graph showing clearly the temporal evolution of the flow velocity of Tschadinhorn rock glacier: A maximum mean annual flow velocity of 3.28 m/year was obtained for 2014-2015, while the lowest annual flow velocity of 0.16 m/year was observed for 1969-1974. The velocity graph also revealed that 1954-2009 was characterized by generally moderate activity (0.16 - 0.79 m/year) and that much higher flow velocities have prevailed since 2009. The present value for 2016-2017 is 1.92 m/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2nd Geomagnetic Information Renewal Cycle started in 2017, pursuant to a request from the State Geodetic Administration and Ministry of Defence to ensure actual declination and its annual variation across the territory of Republic of Croatia. A test survey was performed at POKUpsko as part of the project in 2017. The PRM1 Primary Repeat Station had been destroyed, and the survey performed at a secondary location established in 2011, which subsequently became the primary location, known as PRM2. In this paper, the results of 2017 measurements reductions are presented, along with reductions in PRM1 and PRM2 measurements in 2011, and differences between the PRM1 and PRM2 locations, which are necessary to maintain the continuity of measurements at Pokupsko. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affine mappings have a long tradition and are applied in various disciplines. Distortions of affine mappings between planes are discussed in this paper using the methodology taken from the theory of map projections. Formulae for the linear scale are derived, and it is shown that distances are generally not preserved. The length distortion depends on the direction. The distribution of the linear distortions around a point can be visualized by using the curve of local linear distortions or the distortion ellipse. Next, changes in angles and areas are explained. The paper concludes with an interpretation of the distortion ellipse as the image of a unit circle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent study on map projections expanded two new measures of distortion, namely flexion and skewness. However, it introduced them only fo r the unit sphere. The present paper derives formulas for the rotational ellipsoid and demonstrates th at these kinds of distortion always have a unit of measurement. A new method of illustration is described, by which these quantities can be visualized in an expressive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, cartography has experienced a number of paradigm changes seen in refreshed research agendas and renewed education programs. Yet cartography remains the science, art and technology of making and using maps. This paper addresses four persistent research questions in cartography: 1) What is a map? 2) What are maps made for? 3) How are maps made? and 4) Who is making maps? Based on a retrospective analysis of cartographic advances since the introduction of the Internet in the early 1990s, the author gives an overview of evolution with regard to map types, map affordances, mapmaking workflows and the roles of mapmakers and map users. While some cartographic principles used since ancient times will continue to serve as anchor points fo r future development, ever-changing technological potentials and user requirements force us to maintain vitality with more and more innovative maps and map-based services. The author also appeals for a sustainable map creation ecosystem supported by cloud computing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification and analysis of regional disparities are increasingly important issues for a better understanding of regions and their socioeconomic development, and the subsequent application of regional policies. The objective assessment of regional disparities is an important step in directing regional policies by individual countries and supranational institutions such as the European Union. The paper deals with selected indicators of regional socio-economic disparities in the territory of the Czech Republic that were observed, visualized and evaluated to contribute to measuring regional disparities. The indicators were divided into three categories - demographic, economic and infrastructural - and defined and analyzed at the level of the Czech NUTS3 regions (counties), with the data organized as a geodatabase within ArcGIS software. A synthetic index was used to define and analyze the disparities within the three categories. The values for the indicators, along with the results of the regional evaluation, were presented cartographically as a series of cartograms, and the analysis and cartographic visualizations were used to reach conclusions about existing disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is commonly assumed that standard parallels and parallels that appear as the intersections of a developable surface and a sphere or ellipsoid coincide. This paper shows that this is not true of azimuthal projections which are equidistant along meridians, equidistant along parallels (orthographic), and equal-area, because there is no standard parallel at all in such projections. Only some azimuthal conformal (stereographic) projections have standard parallel, in which case it coincides with secant parallel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives a historical account of how the Novi Vinodol astronomic point was created - a point which has been maintained until the present day as a second class trigonometric point. It is the end point of a chain of triangles set up in the early 20th century to establish the halfway parallel, i.e. the parallel corresponding to 45° latitude. The geometric and astronomic works were conceived and led by General Stevan P. Bošković, Director of the Military-Geographic Institute in Belgrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a study of the initial evaluation of pupils' long-term knowledge and skills in cartography at the beginning of secondary level (high school) education. The aim of this study is the partial determination of their long-term cartographic knowledge and skills acquired through elementary education. The basic hypothesis of the paper, which has been verified through the research results of many years of practical experience and the work of the authors, claims that the level of knowledge and skills of pupils at the beginning of high school in the field of cartography is inadequate and hinders the normal dynamics of mastering teaching content in the field of