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• A two-layer framework is proposed for building HVAC and associated multi-energy consumption optimization. • 100% renewable complementarities are proposed for building multi-energy supplies. • A R-C thermodynamic network is formulated to model the building HVAC. • AC slow charging and DC fast charging types of EVs are considered and managed via a novel real-time supply–demand pricing. Building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and associated energy consumption make up the more and more important part of the world, whose reduction provides a cost-effective path to the "dual carbon" goal. This paper proposes a two-layer management of HVAC-based multi-energy buildings under proactive demand response of fast/slow-charging electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, the building HVAC is mathematically formulated via a R-C thermodynamic model, which coordinates with multi-energy converters and storages to form a 100% renewable building. The building management is a challenging optimization problem due to its severe constraints and strong spatio-temporal couplings. In the first layer, a day-ahead multi-energy dispatch is formulated to economically optimize the electrical, heat, gas energy carriers. In the second layer, alternating current (AC) slow charging and direct current (DC) fast charging types of EVs are considered and managed via a novel real-time supply–demand pricing mechanism. After acquiring the economical dispatch references in the first layer, the second layer implements a model predictive control (MPC)-based real-time scheduling to handle the multi-energy supply–demand fluctuations. The original two-layer optimization is further handled via mixed-integer linear program (MILP) reformulation for high-efficient solving. Comparisons have shown the advantageous performances of the proposed two-layer optimization over economics and practicability. Simulations results show that the overall system operating cost can be reduced by at most 3.01% with a higher operational flexibility in building management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a precision bandgap voltage reference (BGR) with a segmented curvature compensation technique, demonstrating both small temperature coefficient (TC) and low power consumption. By segmenting the output voltage of a conventional first-order BGR over a wide temperature range and implementing compensation for each segment, the output reference voltage can be systematically aligned to an identical voltage level, effectively reducing the achievable TC. An additional circuit consists of comparators, logic gates, switches and current mirrors is proposed to achieve this compensation scheme, which also optimizes the overall BGR power consumption. Implemented and simulated in a standard 65 ​nm CMOS process, the proposed BGR achieves an average output of 496.17 ​mV and a TC of 1.08 ​ppm/°C from −40 ​°C to 125 ​°C. It consumes a current of 765 ​nA under a 1.2 ​V supply while exhibiting a line regulation of 0.725%/V with V DD from 1.0 to 1.8 ​V ​at 27 ​°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]