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El artículo discurre sobre el impacto de la Primera Guerra Mundial en la España neutral.

After a brief introduction to the historical context that led the Russian Orthodox Church to convene the Sobor, the Council of 1917, this paper deals with Aleksiey Khomiakov’s concept of sobornost’ by placing it in the context of the Schmitt- Peterson debate. This debate, which remains dominant in the Western world, has determined how the Church in the west understands herself. In this regard, the heritage of Russian Christian thought can offer an alternative vision that is deeply rooted in the Church’s tradition yet also surprisingly current. In this way, this article hopes to offer an account of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church and her understanding of the world after the two events that determined its recent history: the Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russian Revolution of 1917. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the role developed by the nationalist nurses as health professionals on the warlike conflict in 1936-1939. On this context we can identify the type of training that nurses recived while the Civil War, the assigments and obligations relationed with theirs assistance works, their professional worries, the risk that this work envolves and the recognition of this. Their active participation transformed the essential sanitary personal, doing an important place on this, with big relevance and low studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diachronic research has often made use of metalinguistic remarks made by "prestigious" speakers as a way to reconstruct past stages of a given language. The question arises as to what point these remarks can be considered objective. This issue is addressed here by paying attention to the time span between 1940 and 1960 and to Emilio Lorenzo's remarks about the evolution of Sp. o sea. Lorenzo's intuitions can be (dis)confirmed by checking them against the rae CORDE corpus. Building on the conclusions extracted from o sea, the last part of this paper establishes some methodological remarks regarding the diachronic study of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores three aspects of the philosophical thought of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger present in the novels and essays of the Argentinean writer Abel Posse. The Heideggerian elements to be discussed are: pilgrimage as a path of questionioning, the question concerning technology and The Open. It then articulates how the Argentine writer utilizes these concepts in order to formulate a critique of Western modernity while at the same time exploring questions concerning Latin American identity from a situated perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 20th century, the Basque nationalist movement imitated other movements that took place in other stateless nations around the World, in order to achieve their own cultural and political independence. Because of that, Basque nationalism (either moderate or radical and revolutionary) observed with great interest the process of independence in African nations and their fight to recover their ancestral cultures. On the other hand, the fact that Spain (the greatest enemy of Basque nationalism) had some colonies in Africa contributed to create a feeling of sympathy between Basque nationalism and some cultural and political movements in Africa. In this paper I analyze the relationship between Basque nationalism and the movements for African independence, in both cultural and political contexts. I pay special attention to differences between the PNV and ETA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sabino Arana was the founder of Basque Nationalism and set up the main symbols of the Basque Country. From his death in 1903, Arana himself became an essential symbol of Basque Nationalism, due to the mythification of his figure, carried out by his disciples and followers. This paper analyses the cult to Sabino Arana within Basque Nationalism from 1903 to the present, focusing in particular in its heyday during the Spanish Second Republic and its continuity in exile during Franco's Dictatorship. Arana is a very controversial symbol, exalted by Basque Nationalists and, in contrast, disparaged by non-Basque Nationalists, who have never considered him the real Father of the Basque Nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leonardo Sciascia (1921-1989) was one of the most important Italian writers of the twentieth century. At the same time he published his literary work, extensive and varied, Sciascia also served as a columnist in the Italian press. This activity has hardly been studied yet. This paper analyses Sciascia's contributions to various Italian newspapers, both regional and national, over nearly 35 years. It shows how Sciascia built up his intellectual reputation in the public sphere, becoming a moral reference through his valuable but controversial opinions related to the national political situation and the fight against the Sicilian Mafia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lauburu ("four heads'" in Basque) is a cross with four comma- shaped heads, similar to the swastika. Today it is one of the most important symbols of Basque identity. In this paper, I analyze its origins and history, which is full of contradictions, changes in name and shape, especially until the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The lauburu was created in the 17th century; and in the 19th century it symbolized the unity of four Basque Provinces. The lauburu was later identified with a swastika (symbol of the Basque nation, according Sabino Arana, the founder of the Basque Nationalist Party) almost identical to the Nazi symbol. The Basque nationalist movement used the lauburu until Hitler took power in Germany and permanently adopted the lauburu as it is used today. During the past few hundred years this symbol has been the object of endless interpretations by different political parties and social movements associated with Basque nationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criticism has no doubts when emphasizing the predominant position of realism in the second half of 20th century Spanish short stories; however, the prevalence of aesthetic streams out of this tendency all through the post-war period have been hardly pondered. This paper discuss the production of some significant members of the so-called "Mediosiglo" generation, who, although they choose a kind of compromised and testimonial literature, are also interested in the practice of non realistic forms. This is the case for Ana María Matute and Medardo Fraile, whose stories go into the symbolic existentialism in depth and, sometimes, culminate in the marvelous genre, or for Juan Eduardo Zúñiga and Alfonso Sastre, who use the fantastic genre with the purpose of stepping up the message of denounce of the literary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the main twentieth century changes that have shaped the contemporary crisis of identity. After exploring four hurricanes of modernity -- total war; the cultural revolution of the 1960s; modernization and globalization; and the rise of the information society -- I discuss the decline of trust in civil society. Personal identities once tightly focused on family, friends and neighborhood, are now much looser connections with the emphasis on social networking. The process is one of individualization, subjectivization, and self-realization. Collective identities are experiencing a crisis of legitimacy. Ideologies, associations, mainstream churches and nation-states have lost their mobilizing power. I argue that globalization in a network society offers a possible solution to the crisis. Until recently domestic and international politics, save in times of war, seemed separate worlds. In the twenty first century they form one continuum. Cosmopolitan politics with its advocacy of a global civil society offers not only an opportunity to reconnect individual and collective identities in a new and purposeful way but to respond to the demand for justice worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]