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This paper studied the work stressors and coping strategies of lawyers in Singapore. Data collection involved the use of both quantitative and qualitative research methods — a survey of 450 lawyers and in-depth interviews with 27 lawyers. This study found that while time pressure and work overload were the most stressful aspects of lawyering work, social interactions and interpersonal relationships at work proved to be a salient work stressor, when lawyers were dealing with clients, fellow lawyers and judges — that is, interpersonal stress. This study explains how lawyers constantly monitor and adjust their actions to negotiate for control or 'power' over others in their attempts to cope with work stress. In examining the correlation between lawyers' perceptions of work stress and their coping behaviours, this paper reveals that while lawyers tended to report more problem-focused than emotion-focused coping ways, the correlation analysis informed that emotion-focused and help-seeking coping ways were significantly correlated with interpersonal stress, such as in dealing with clients and colleagues. This study further shows that lawyers invoke social and psychological coping resources to position themselves strategically within prevailing power relations to cope with their interpersonal stress at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Donald Schön''s concept of design as a conversation with materials, in the context of designing digital systems. It proposes material utterance as a central event in designing. A material utterance is a situated communication act that depends on the particularities of speaker, audience, material and genre. The paper argues that, if digital designing differs from other forms of designing, then accounts for such differences must be sought by understanding the material properties of digital systems and the genres of practice that surround their use. Perspectives from human–computer interaction (HCI) and the psychology of programming are used to examine how such an understanding might be constructed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In view of the undeniable fact that linguistic–cognitive approaches to pragmatics have focused only on selected elements of the holistic, interactional context in which language users are immersed in their (linguistic) social interactions, there has gradually emerged the necessity to remedy this situation by suggesting more comprehensive frameworks for analyzing language use in its context (such as non-Cartesian pragmatics). The main objective of the present paper is to integrate the study of cognition and emotion within the non-Cartesian paradigm of linguistic research. Such a project is an indispensable step towards the holistic investigation of interpersonal communication. Relational Pragmatics (a version of non-Cartesian pragmatics) is used as a framework for the integrative goal of this project. This paper offers a solution to some perennial controversies and debates in emotion research such as cognition vs. emotion, or rationality vs. emotion, and others. The most important ideas suggested in this article include the view of context as ‘relation’ rather than ‘knowledge’, ‘situation’, or ‘text’; affect is also investigated as ‘relation’ and at the pragmatic-semantic interface as ‘text’. Among a number of new concepts the most crucial are ‘pragmability’ and ‘affectability’, which underlie the language user''s capacity to participate in (verbal) social interaction as a cognizing being, or Ens Cognoscens (EC). Ens Cognoscens is represented by way of the cognitive–affective–conative system, which interacts with its (inherent and acquired) pragmability and affectability; moreover, the defocused EC is socially distributed and socially constructed to a considerable extent. Finally, the notion of ‘affectability’ is analyzed in terms of ‘affective reference’ and ‘affective relational system’. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Savings adequacy is best predicted by the decision tree model with 96.1% accuracy. • Mental accounting categories have predictive power on savings adequacy. • Luxury items and current asset amount were most important to savings adequacy. This paper proposes a machine-learning-based method that can predict individuals' savings adequacy in the presence of mental accounting. The proposed predictive model perceives wealth and consumption, each of which is being divided into three non-fungible distinct classes. The predictive model has found that the mental accounting categories have predictive power on savings adequacy, whereby the emphasis is that the expenditure on luxury items is followed by the total current asset. Savings adequacy is best predicted by the decision tree model based on the Malaysian Ageing and Retirement (MARS) survey data. Surprisingly, it was found that future income and necessities had a lower predictive power on savings adequacy. The findings suggests that individuals, financial professionals, and policymakers should be cognizant that higher likelihood of achieving savings adequacy can be achieved by focusing on accumulation of current asset while lowering expenditure on luxury items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helmet safety benefits are reduced if the headgear is poorly fitted on the wearer's head. At present, there are no industry standards available to assess objectively how a specific protective helmet fits a particular person. A proper fit is typically defined as a small and uniform distance between the helmet liner and the wearer's head shape, with a broad coverage of the head area. This paper presents a novel method to investigate and compare fitting accuracy of helmets based on 3D anthropometry, reverse engineering techniques and computational analysis. The Helmet Fit Index (HFI) that provides a fit score on a scale from 0 (excessively poor fit) to 100 (perfect fit) was compared with subjective fit assessments of surveyed cyclists. Results in this study showed that quantitative (HFI) and qualitative (participants' feelings) data were related when comparing three commercially available bicycle helmets. Findings also demonstrated that females and Asian people have lower fit scores than males and Caucasians, respectively. The HFI could provide detailed understanding of helmet efficiency regarding fit and could be used during helmet design and development phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review assessed the quantity and quality of research examining the psychosocial outcomes among hematological cancer patients. Studies were categorised as either measurement, descriptive or intervention. Intervention studies were further assessed according to Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) methodological criteria. A total of 261 eligible papers were identified. The number of publications increased by 8.8% each year (95% CI = 7.5–10.2%; p < 0.0001). The majority of studies were descriptive (n = 232; 89%), with few measurement (n = 8; 3%) and intervention (n = 21; 8%) studies identified. Ten intervention studies met EPOC design criteria, however only two