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Drawing from research on 'paper technologies' conducted by medical historians Volker Hess and Andrew Mendelsohn, among others, this article explores how Adolf Meyer (1866–1950) and his staff at the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic used customized punch cards to develop an alternative conceptualization of schizophrenia: 'parergasia.' It begins by examining 'dementia praecox,' the conceptual precursor to both schizophrenia and parergasia, to explain how earlier paper technologies used to track patients transferred to asylums generated prognostic assumptions that precluded deinstitutionalization and community-based care. It then describes how Meyer's staff modified these technologies to define parergasia in opposition to dementia praecox and other diagnoses that resulted in prolonged hospitalization, primarily by conducting follow-up studies on discharged patients that correlated outcomes with various social factors. After demonstrating how the standardized forms used in these studies limited the possible metrics of recovery, it concludes by suggesting how Meyer's research influenced leaders of the community mental health movement, and prefigured later trends in psychiatric services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Citation analysis has been used to evaluate the impact of papers in medicine. There has been multitude of orthopaedic oncology-related papers in literature, to our knowledge no citation analysis of orthopaedic oncology papers has been performed. We identified the 50 most-cited orthopaedic oncology papers and evaluated these papers in terms of their time of publication, source journals, countries, institutions, authors, and main topics.Materials and Methods: Science citation index expanded was searched in April 2018 for citations of papers published in 77 selected journals since the beginning of the database. The 50 most-cited orthopaedic oncology papers were identified and evaluated.Results: The number of citations for the top 50 papers ranged from 168 to 1162 (mean 308). These papers were published between 1957 and 2010. 1990s was the most productive decade, with 19 papers of the list. All papers were written in English and they were published in a total of 6 journals. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-Am published the largest number of papers with 31, followed by Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research with 8. The top 50 papers were created mainly from US and Japan, respectively, with 33 and 5.Conclusions: It is difficult to define the exact impact of a single paper in the literature. In doing citation analysis, it provides us perspective in the history and progress of orthopaedic oncology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a biopower lens to examine emergency declarations that posit race or racism as problems to be addressed through mathematics education. We argue that attending to "slow emergencies" of racism must avoid sustaining mathematics education as a self-evident cause and cure for societal problems. We analyze how declarations of emergency reanimate racializing hierarchies by reordering spaces, temporalities, and subjectivities. To explore these concerns, we compare three race-explicit emergency declarations in US mathematics education during World War II with recent emergency declarations of pandemic-related learning loss, disengagement, and a racial reckoning. We juxtapose past and present to spotlight what we outline as distinct biopolitical working arrangements. The analysis maps how emergency declarations rearrange hopes, fears, diagnostic techniques, and intervention strategies—sometimes inadvertently reracializing students in attesting to damage or demanding redress. Our purpose is to foster deliberation over paradoxes and possibilities of addressing racialization and racism in mathematics education transnationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces a relatively linear sequence of early research approaches to the formal verification of concurrent programs. It does so forwards and then backwards in time. After briefly outlining the context, the key insights from three distinct approaches from the 1970s are identified (Ashcroft/Manna, Ashcroft (solo) and Owicki). The main technical material in the paper focuses on a specific program taken from the last published of the three pieces of research (Susan Owicki's): her own verification of her Findpos example is outlined followed by attempts at verifying the same example using the earlier approaches. Reconsidering the prior approaches on the basis of Owicki's useful example illuminates similarities and differences between the proposals. Along the way, observations about interactions between researchers (and some "blind spots") are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ostensibly unceasing prioritization of motorized infrastructure, walking has remained a ubiquitous mode of mobility for a large proportion of Nairobi's urban commuters. Planning for motorized mobility has historically been at a higher level of consideration although a much larger percentage of the population travels on foot. The conspicuous pedestrian has been and continues to be masked under the spotlight of the motor vehicle with a discernible outcome of spatial injustices. Using secondary data, historical literature and expert interviews, this paper examines how walking as a mode of mobility has developed over time and the challenges experienced by pedestrians in Nairobi. Linking to the notion of justice, the paper attempts to assess the association between walking and spatial justice using three dimensions—spatial, modal and individual dimensions—that are used as a framework to assess how injustices unfold and are experienced by Nairobi's pedestrians. The historical path dependency that has restricted and attempted to replace walkability by prioritizing motor