cartography, The summative level of mastery of basic cartographic skills is defined in the analysis of results: The achievements of different types of school classes are compared differentially and a quantitative analysis of the results carried out according to the knowledge and skills tested, and individually by separate test tasks. The main test results generally confirmed the :initial hypotheses and showed noticeable differences between schools and types of programmes (classes), whether individual or compared. The overall average test score of the pupils tested was 31.6%. The total score for tasks testing knowledge of cartography was 66.0%, while for correctly solved problems in the field of cartographic skills, it was 25.2%. It should be noted that the scope of knowledge and skills tested in the study was very limited in relation to the overall content of the elementary school geography curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large majority of apartment tenures for apartments acquired at the beginning of the 1990s in Croatia have not yet been entered in the Land Registry. The reason for not entering ownership in the books is the same or almost the same as during purchase: the inconsistency of official data on ors on which buildings have been built, i.e. data from the Cadastre and the Land Registry, incomplete building documentation for completed structures and unresolved ownership issues regarding cadastre lots (e.g. those still owned by a local authority, companies which no longer exist, unknown proprietors, etc.). The Act on Ownership and the Regulations on Linking the Book of Deposited Contracts and the Land Registry prescribe the entry of apartment ownership, as recorded in the Book of Deposited Contracts, in the Land Registry. Taking into consideration the corn plexity of the issue, this paper elaborates the facts, obstacles and proposals in the process of linking the Land Registry with the Book of Deposited Contracts, from the surveyor's point of view with regard to analysing the problem. Surveying is the profession competent to link and coordinate the state of data on cadastre lots on which buildings containing apartments with tenancy rights have been built. Using specific information provided by three building managers, the facts on ownership entry in the Land Registry and the Book of Deposited Contracts of actual buildings are presented in this paper. Furthermore, an overview is provided of the preliminary actions required in the form of producing suitable surveying plans to give building managers direction and some guidance as to which steps to take in successfully tackling the issue of linking the Land Registry with the Book of Deposited Contracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biographical and bibliographical information about Croatian cartographers has been collected systematically since 1995, firstly within the scientific project Croatian Cartographers, and subsequently within the research project Cartography and New Technologies, both carried out at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb. Afterwards, work on the collection and arrangement of material continued within the framework of the Cartography of the Adriatic project carried out on the same faculty. The basic sources of material about Croatian cartographers are databases or lists of maps in map collections, monographs, map exhibition catalogues, symposium proceedings, various memorial publications, encyclopaedias and lexicons, and many journals. Graduate and postgraduate students at the Faculty of Geodesy have studied Croatian cartographers as part of their seminar papers, undergraduate and master's theses and dissertations. A database containing biographical and bibliographical information about Croatian cartographers was created based on all the material corn piled. A biographical lexicon, Hrvatski kartografi (Croatian Cartographers), was published after 14 years of data compilation. This paper is not a copy of part of that lexicon. It contains new information, particularly on Matija Petar Katančić, Joszef Erdődy and Franz Xaver Müller. Moreover, a number of illustrations have been added in order to facilitate a better understanding of the cartographers' work. According to our definition, Croatian cartographers are Croatians, or people of Croatian origin who lived or live anywhere in the world and worked or work in the field of cartography. Members of other nations and nationalities who were born in Croatia, regardless of where they lived or live, and foreigners who lived and worked in Croatia or still do, contributing to cartography, are also considered as Croatian cartographers. The paper deals with several Croatian cartographers who are also Hungarian cartographers. Some of them were born in Hungary, some were educated there, but all were engaged in cartography in some way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the systematization and precise identification of the structure of river networks in Montenegro in both planimetric and hypsometric dimensions, using cartometry. This includes the precise determination of the morphometric parameters of river flows, their numerical display, graphical display, and documentation. This allows for a number of analyses, for example, of individual catchments, the mutual relations of individual watercourses within a higher order catchment, and the classification of flows according to river and sea basins and their relationship to the environment. In addition, there is the potential for expanding the database further, with a view to continuous, systematic, scientific and practical follow-up in all or part of the geographic space. The cartometric analysis of the river network in Montenegro has a special scientific, and also a social value. In the geographical structure of all countries, including Montenegro, rivers occupy a central place as individual elements and integral parts of the whole. There is almost no human activity which is not related to river flows, or related phenomena and processes. The river network as part of a geographic space continues to gain in importance, and therefore studying it must connect with the other structural elements within which it functions. These are the basic relief characteristics, climate, and certain hydrographic characteristics. A complete theoretical and methodological approach to this problem forms the basis for a scientific understanding of the significance of the river network of Montenegro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]