interventions, one targeted at individuals with Hodgkin’s or Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and one targeted at individuals with leukaemia, lymphoma or myelomatosis were successful in improving patients’ psychosocial outcomes. Despite an increasing volume of research examining psychosocial outcomes of hematological cancer patients, there is a need for robust measurement and methodologically rigorous intervention research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wearable technology has shown the potential of improving healthcare efficiency and reducing healthcare cost. Different from pioneering studies on healthcare wearable devices from technical perspective, this paper explores the predictors of individuals' adoption of healthcare wearable devices. Considering the importance of individuals' privacy perceptions in healthcare wearable devices adoption, this study proposes a model based on the privacy calculus theory to investigate how individuals adopt healthcare wearable devices.Method: The proposed conceptual model was empirically tested by using data collected from a survey. The sample covers 333 actual users of healthcare wearable devices. Structural equation modeling (SEM) method was employed to estimate the significance of the path coefficients.Results: This study reveals several main findings: (1) individuals' decisions to adopt healthcare wearable devices are determined by their risk-benefit analyses (refer to privacy calculus). In short, if an individual's perceived benefit is higher than perceived privacy risk, s/he is more likely to adopt the device. Otherwise, the device would not be adopted; (2) individuals' perceived privacy risk is formed by health information sensitivity, personal innovativeness, legislative protection, and perceived prestige; and (3) individuals' perceived benefit is determined by perceived informativeness and functional congruence. The theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing intensity of operations means that the longstanding safety issue of rail level crossings is likely to become worse in the transport systems of the future. It has been suggested that the failure to prevent collisions may be, in part, due to a lack of systems thinking during design, crash analysis, and countermeasure development. This paper presents a systems analysis of current active rail level crossing systems in Victoria, Australia that was undertaken to identify design requirements to improve safety in future rail level crossing environments. Cognitive work analysis was used to analyse rail level crossing systems using data derived from a range of activities. Overall the analysis identified a range of instances where modification or redesign in line with systems thinking could potentially improve behaviour and safety. A notable finding is that there are opportunities for redesign outside of the physical rail level crossing infrastructure, including improved data systems, in-vehicle warnings and modifications to design processes, standards and guidelines. The implications for future rail level crossing systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade there has been significant pressure to minimise emissions and safety risks related to commercial driving. This pressure to meet the triple bottom line of cost, environment, and society has often resulted in the rapid application of vehicle technologies designed to mitigate undesired effects. Often the cognitive and behavioural effects of technologies on the commercial driver have not received in-depth analysis to determine comprehensive viability. As such, this paper aims to identify a timescale for implementation for future technologies for UK road freight, and likely associated human factors issues, improving upon the currently employed 'trial-and-error' approach to implementation which may carry high economic, environmental, safety-related risk. Thought experiments are carried out to broadly explore these future systems. Furthermore, this work aims to examine whether technology alone will be enough to meet future CO2 reduction targets, and assess the role of behavioural and systems interventions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The Renal PatientView (RPV) website is an information and education tool aimed at increasing patient involvement in their care. We have conducted this study to elucidate why some users remain inactive on RPV despite initially signing up for the service.Methods: Patients at a teaching hospital in United Kingdom, who originally signed up for RPV but are no longer active (no logins during previous 6 months), were sent paper questionnaires. Responses were collected for up to 6 months.Results: Of the 190 questionnaires, 69 (39%) were returned partially or fully completed. Majority of respondents could access computer (94%) and internet (91%) from home. Reasons for inactivity among survey respondents included: loss of login credentials (45%), perception that it did not add anything to existing care (37%), being too busy (13%) and anxiety of viewing results from home (10%). Thirty-seven respondents provided free-text comments. Thematic analysis of these reinforced above findings and also indicated that despite infrequent use, some patients valued RPV availability. Patients made very little reference to using sections of the website other than test results.Conclusions: Patients find RPV a valuable resource. It is, however, mainly seen as a portal to check blood test results; other sections of the website aimed at promoting self-management remain underutilized. Several local and central level changes, such as a robust system of user accounts handling, improved promotion, and emphasis on further development of self-management sections of RPV may help improve participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the perceptions of some of the key stakeholders related with the European automotive manufacturers, automotive related industries – oil, tyres, electric batteries and information technology industries – and academia, about the technological contributions to lower greenhouse gas emissions of individual passenger vehicles. A qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interviews, was used in order to identify and explore possible relationships, causes, effects and dynamic processes. Technological and behavioural aspects were identified as crucial for the decrease of fossil fuels consumption and hence reducing carbon dioxide emissions. It was concluded that there is a strong focus on lowering the greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions in the automotive sector and related industries concerning innovation process; furthermore there is a need for major stakeholders, including policy makers, to look at sustainable mobility using a more holistic and inclusive approach to achieve an effective delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folk psychological practices are arguably the basis for our articulate ability to understand why people act as they do. This paper considers how social neuroscience could contribute to an explanation of the neural basis of folk psychology by understanding its relevant neural firing and