vehicle use as well as the technical engineering design that lacks integration of social aspects of mobility has presented challenges in provision of safe non-motorized infrastructure in the contemporary urban travel in Nairobi, enduringly dismissing walking as a valid mode of mobility. Advancing spatial justice in Nairobi's urban mobility will require more than a technical process of extending the side of the road by a metre or two but rather deliberate effort in understanding the pedestrians' mobility needs that can best be understood by attuning to the everyday realities of travelling on foot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) and Charles Darwin (1809-1882) are honored as the founders of modern evolutionary biology. Accordingly, much attention has focused on their relationship, from their independent development of the principle of natural selection to the receipt by Darwin of Wallace's essay from Ternate in the spring of 1858, and the subsequent reading of the Wallace and Darwin papers at the Linnean Society on 1 July 1858. In the events of 1858 Wallace and Darwin are typically seen as central players, with Darwin's friends Charles Lyell (1797-1875) and Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911) playing supporting roles. This narrative has resulted in an under-appreciation of a more central role for Charles Lyell as both Wallace's inspiration and foil. The extensive anti-transmutation arguments in Lyell's landmark Principles of Geology were taken as the definitive statement on the subject. Wallace, in his quest to solve the mystery of species origins, engaged with Lyell's arguments in his private field notebooks in a way that is concordant with his engagement with Lyell in the 1855 and 1858 papers. I show that Lyell was the object of Wallace's Sarawak Law and Ternate papers through a consideration of the circumstances that led Wallace to send his Ternate paper to Darwin, together with an analysis of the material that Wallace drew upon from the Principles. In this view Darwin was, ironically, intended for a supporting role in mediating Wallace's attempted dialog with Lyell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the idea of sociological film that encourages sociological imagination, which refers to the capability to recognize the intersection of biography and history. The paper identifies six key dimensions of sociological film through a thematic analysis of different classic approaches to sociological imagination: sociological life, structure-actors relationship, critical perspective, academic awareness, fluidity of meaning, and promotion of sociological imagination. This paper provides concrete examples to demonstrate the distinctive features of sociological film and how it relates to, and differs from, other films that address social issues, including documentary films. The paper argues that sociological film is essential in fostering sociological imagination by offering a unique lens for analyzing and understanding social phenomena. Sociological film has the potential to inspire social change by increasing awareness about significant social issues and promoting critical thinking and reflection. The paper concludes by emphasizing the significance of collaboration between sociologists and filmmakers in advancing sociological imagination through the medium of sociological films. It highlights the importance of actively engaging with the public in visual research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1974, Sir Graham Teasdale and Bryan Jennett wrote the "Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness, A practical scale," which has become one of the most influential papers in the history of traumatic brain injury, with more than 10,000 citations as of January 2024. Today, it is one of the most widely used tools in emergency departments, providing a reliable general overview of the patient's consciousness status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word laser conjures in the mind's eye many aspects of what might be described as 'modern' life. The words 'powerful', 'precise' and 'innovative' complement our conception of the world in terms of technology, whereas patients often associate the words 'magical' and 'lightening quick' with the use of lasers in medical practice. The purpose of this series of articles is to explore the history and development of lasers, the integration of lasers into clinical dentistry and the safeguards as to their regulated use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is based investigations on the Western Isles, Scotland, by Martin Martin, a notable Scottish Highlander, academic and medical doctor, of the 17th–18th century. His extensive observations of the geography and peoples of these Isles were recorded in his books, "On the Description of the Western Islands of Scotland Circa 1695" and "A Late Voyage to St Kilda". In these books and subsequent papers there were some noteworthy observations on the occurrence (and as he says non-occurrence) of "epidemical" diseases and conditions afflicting the peoples of The Isle of Skye and the Western Isles of Scotland in this period, and these are discussed in this review. Martin also gives details of a wide variety of remedies that were observed or reported by inhabitants around that time. Some of these remedies are interesting for their relevance to the period but others are of doubtful merit. These are reviewed here more for their significance in the understanding of the diseases and conditions of humans and even in some cases animals at that time. Introductions by Charles Withers and R.W. Munro, 11 and re-assessments of the contributions of Martin and colleagues of that time have given insight into the health and condition of peoples of the Western Isles of Scotland(the Occidental) (Martin 1695; Martin 1716). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper describes the development of the pre-hospital system in Singapore from the pre-war days. Every country's prehospital community needs a deep understanding of how they developed over the years, factors that played a part, and the aspirations their community and government have set for this. This can guide future evolution of the services to ensure that care provided is relevant, applicable and in keeping with the community's needs. Countries with similar contextual circumstances, but at a different stage of development of their PECs, may learn from these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginnings of human civilization can be traced to the Jiahu settlement, China (ca. 7000–5700 BC, 500 inhabitants). However, if we are to accept the view of historians, who generally clock the first signs of urbanization as the dawn of civilization, it is not until the building of the city of Uruk by the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (today's Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey, and Syria) (ca. 3500 BC, approximately 50,000 inhabitants) that civilization really thrived. Until recently it was believed that the saga of metalcasting started right there with the production of the copper frog (ca. 3200 BC). Yet, this paper will show that the oldest castings are copper axe heads (ca. 4000 BC) unearthed in "Old Europe" (present Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria). While metal casting technology reaches back more than 5000 years, we will never know its precise birth date as man produced castings before he learned to make written records. If we are to include in this history the iron meteorites, the nature-cast materials formed under very low gravity conditions and the first form of iron cast materials ever used by humans (the earliest known iron artifacts are the small beads dated to ca. 3200 BC, from Gerzeh, Egypt), we can understand why, in ancient times, metals and related skills such as castings, were perceived as gifts from the gods. Metal casting has emerged from the darkness of prehistoric times, first as magic, later to evolve into an art, then into a technology, and finally into the complex, interdisciplinary science that it is today. This lecture is a short time-travel of knowledge development that made of metalcasting one of the pillars on which modern civilization was built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the historical evolution of dental biomaterials, as well as to understand the reasons behind their biocompatibility and to identify the key factors that have influenced their development and use over the past 5000 years. Data sources: The sources for this review were primarily obtained through Scopus and other online databases, such as Google Scholar, which were searched for relevant publications spanning clinical, archeological, and materials science literature. In cases where no other sources were available, information was gathered through consultation with museums and owners of private collections. Study selection: Our search was conducted using specific materials and ages as keywords and, for the last two centuries, retrieving scientific articles written at that time of the first development and commercialization. When possible, secondary sources such as literature reviews were prioritized, while not peer-reviewed documents were utilized only when no other sources were available. References with varying perspective and findings were included, also when presented contradictory or controversial information. Conclusions: In this review, clinical, archeological and chemical data could be merged into a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of the concept of biocompatibility in dental materials. The results of this review emphasize the significant advances that have been made in the field of dental biomaterials in terms of biocompatibility, from the use of gold and other metals in ancient civilizations to the development of modern materials such as resin composites and ceramics. Clinical significance: By analyzing the development and use of dental biomaterials over the centuries from clinical, archeological and chemical perspectives, the review sheds light on the key factors that have shaped our understanding of biocompatibility in dental materials and the importance of this concept in the success of dental restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the roots of the Association for Media and Technology in Education (AMTEC) in Canada and its connections to global educational technology and media organizations including the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT). The AMTEC History Project, which is preserving memories, voices and documents related to the field of educational technology in Canada, celebrates the 50th anniversary of AMTEC in the context of the 100th anniversary of AECT. Generations of AECT leaders had a substantive influence on the history of AMTEC. Interviews with memory keepers as part of this history project revealed the importance of communication, collaboration, networking, persistence, and a learning mindset for those engaged as educational technologists, as they navigated change. Students, academics, and practitioners of educational technology may benefit from lessons learned by the Canadian pioneers of multi-media instruction and research collected in this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an old attempt to divide the sciences into sciences of laws and the historical sciences. More recently, John Beatty has drawn the distinction so that biology is a historical science and urged that there are no genuinely biological laws. This paper shows that there are indeed biological laws, specifically statistical ones, notably in evolutionary theory. Moreover, all or almost all other areas of biology involve laws as well. Even history involves laws. Finally, the paper shows that this pervasiveness of laws is compatible with the most basic commitments of those who, like