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Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the relationships among repatriates' perceived psychological contact fulfillment, counterfactual thinking, and job attitudes. Design/methodology/approach - The paper sampled 135 repatriates from 16 multinational companies (MNCs) in Taiwan through a survey questionnaire. The paper used hierarchical regression analyses to test its hypotheses. Findings - The study results showed that repatriates' perceived fulfillment of their psychological contracts was negatively related to turnover intent and positively related to organizational commitment, after controlling for the variables of change assessments. The study also finds a positive relationship between upward counterfactual thinking and turnover intent and between downward counterfactual thinking and organizational commitment. Moreover, repatriates' perceived fulfillment of their psychological contracts was found to be related to upward counterfactual thinking but not downward counterfactual thinking. Practical implications - A subjective perception of psychological contract fulfillment is a more important predictor of job attitudes than actual changes in position, pay, and skill improvement. Therefore, it is important for MNCs to maintain open communications with their repatriates to ensure clear understanding of the agreement existing between employees and the organization. Originality/value- In the international human resource literature, it is unclear whether the relationship between expatriates' (or repatriates') perceived fulfillment of their psychological contract with their job attitudes are simply due to their assessments of actual changes in pay, position, and skills. In the case of repatriation, the paper clarifies the phenomenon by distinguishing both repatriates' assessments of changes before and after expatriation and their perceived fulfillment of psychological contracts (and their counterfactual thinking). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — This study aims to explain why e-mails trigger emotional response states in receivers and to explore the influence of e-mail formats on the receivers' intention to forward e-mails. Design/methodology/approach — Data were collected from 305 undergraduate and EMBA students in one university in Northern Taiwan. Participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire based on any forwarded e-mail that they had recently received. Findings — This study reveals that people will have a stronger intention to forward e-mails that make them feel positive emotions, display richer information, are greater in length, or include audio and visual information. Research limitations/implications — This study shows that e-mail forwarding function maintains guanxi with others, supporting the social psychology theory that personal emotional states will trigger specific behaviors. Also, this paper extends the explanation of the "information richness" theory concerning the influence of format on receivers' e-mail forwarding intentions. Practical implications — This study can assist marketing managers in developing e-commerce by exploiting the special features of e-mails identified in the study. Originality/value — This study provides a behavioral model of the type of e-mails most likely to be forwarded. Enterprises can use this model in developing better guanxi with their customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]