wiring as a product of enculturation. Such a view is motivated by the hypothesis that folk psychological competence is established through engagement with narrative practices that form a familiar part of the human niche. Our major aim is to establish that conceiving of social neuroscience in this wider context is a tenable and promising alternative to characterizing its job as understanding mentalizing as a wholly brain-based form of ‘theory of mind’ activity. To promote this change of view, it is shown that understanding folk psychology as a narrative practice can accommodate the known evidence from social neuroscience, developmental and cross-cultural psychology, and cognitive archaeology at least as adequately, if not better than its main rivals, modularist accounts of theory of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines the human error identification (HEI) techniques that currently exist to assess latent human errors. Many formal error identification techniques have existed for years, but few have been validated to cover latent human error analysis in different domains. This study considers many possible error modes and influential factors, including external error modes, internal error modes, psychological error mechanisms, and performance shaping factors, and integrates several execution procedures and frameworks of HEI techniques. The case study in this research was the operational process of changing chemical cylinders in a factory. In addition, the integrated HEI method was used to assess the operational processes and the system's reliability. It was concluded that the integrated method is a valuable aid to develop much safer operational processes and can be used to predict human error rates on critical tasks in the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in creating empirically grounded agent based models (ABMs) to simulate land use change at a variety of spatio-temporal scales. The development of land use change models is challenging, as there is a need to connect representations of human behavioural processes to simulations of the biophysical environment. This paper presents a new agent-based modelling framework (Aporia) that has the goal of reducing the complexity and difficulty of constructing high-fidelity land use models. Building on earlier conceptual developments for modelling land use change and the provision of ecosystem services, Aporia was designed to be modular, flexible and open, using a declarative, compositional approach to create complex models from subcomponents. The framework can be tightly or loosely coupled with multiple vegetation models, it can be set up to evaluate a range of ecosystem service indicators, and it can be calibrated for a range of different landscape-scale case studies and modelling styles. The framework is released under an Open Source licence, and can be freely re-used and modified to form the basis of new models. We illustrate this with two case studies implemented using Aporia, exploring different socio-economic scenarios and behavioural characteristics on the land use decisions of Swiss and Scottish farmers. We also discuss the benefits of frameworks in terms of their flexibility, expandability, verification and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a structural equation model of happiness, as influenced by inter alia perceived risk due to (i) intensity of exposure to polluted air, and (ii) hazard of pollutants. In addition, objective risk measured as proximity to the pollution source, is considered. The main finding is that both types of perceived risk negatively and significantly influence people's happiness, although in absolute terms, the total perceived risk effect is less than the (positive) effect of ability, measured by income and education. Other important determinants of happiness are family size, age, proximity to the pollution source, work environment and current health condition. Perceived risk due to intensity of exposure is influenced by environmental knowledge and proximity to the pollution source; perceived risk of hazard by ability, environmental knowledge, family size, family health experience and proximity to the pollution source. Environmental knowledge is found to be a function of age, ability and work environment. On the basis of the findings, we conclude that reducing air pollution is an important policy measure to ameliorate happiness. As environmental knowledge is an important determinant of perceived risk, reduction policies should be accompanied by disclosure of the state of air quality. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper introduces a new vision module, called PAAV, developed for the cognitive architecture ACT-R. Unlike ACT-R’s default vision module that was originally developed for top-down perception only, PAAV was designed to model a wide range of tasks, such as visual search and scene viewing, where pre-attentive bottom-up processes are essential for the validity of a model. PAAV builds on attentive components of the default vision module and incorporates greater support for modeling pre-attentive components of human vision. The module design incorporates the best practices from existing models of vision. The validity of the module was tested on four different tasks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Many ecological economists advocate the need to evolve beyond capitalism if we want to flourish as a society as well as respect the safe boundaries of our planet. While becoming clearer of the shape and underlying value-structure of such a new system, we also need to think about how we can motivate people to take part in such a major social transition. This paper tackles this question by critically evaluating the underlying hedonistic-normative assumptions of current mainstream models for pro-environmental behaviours (PEB). In a self-determination theory perspective on human motivation and well-being, the paper proposes a 2-pathway model of PEB that integrates a relational pathway for environmental motivation. Based on insights from neurobiology and psychology, this paper advances current PEB theories and lays the groundwork for a new category of environmental interventions: experiential strategies. Thus, the 2-pathway model provides important theoretical insights into the link between mindfulness and sustainable lifestyles, as well as the interface between environmental behaviours and well-being. By recognising and investing in the relational capacities of individuals, we might be able to promote a society that prioritises self-actualisation over self-interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Demilitarised Zone (DMZ) and its adjoining areas serve not only as a geopolitical buffering zone between North and South Korea, but also as rare refuges for various animals and plants. This paper investigates conservation values of major DMZ resources and comparatively tests distance decay between contingent valuation and choice modelling. The overall conservation value for the DMZ resources per person as one-off payments was $9.06 or $34.97, respectively from the CVM and CM datasets. Research findings deny distance decay regardless of elicitation