Beatty, would claim that biology is only historical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the situation of colloid science at the beginning of the twentieth century, and what in the end lead to the founding of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft (Colloid Society). One challenge when establishing a new interdisciplinary field of science is that experts from different areas and disciplines typically do not have an opportunity to meet with each other and discuss. Founding a society dealing with that new field is one way of bringing such people together, and to facilitate communication. Still going strong after 100 years could be an indication that the approach to foster colloid science by founding a Colloid Society was successful. The reasons leading to the founding of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft, however, still exist and even seem to be as modern as ever. Bringing people together who are working in different fields requires continuous efforts in order to solve the challenges of our future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hundred years after the founding paper by E.C. Bingham, we briefly review the impact of the yield stress concept and current interest in it on the scientific community. We show that yield stress fluids have only emerged as a relevant fluid type, in both mechanics and physics, over the past 20 years, opening the way to a broad range of new study areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic drift has been a central concept in the study of higher education for the past half-century, with higher education scholarship locating the phenomenon in fieldwide status competition dynamics stemming from the postwar massification and neoliberalization of higher education. In this paper, I explore the origins and evolution of academic drift at the California State University (CSU) system between 1960 and 2005, finding that its name change from college to university and pursuit of doctoral-level education had endogenous origins grounded not in status competition but rather in a desire to repair an organizational identity breach with field stakeholders. This case suggests that organizational activities that look like they are in the pursuit of prestige may not in fact be grounded in prestige dynamics and that academic drift may be less inevitable and hegemonic than currently portrayed in the literature. Together, these findings advance understanding of a core phenomenon of interest to higher education scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skulls were frequently depicted in seventeenth-century Dutch still-life paintings. Skulls were interpreted as symbols of vanitas—meaning the evanescence of life—but their morphological features have received little attention. This study analyzed a skull with abnormal tumors in a seventeenth-century Dutch still-life painting by a renowned artist, Edwaert Collier (ca. 1642–1708), from anatomical, forensic, and pathological perspectives. The morphology of the cranium and teeth indicated that the skull likely belonged to a middle-aged female. We carefully diagnosed the abnormal masses as multiple osteomas on the skull and left femur, based on clinical studies and paleopathological literature, which reported lesions with a similar appearance to those observed in Collier's work. Furthermore, detailed observations of the cranial sutures and epiphyses of the long bones in his paintings revealed that the artist may have selected bones with a morphology that was suitable for the subject of vanitas. Collier repeatedly depicted the skull with metopism, the rare condition of having a persistent metopic suture in adulthood. A skull with a metopic suture is called Kreuzschädel, meaning the cross skull, because it forms a cruciform by connecting with the sagittal and coronal sutures. The artist might have chosen skulls with metopic sutures, which is reminiscent of the crucifixion of Christ, as an appropriate motif for the vanitas painting. This paper argues that anatomical analysis could explain the hidden meaning of the painting and disclose the fascinating collaborations between anatomy and art in the seventeenth-century Dutch Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical analysis of philanthropy and civil society is a valuable research method that provides useful assessments of the sector's development and its evolving strengths and challenges. However, the historical philanthropic experiences and contributions of underrepresented populations are oftentimes neglected due to their marginalized status in historical archives and records. To correct this, we propose philanthropic archival layering as a historical methodology for recovering and investigating diverse forms of voluntary action in marginalized communities. In this paper, we focus on the philanthropic experiences of Afro-Caribbean civil society in the early twentieth century and African American women during Jim Crow. We review scholarship on the African Diaspora and historical research methodologies for analyzing the archives of marginalized peoples. We demonstrate this methodology through two case applications before outlining steps for conducting philanthropic archival layering as an innovative methodological framework that broadens the field's knowledge about what constitutes philanthropy and who contributes to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The approach to ventilator weaning has changed considerably over the past 30 years. Change has resulted from research in three areas: pathophysiology, weaning-predictor testing, and weaning techniques. Physiology research illuminated the mechanisms of weaning failure. It also uncovered markers of weaning success. Through more reliable prediction, patients whose weaning would have been tedious in the 1970s are now weaned more rapidly. The weaning story offers several lessons in metascience: importance of creativity, the asking