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This paper presents the temporal evolution of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) ocean wind speed retrieval performance during three years of the UK TechDemoSat-1 (TDS-1) mission. TDS-1 was launched in July 2014 and provides globally distributed spaceborne GNSS-R data over a lifespan of over three years, including several months of 24/7 operations. TDS-1 wind speeds are computed using the NOC Calibrated Bistatic Radar Equation algorithm version 0.5 (C-BRE v0.5), and are evaluated against ERA5 high resolution re-analysis data over the period 2015–2018. Analyses reveal significant temporal variability in TDS-1 monthly wind speed retrieval performance over the three years, with the best performance (~2 m∙s−1) achieved in the early part of the mission (May 2015). The temporal variability of retrieval performance is found to be driven by several non-geophysical factors, including TDS-1 platform attitude uncertainty and spatial/temporal changes in GPS transmit power from certain satellites. Evidence is presented of the impact of the GPS Block IIF Flex mode on retrieved GNSS-R wind speed after January 2017, which results in significantly underestimated ocean winds over a large region covering the North Atlantic, northern Indian Ocean, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Okhotsk. These GPS transmit power changes are shown to induce large negative wind speed biases of up to 3 m∙s−1. Analyses are also presented of the sensitivity of TDS-1 wind speed retrieval to platform attitude uncertainty using statistical simulations. It is suggested that a 4° increase in attitude uncertainty can produce up to 1 m∙s−1 increase in RMSE, and that TDS-1 attitude data do not fully reflect actual platform attitude. We conclude that the lack of knowledge about the GNSS-R nadir antenna gain map and TDS-1 platform-attitude limits the ability to determine the achievable wind speed retrieval performance with GNSS-R on TDS-1. The paper provides recommendations that accurate attitude knowledge and a good characterisation of GNSS-R nadir antenna patterns should be prioritised for future GNSS-R missions. • TDS-1 GNSS-R wind retrieval performance has large variability over 3 years lifetime. • Retrieval performance reflects attitude uncertainty and GPS transmit power changes. • Spatial and temporal changes in GPS transmit power can bias winds by 3 m∙s−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Many studies have shown that driver attitude and behaviour are important determinants of the likelihood of collision involvement. Knowledge of the Rules of the Road and the perception of hazards are also associated with collision involvement. The aim of this paper is to review the practical application of an online fleet driver assessment program to help identify, target and reduce occupational road safety risks. A large and unique data set collected from online assessment of drivers employed in a UK telecommunications organisation is analyzed. Data was also collected on driver demographics and their driving and collision history. Analysis of the data revealed that attitude, behaviour, knowledge and hazard perception are highly correlated with self-reported collisions. The influence of these variables on collision involvement was assessed using a Poisson regression model. Both attitude and behaviour scores exhibit a statistically significant association with collision involvement, along with other variables such as mileage driven, driver age and personality. The findings lend support to the need to create a safety culture in which driver assessment and improvement is the norm, as well as reducing exposure to risk wherever possible through better ways of working and travelling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The ability of scientists to apply cloning technology to humans has provoked public discussion and media coverage. The present paper reports on a series of studies examining public attitudes to human cloning in the UK, bringing together a range of quantitative and qualitative methods to address this question. These included a nationally representative survey, an experimental vignette study, focus groups and analyses of media coverage. Overall the research presents a complex picture of attitude to and constructions of human cloning. In all of the analyses, therapeutic cloning was viewed more favourably than reproductive cloning. However, while participants in the focus groups were generally negative about both forms of cloning, and this was also reflected in the media analyses, quantitative results showed more positive responses. In the quantitative research, therapeutic cloning was generally accepted when the benefits of such procedures were clear, and although reproductive cloning was less accepted there was still substantial support. Participants in the focus groups only differentiated between therapeutic and reproductive cloning after the issue of therapeutic cloning was explicitly raised; initially they saw cloning as being reproductive cloning and saw no real benefits. Attitudes were shown to be associated with underlying values associated with scientific progress rather than with age, gender or education, and although there were a few differences in the quantitative data based on religious affiliation, these tended to be small effects. Likewise in the focus groups there was little direct appeal to religion, but the main themes were ‘interfering with nature’ and the ‘status of the embryo’, with the latter being used more effectively to try to close down further discussion. In general there was a close correspondence between the media analysis and focus group responses, possibly demonstrating the importance of media as a resource, or that the media reflect public discourse accurately. However, focus group responses did not simply reflect media coverage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As the impacts of climate change become increasingly visible across the globe, awareness of the need for cleaner energy and demand reduction is growing. Energy literacy offers a strong potential for explaining and predicting energy-related behaviours, yet research and policies focused on this topic remain limited. In this study, energy literacy was measured in a sample of 2806 university students in the United Kingdom and China, in addition to their wider environmental attitudes using the New Ecological Paradigm scale. Findings indicate that energy literacy was relatively high overall, but there were significant differences between the knowledge, attitudes and behavioural intentions of participants in the two countries. Whilst the UK respondents rated themselves significantly more highly on perceived knowledge of energy issues, Chinese respondents provided significantly more correct answers in a knowledge test. UK respondents demonstrated more positive attitudes towards energy conservation than those from China, and were more likely to report energy-saving behaviours. However, Chinese respondents exhibited higher levels of trust in government and businesses to take action on energy issues. This paper provides a novel insight into cultural differences which may be crucial to policy and practice, and evidences the potential benefits of utilising a combination of educational and structural change to support transition to a cleaner, low-energy society. Image 1 • Significant differences in energy literacy arose in 1806 students in UK and China. • Chinese respondents demonstrated more knowledge about energy than UK respondents. • UK respondents demonstrated more positive attitudes and energy saving behaviours. • Cultural context, including trust in government impacts on energy-saving behaviours. • Combining educational and structural change will aid transition to a cleaner world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]