methods when the distance variable is parameterised as part of utility functions. Conversely, a segmentation-valuation approach demonstrates conflicting conclusions on distance decay and the WTP anomaly between users and non-users depending on elicitation methods. The CM results demonstrate that protection of the DMZ resources might be less important and attractive to local populations than to those in the distant regions. A direct cross-method transfer of any distance effect might not be granted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on a meta-study, the paper describes the existing options, areal extents, and Swedish farmers'' conditions for energy crop production promoted by the governments to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The drivers of and barriers to cultivating various energy crops are described in terms of a variety of motivational factors. The approach used peer-reviewed and gray literature using three Internet sources. Questions addressed include the energy crops available to Swedish farmers and how well established they are in terms of areal extent. What drivers of and barriers to growing energy crops do farmers perceive? How do various motivational factors for these drivers and barriers correspond to the adoption of certain energy crops? The results indicate that 13 energy-related crops are available, of which straw (a residue), oil crops, and wheat are the most extensively produced in terms of cultivated area. Results confirm earlier research findings that converting from annual to perennial crops and from traditional crops or production systems to new ones are important barriers. Economic motivations for changing production systems are strong, but factors such as values (e.g., esthetic), knowledge (e.g., habits and knowledge of production methods), and legal conditions (e.g., cultivation licenses) are crucial for the change to energy crops. Finally, there are knowledge gaps in the literature as to why farmers decide to keep or change a production system. Since the Swedish government and the EU intend to encourage farmers to expand their energy crop production, this knowledge of such motivational factors should be enhanced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Folk wisdom holds that being confused is detrimental to learning. However, research on emotions and learning suggest a somewhat more complex relationship between confusion and learning outcomes. In fact, it has been proposed that impasses that trigger states of cognitive disequilibrium and confusion can create opportunities for deep learning of conceptually difficult content. This paper discusses four computer learning environments that either naturally or artificially induce confusion in learners in order to create learning opportunities. First, an Intelligent Tutoring System called AutoTutor that engenders confusion through challenging problems and vague hints is described. The remaining three environments were specifically designed to induce confusion through a number of different interventions. These interventions include device breakdowns, contradictory information, and false feedback. The success and limitations of confusion induction and the impact of confusion resolution on learning are discussed. Potential methods to help learners productively manage their confusion instead of being hopelessly confused are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyzed the role of emotions in a virtual world (Second Life) through students'' level of enjoyment and boredom and their influence on students'' achievement level. The virtual world was an educational tool used to fully immerse students in the content of the course. In addition to supporting prior research on the importance of task value on academic enjoyment, the current research provides a new perspective on the relationship between academic emotions and academic success, particularly for virtual worlds. A regression analysis was conducted to measure the relationship of task value and emotions on two types of academic performance: Individual exam scores and team scores on their Second Life assignment. Pekrun''s Academic Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ) was used to measure two academic emotions: boredom and enjoyment. Both academic emotions were measured on an individual level. Results from this study show that task value was positively related to enjoyment and negatively related to boredom, yet it was unrelated to academic performance. While enjoyment had a positive relationship to exam performance, boredom also had a positive relationship to the team assignment conducted in the virtual world. The possibility that students might have answered the AEQ relating to the theoretical aspects of the course instead of the practical aspects of the Second Life Assignment, may be one possible explanation for this result. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper focuses on a conversational resource we call ‘hypothetical active-voicing’ (HAV). The practice involves a speaker enacting hypothetical talk that their interlocutor might use in a future situation. The data come from a corpus of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy sessions, in sequences that involve therapists proposing strategies to clients for behavioural change. The ways in which therapists routinely enacted ‘hypothetical active-voicing’ will be discussed, along with consideration of the interactional accomplishments of this practice. It will be demonstrated that the HAV device can be used as a way for therapists to pre-empt resistance from clients when making proposals for behavioural change. It is typically deployed in sequential environments where resistance has already become relevant to the interaction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper extends a stylized AD/AS macroeconomic model to a setting in which inflation dynamics impinges on the sentiment of the public toward the future course of the economy. As individuals are allowed to exchange information on their personal mood and to persuade each other through repeated interactions, waves of optimism and pessimism emerge endogenously. The model is then used to analyze the stabilizing effect of alternative monetary policy rules. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: On a mission to Mars the crew will experience high autonomy and inter-dependence. “Groupthink”, known as a tendency to strive for consensus at the cost of considering alternative courses of action, represents a potential safety hazard. This paper addresses two aspects of “groupthink”: the extent to which confined crewmembers perceive increasing convergence in personal values, and whether they attribute less tension to individual differences over time. It further examines the impact of personal values for interpersonal compatibility. These questions were investigated in a 105-day confinement study in which a multinational crew (N=6) simulated a Mars mission. The Portrait of Crew Values Questionnaire was administered regularly to assess personal values, perceived value homogeneity, and tension attributed to value disparities. Interviews were conducted before and after the confinement. Multiple regression analysis revealed no significant changes in value homogeneity over time; rather the opposite tendency was indicated. More tension was attributed to differences in hedonism, benevolence and tradition in the last 35 days when the crew was allowed greater autonomy. Three subgroups, distinct in terms of personal values, were identified. No evidence for “groupthink” was found. The results suggest that personal values should be considered in composition of crews for long duration missions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As with other emerging technologies, advanced robotics brings with it new ethical and policy challenges. This paper will describe the flourishing role of robots in society—from security to sex—and survey the numerous ethical and social issues, which we locate in three broad categories: safety & errors, law & ethics, and social impact. We discuss many of these issues in greater detail in our forthcoming edited volume on robot ethics from MIT Press. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Musical expressivity can be defined as the deviation from a musical standard when a score is performed by a musician. This deviation is made in terms of intrinsic note attributes like pitch, timbre, timing and dynamics. The advances in computational power capabilities and digital sound synthesis have allowed real-time control of synthesized sounds. Expressive control becomes then an area of great interest in the sound and music computing field. Musical expressivity can be approached from different perspectives. One approach is the musicological analysis of music and the study of the different stylistic schools. This approach provides a valuable understanding about musical expressivity. Another perspective is the computational modelling of music performance by means of automatic analysis of recordings. It is known that music performance is a complex activity that involves complementary aspects from other disciplines such as psychology and acoustics. It requires creativity and eventually, some manual abilities, being a hard task even for humans. Therefore, using machines appears as a very interesting and fascinating issue. In this paper, we present an overall view of the works many researchers have done so far in the field of expressive music performance, with special attention to the computational approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is two-fold: it first evaluates some of the psychological insights offered by Keynes in his economic theories, and secondly it weighs up these insights in the light of recent research in behavioral and experimental economics. We found that many of the psychological ideas set forth by Keynes in his economic works, especially in The General Theory, have a defensible behavioral foundation and fit broadly the actual behavior of economic agents in the real world as suggested by recent empirical evidence. As a consequence, we argue that Keynesian economics can benefit from this interaction, especially for issues related to judgment under uncertainty and building solid microfoundations for macroeconomics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The epilogue pulls together the conceptual and methodological significance of the papers in the special issue exploring childhood and social interaction in everyday life in Sweden, Norway, United States and Australia. In considering the special issue, four domains of childhood are identified and discussed: childhood is a social construct where children learn how to enter into and participate in their social organizations, competency is best understood when communicative practices are examined in situ, children''s talk and interaction show situated culture in action, and childhood consists of shared social orders between children and adults. Emerging analytic interests are proposed, including investigating how children understand locations and place. Finally, the epilogue highlights the core focus of this special issue, which is showing children''s own methods for making sense of their everyday contexts using the interactional and cultural resources they have to hand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Product personality refers to the set of personality characteristics that people use to describe a specific product. Product personality can affect users'' interaction with and evaluation of a product. Accordingly, it may be desirable to design products with a predetermined personality. In this research, the authors develop a 20-item scale that can be used to validly and reliably assess product personality based on product appearance during the design process. The paper describes the subsequent steps that were taken during the process of developing the scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This overview paper defends an augmented cognitively oriented generic-design hypothesis: there are both significant similarities between the design activities implemented in different situations and crucial differences between these and other cognitive activities; yet, characteristics of a design situation (related to the design process, the designers, and the artefact) introduce specificities in the corresponding cognitive activities and structures that are used, and in the resulting designs. We thus augment the classical generic-design hypothesis with that of different forms of designing. We review the data available in the cognitive design research literature and propose a series of candidates underlying such forms of design, outlining a number of directions requiring further elaboration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In human-centered design activities, each designer has his or her own ideas about emotional aspect (or kansei) of new products. It is a key issue to share this vague kansei-idea appropriately at the earliest stage of design activities. This paper shows a novel ontological engineering approach to support kansei-idea sharing. The approach focuses on an idea explanation style as the wisdom of the design team. Ontological engineering has been making contributions to systematize knowledge and vocabulary by modeling them. Needless to say, it is difficult to model the vague kansei-idea itself. However, if the modeled object is shifted from the kansei-idea to the kansei-idea explanation style, it can provide the benefit of modeling. We investigated the effectiveness of the ontological engineering approach, and concluded that to construct an ontological framework of designers’ explanations is especially useful regarding these points: clarification of the essence of the explanation style, discovery of problems in explanations, and analyzing difficulties in acquiring explanation style for novices. From the investigation, what we can support and how a support system should be designed became clear. Furthermore, we built a kansei-idea sharing support system, and obtained the results of its initial trials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this paper is twofold: (a) to review the current knowledge of cultural, psychological, psychiatric, cognitive, interpersonal, and organizational issues that are relevant