of heretical questions, serendipity, mental-set psychology, cross-fertilization, and the hazards of precocity. Weaning research also illustrates how Kuhnian normal (me-too) science dominates any field. Making the next quantum leap in weaning will depend on spending less time on normal science and more on the raising (and testing) of maverick ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cybersyn project has lately received increased attention. In this article, we study the local technical antecedents of Stafford Beer's Cybersyn project in Chile, particularly regarding Cybernetics and Systems ideas and local computing and networking developments. We show that the Cybersyn project in Chile was hosted by a rich intellectual environment that understood Cybernetics and Systems ideas; that it found a mature computer community and infrastructure whose high point was the State Computing Enterprise EMCO/ECOM, and an advanced networking experience whose flagship was the automation of the State Bank that involved a pioneering network of teleprocess. In summary, this paper attempts to unveil the deep historical background over which the globally unique cybernetic experiment called Cybersyn flourished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a biographical sketch of the late Hans L. Zetterberg and a historical background to a translation of an essay based on a lecture given by Zetterberg in Stockholm in 1995. In it, he recounts his time at the Department of Sociology at Columbia University in the years 1953–1964. This essay is full of insights into an inspiring and formative period for Zetterberg in the United States, particularly in the stimulating milieu that was Columbia, at this time the center of American sociology led by Robert K. Merton and Paul Lazarsfeld. In the introduction to this translated essay, I give a brief overview of the establishment of sociology as a discipline in Sweden, and the transfer of knowledge between the United States and Sweden (and Europe, more broadly), embodied in Hans Zetterberg. In the post-WWII years, American sociology, which had a strong positivistic imprint, played an important role in shaping the beginnings of Swedish sociology. However, the transfer of knowledge went both ways, with Zetterberg, a semi-central and often neglected figure, being both a significant contributor to sociology at Columbia in its period of greatest prominence, and in his native Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper places observational studies of women's work in historical perspective. We present some of the very early studies (carried out in the period from 1900 to 1930), as well as several examples of fieldwork-based studies of women's work, undertaken from different perspectives and in varied locations between the 1960s and the mid 1990s. We outline and discuss several areas of thought which have influenced studies of women's work - the automation debate; the focus on the skills women need in their work; labour market segregation; women's health; and technology and the redesign of work – and the research methods they used. Our main motivation in this paper is threefold: to demonstrate how fieldwork based studies which have focussed on women's work have attempted to locate women's work in a larger context that addresses its visibility and value; to provide a thematic historiography of studies of women's work, thereby also demonstrating the value of an historical perspective, and a means through which to link it to contemporary themes; and to increase awareness of varied methodological perspectives on how to study work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classifications of higher education institutions into categories that are more or less clearly differentiated through prestige and status are legion in the world of higher education. The notion of parallel categories with comparable statuses, such as those of different types of universities, is however much less well understood. This paper investigates how universities navigate between such alternative categories. We examine boundary work and institutional change involving Swedish higher education institutions with significant activity in engineering sciences in order to analyse how actors relate to ideas regarding the category 'technical university' as an ideal potentially distinct from that of the broad, comprehensive university. Analysis of two cases in the second half of the twentieth century shows that for engineering faculty, a focused technical university was an attractive alternative to the institutional model of the broad university. In contrast, analysis of two twenty-first-century cases suggests that aspirations to be recognised as a technical university were largely driven by adaption to external stakeholders' interests. We discuss these findings in light of the emergence of the global hegemonic category 'research university'. We also suggest that the organisational identity of a HEI may be tied to ideas about an organisational category through imprinting and path dependency. Moreover, we propose that changes over time in how categories are perceived may serve as an impetus to organisational change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histories of psychiatry in the United States can shed light on current areas of need in mental health research and treatment. Often, however, these histories fail to represent accurately the distinct trajectories of psychiatric care among black and white populations, not only homogenizing the historical narrative but failing to account for current disparities in mental health care among these populations. The current paper explores two parallel histories of psychiatry in the United States and the way that these have come to influence current mental health practices. Juxtaposing the development of psychiatric care and understanding as it was provided for, and applied to, black and white populations, a picture of