to the behavior and performance of astronaut crews and ground support personnel and (b) to make recommendations for future human space missions, including both transit and planetary surface operations involving the Moon or Mars. The focus will be on long-duration missions lasting at least six weeks, when important psychological and interpersonal factors begin to take their toll on crewmembers. This information is designed to provide guidelines for astronaut selection and training, in-flight monitoring and support, and post-flight recovery and re-adaptation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: At what stage in the emotion process do people apprehend the relational meaning of their encounters with the practical or social environment? For many appraisal theorists, meaning (usually or always) comes first, shaping the activation of functional response modes by top-down influence. For transactional theorists, meaning emerges bottom-up in parallel with the real-time consolidation of the response syndrome. For attribution theorists, meaning is applied to emotional episodes after the fact, and is not an intrinsic part of any emotion-generative mechanisms. For communicative theorists, emotions are flexible strategies for conveying meanings to others. This paper reviews arguments and evidence for and against these four approaches and attempts to integrate their insights by sketching out a view of emotions as functional modes of engagement with the practical and social environment (relation alignment), whose operation is transformed by the imposition of societal prescriptions and descriptions. From this perspective, relational meaning is often implicated in the causes, content, and consequences of emotion but its roles in these phases of the transaction do not always coincide. Further, emotions should not be modelled simply as determinate responses to separately defined meanings or as communicative acts driven by internal goals, but also as situated adjustments to unfolding events and as active ways of transforming or producing meaning in collaboration with other people. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years considerable efforts have been spent on the development of the occlusion technique as a procedure for the assessment of the human–machine interface of in-vehicle information and communication systems (IVIS) designed to be used by the driver while driving. The importance and significance of the findings resulting from the application of this procedure depends essentially on its reliability. Because there is a lack of evidence as to whether this basic criterion of measurement is met with this procedure, and because questionable reliability can lead to doubts about their validity, our project strove to clarify this issue. This paper reports on a statistical reanalysis of data obtained from previous experiments. To summarise, the characteristic values found for internal consistency were almost all in the range of .90 for the occlusion technique, which can be considered satisfactory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reports on empirical work extending the standard economic approach to valuation by including psychological and philosophical factors. More specifically a contingent valuation method survey was applied to biodiversity improvement while simultaneously assessing rights based beliefs, consequentialism and the theory of planned behaviour. The latter was assessed using measures of attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of control over willingness to pay. The results show that standard socio-economic explanatory variables are far inferior to those of social psychology and philosophy, and that these factors offer a better understanding of the motives behind responses to contingent valuation. The implication is that alternative means of measuring an individual''s pluralistic values should be taken into account in order to assess the validity and meaning of willingness to pay. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Problem: Falls represent a significant occupational hazard, particularly in industries with dynamic work environments. This paper describes rates of noncompliance with fall hazard prevention requirements, perceived safety climate and worker knowledge and beliefs, and the association between fall exposure and safety climate measures in commercial aircraft maintenance activities. Methods: Walkthrough observations were conducted on aircraft mechanics at two participating facilities (Sites A and B) to ascertain the degree of noncompliance. Mechanics at each site completed questionnaires concerning fall hazard knowledge, personal safety beliefs, and safety climate. Questionnaire results were summarized into safety climate and belief scores by workgroup and site. Noncompliance rates observed during walkthroughs were compared to the climate-belief scores, and were expected to be inversely associated. Results: Important differences were seen in fall safety performance between the sites. The study provided a characterization of aircraft maintenance fall hazards, and also demonstrated the effectiveness of an objective hazard assessment methodology. Noncompliance varied by height, equipment used, location of work on the aircraft, shift, and by safety system. Discussion: Although the expected relationship between safety climate and noncompliance was seen for site-average climate scores, workgroups with higher safety climate scores had greater observed noncompliance within Site A. Overall, use of engineered safety systems had a significant impact on working safely, while safety beliefs and climate also contributed, though inconsistently. Impact on Industry: The results of this study indicate that safety systems are very important in reducing noncompliance with fall protection requirements in aircraft maintenance facilities. Site-level fall safety compliance was found to be related to safety climate, although an unexpected relationship between compliance and safety climate was seen at the workgroup level within site. Finally, observed fall safety compliance was found to differ from self-reported compliance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is substantial evidence in the psychology and sociology literature that social relationships promote happiness for the individual. Yet the size of their impacts remains largely unknown. This paper explores the use of shadow pricing method to estimate the monetary values of the satisfaction with life gained by an increase in the frequency of interaction with friends, relatives, and neighbours. Using the British Household Panel Survey, I find that an increase in the level of social involvements is worth up to an extra £85,000 a year in terms of life satisfaction. Actual changes in income, on the other hand, buy very little happiness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in Belgium and its surrounding countries were simulated for 2002 by means of the air quality model EUROS. The EUROS model simulates the transport and chemistry of gaseous species as well as the formation of fine particles. The paper describes the mathematical formulation of the partial differential equations used in the model and briefly discusses the main numerical solution techniques. The extension of the model with two modules for the calculation of atmospheric aerosol particles is lined out. The modelled concentrations for 2002 are compared with measured PM10 concentrations in an urban background station in Brussels. Results show that the trends in the PM10 time series are well represented. However, the model substantially underestimates the actual measured concentrations due to the fact that the emission inventories do not include all of the known sources of primary PM10 emissions. The geographical pattern of PM10 as observed over Belgium is well reproduced by the model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a descriptive analysis of discourse structuring devices in written texts. It discusses typologies of metadiscourse (Hyland, 1998; Hyland and Tse, 2004) and establishes a categorisation of organisational metadiscourse markers, i.e. linguistic items that signpost the discourse organisation on the metadiscourse level. One particular group of these markers, sequencers, will be defined more precisely and described by means of a qualitative analysis of their structural parameters. A manual corpus analysis (Degand and Bestgen, 2004), allying quantitative and qualitative analyses, gives a detailed picture of their actual use in written discourse and of their distribution among the three text genres of academic writing, journalese and fiction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we examine the differences in use between distal and proximal demonstrative terms (e.g., singular “this” and “that”, and plural “these” and “those” in English). The proximal–distal distinction appears to be made in all languages and therefore promises to be an important window on the cognitive mechanisms underlying language production and comprehension. We address the problem of accounting for the distinction through a corpus-based quantitative study of the deictic use of demonstratives in Dutch. Our study suggests that the distal–proximal distinction corresponds with use of the proximal for intensive/strong indicating (i.e., directing of attention) and the distal for neutral indicating. We compare our findings with empirical findings on the use of English demonstratives and argue that, despite some apparent differences, Dutch and English demonstratives behave roughly similarly though not identically. Finally, we put our findings into context by pulling together evidence from a number of converging sources on the relationship between indicating and describing as alternative modes of reference in the use of distal and proximal demonstratives. This will also lead us to a new understanding of the folk-view on distals and proximals as distinguishing between nearby and faraway objects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Research on the intra-household economy has gained great impetus over the last 20 years. There has been particular interest in the ways in which financial resources are distributed among individual household members. This, in turn, has led to the delineation of different systems of financial management. Methodologically, work in this domain has been informed by large-scale surveys and interview studies. The present paper contends that, due to their analytic reliance on the individual perceiver, current methods cannot fully account for the contradictions that are raised by key findings in the field. It is argued that a discursive approach, with the critical language awareness associated with it, might not only be able to reconcile some of these paradoxical findings but also provide the basis for a more critical understanding of the social–psychological processes underlying household money management. The potential contribution of a discursive approach to studying the intra-household economy is illustrated by drawing on group interview data. This calls attention to (a) the inherent variability of people''s accounts regarding their money management practices and (b) the identity processes involved in such ‘money talk’. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we aim to show that the framework of embedded, distributed, or extended cognition offers new perspectives on social cognition by applying it to one specific domain: the psychology of memory. In making our case, first we specify some key social dimensions of cognitive distribution and some basic distinctions between memory cases, and then describe stronger and weaker versions of distributed remembering in the general distributed cognition framework. Next, we examine studies of social influences on memory in cognitive psychology, and identify the valuable concepts and methods to be extended and embedded in our framework; we focus in particular on three related paradigms: transactive memory, collaborative recall, and social contagion. Finally, we sketch our own early studies of individual and group memory developed within our framework of distributed cognition, on social contagion of autobiographical memories, collaborative flashbulb memories, and memories of high school at a high school reunion. We see two reciprocal benefits of this conceptual and empirical framework to social memory phenomena: that ideas about distributed cognition can be honed against and tested with the help of sophisticated methods in the social-cognitive psychology of memory; and conversely, that a range of social memory phenomena that are as yet poorly understood can be approached afresh with theoretically motivated extensions of existing empirical paradigms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Advocates of extended mind often appeal to the theory of mind known as “functionalism” in support of the idea that the realization of mental properties can extend beyond the brain. In this paper I argue that functionalism is largely silent with respect to the extent of a realization. This is because functionalism describes only those functional relationships that define a mental state: functionalism does not have the means by which to distinguish the realization of a mental state from causal influences on the realization. Because functionalism does not dictate the boundaries of the mind’s realization, the case for extended mind must draw on non-functionalist considerations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper a ‘creative design process’ is proposed, based on an integration between a modernised consensus view of both the design process from engineering design and the creative process from cognitive psychology. In addition, a composite definition of a creative design output is also formed, taking elements from the different design types proposed in engineering design and the creative outputs proposed in psychology. This integrated process and the composite definition are further linked, thus providing a descriptive model the different design operations are linked to the types of design output produced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Problem: Many motorized countries use fixed penalties to deter the most common traffic violations. Fixed penalties are usually given at the spot by a police officer. If the offender accepts the fixed penalty, no court hearing or trial is held. During the years 1995–2004, the rates for fixed penalties for traffic offences in Norway increased substantially. This paper evaluates the effects on compliance of these increases. Method: Regression analysis was performed to determine the effects of increases in fixed penalties. Results: For speeding in general, no effect of increasing fixed penalties can be found. For speeding close to speed camera sites, there is a weak tendency for the violation rate to go down. This tendency is not statistically significant at conventional levels. For seat belt wearing, wearing rates are found to increase as fixed penalties have increased. In recent years, however, enforcement of the seat belt law has stepped up, making it impossible to separate the effect of enforcement from that of fixed penalties. Impact on industry: It has been suggested that the police may adapt to stricter penalties by reducing enforcement or by adopting larger tolerance margins for violations. Available evidence does not support this hypothesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper provides the first psychological and attitudinal profile of the Irish economics profession. The aspects covered fall into three broad categories: the first category relates to the attitudes of the respondents to issues relating to the economy and the role of government; the second set seeks responses regarding perceptions of the economics profession and professional economists in Ireland; the third set of questions are drawn from various international survey programmes and survey social, political, ethical and psychological attributes and attitudes. The results display a picture of a group who believe their discipline to be relevant to policy and society, who are outward looking in terms of international collaboration, who perceive the discipline to be somewhat stale and who desire a greater focus on interdisciplinary work. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Modeling of individual or group differences, believed to be a powerful test for computational models, is still rare in current cognitive science. In this paper, we discuss alternative approaches to the computational modeling of both qualitative and quantitative differences among individuals as well as groups of individuals. Then, an example is presented of how accounting for individual differences in short term memory (STM) search can bring us insight into cognitive processes underlying this phenomenon, insight that otherways would be impossible. The two-phase computational model of memory search implements the idea of working memory (WM) focus of attention (FA): due to updating process a few items may be actively kept and easily accessed in ACT-R goal buffer. FA is being scanned serially first, and if the scan result is negative, a parallel chunk retrieval from active part of declarative memory outside the FA may run with certain probability. The model aptly simulates steep decrease in accuracy as well as steep increase in latency for responses to five most recent stimuli. The model also predicts the observed effect of faster negative responses than positive responses to less recent stimuli. Most important, with manipulation to only one of its parameters (i.e., the capacity of FA) our model is able to predict 94% of variance for two groups of participants that differed in latency patterns (i.e., ‘serial-like’ vs. ‘parallel-like’ groups) of the search process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that reading is less efficient when parafoveal visual information about upcoming words is invalid or unavailable; the benefit from a valid preview is realised as reduced reading times on the subsequently foveated word, and has been explained with reference to the allocation of attentional resources to parafoveal word(s). This paper presents eyetracking evidence that preview benefit is obtained only for words that are selected as the saccade target. Using a gaze-contingent display change paradigm (Rayner, K. (1975). The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65–81), the position of the triggering boundary was set near the middle of the pretarget word. When a refixation saccade took the eye across the boundary in the pretarget word, there was no reliable effect of the validity of the target word preview. However, when the triggering boundary was positioned just after the pretarget word, a robust preview benefit was observed, replicating previous research. The current results complement findings from studies of basic visual function, suggesting that for the case of preview benefit in reading, attentional and oculomotor processes are obligatorily coupled. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: High-demand jobs include ‘specific’ job demands that are not preventable with state of the art ergonomics knowledge and may overburden the bodily capacities, safety or health of workers. An interesting question is whether the age of the worker is an important factor in explanations of diversity in work ability in the context of high-demand jobs. In this paper, the work ability of ageing workers is addressed according to aspects of diversity in specific job demands and the research methods that are needed to shed light upon the relevant associated questions. From the international literature, a body of evidence was elicited concerning rates of chronological ageing in distinct bodily systems and functions. Intra-age-cohort differences in capacities and work ability, however, require (not yet existing) valid estimates of functional age or biological age indices for the specific populations of workers in high-demand jobs. Many studies have drawn on the highly demanding work of fire-fighters, ambulance workers, police officers, medical specialists, pilots/astronauts and submarine officers. Specific job demands in these jobs can be physical, mental or psychosocial in origin but may cause combined task-level loadings. Therefore, the assessment of single demands probably will not reveal enough relevant information about work ability in high-demand jobs and there will be a call for more integrated measures. Existing studies have used a variety of methodologies to address parts of the issue: task analyses for quantifying physical work demands, observations of psychological and physiological parameters, measures of psychosocial work demands and health complaints. Specific details about the work ability of ageing workers in high-demand jobs are scarce. In general, specific demands are more likely to overtax the capacities of older workers than those of younger workers in high-demand jobs, implying greater repercussions for health, although these effects also vary considerably within age cohorts. Functional tests for job-specific work ability should be developed for high-demand jobs in order to monitor individual functional ageing and to facilitate well-timed intervention. It is concluded that a shift from ‘no-diversity thinking’ to ‘diversity thinking’ is needed in the context of deciding about the work ability of ageing workers in high-demand jobs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]