the theoretic foundations of mental health emerges, revealing the separate history that led to the current uneven state of psychiatric care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past 50 years, pediatric and congenital electrophysiology has progressed from a rare subspecialty practiced at just a handful of centers to become an essential part of nearly every congenital heart program the world over. This paper traces the evolution of the subspecialty in North America by recognizing the individuals who dedicated their careers to this field and trained subsequent generations of practitioners, thereby establishing a legacy that insures continued progress in the treatment of arrhythmias for children and patients with congenital heart disease. Data were generated from a survey of the current membership of the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society and were supplemented by review of archived Society records. Maps depicting the locations for clinicians and training centers over time provide a graphic display of progress in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotics technologies are a significant tool in many industries. This paper presents a historical analysis of educational robots and how they apply to K-12 education from the past and potential in the future; focusing on the time period before and after the year 2000. The article concludes with future directions for curriculum and robotics in educational classrooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents GREP, a novel group rekeying scheme that leverages the history of join events in order to achieve efficiency and high scalability. GREP rekeys the group with only two broadcast messages, hence displaying an overhead which is small, constant and independent of the group size. Also, GREP efficiently recovers the group from collusion attack with no recourse to total member reinitialization. Even in the very unlikely worst case, collusion recovery displays a smooth impact on performance that gradually increases with the attack severity. We implemented GREP for the Contiki OS and tested it on different resource-constrained platforms. Our analytical and experimental evaluation confirms that GREP is efficient, highly scalable and deployable also on constrained nodes. The paper extends a previous version of this work, especially through additional security analysis, treatise of probabilities for worst case collusion, and experimental evaluation of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to give a mathematical and historical introduction to the 1932 paper "Dirac equation in the gravitational field I" by Erwin Schrödinger on the generalization of the Dirac equation to a curved spacetime and also to discuss the influence this paper had on subsequent work. The paper is of interest as the first place that the well-known formula g μ ν ∇ μ ∇ ν + m 2 + R / 4 was obtained for the 'square' of the Dirac operator in curved spacetime. This formula is known by a number of names and we explain why we favour the name 'Schrödinger–Lichnerowicz formula'. We also aim to explain how the modern notion of 'spin connection' emerged from a debate in the physics journals in the period 1929–1933. We discuss the key contributions of Weyl, Fock and Cartan and explain how and why they were partly in conflict with the approaches of Schrödinger and several other authors. We reference and comment on some previous historical accounts of this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of medical and health humanities degree programs in the United States rapidly increases (Berry, Lamb and Jones 2016, 2017), it is especially timely to consider the range of specific disciplinary (and multidisciplinary) perspectives that might benefit students enrolled in these programs. This paper discusses the inclusion of one such perspective from the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS.) The author asserts that STS benefits students in the medical and health humanities in four particular ways, by: (1) challenging the "progress narrative" around the advancement of biomedicine as scientific practice, (2) evaluating the meaning of technology, especially in how technology orients us towards sickness and how health technology is in turn shaped by social and cultural values, (3) assessing the plurality of biomedical epistemologies, rather than assuming biomedicine is one, cohesive body of knowledge that does not differ across contexts, and (4) critiquing bias in biomedical practice and science, especially in the marginalization of women's voices and in the racial and postcolonial trajectories of contemporary biomedicine. The paper discusses the theoretical importance of these four trajectories to the medical and health humanities, as well as the venues for inclusion of STS within coursework and programming at Case Western Reserve University. The paper also comments on how programming at other institutions might be adapted to incorporate STS scholarship. By drawing on numerous examples of research in the anthropology, sociology, history, and the philosophy of science, this article seeks to open a conversation about the value of science and technology studies to health humanities pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wikipedia contains large amounts of content related to history. It is being used extensively for many knowledge intensive tasks within computer science, digital humanities and related fields. In this paper, we look into Wikipedia articles on historical people for studying link-related temporal features of articles on past people. Our study sheds new light on the characteristics of information about historical people recorded in the English Wikipedia and quantifies user interest in such data. We propose a novel style of analysis in which we use signals derived from the hyperlink structure of Wikipedia as well as from article view logs, and we overlay them over temporal dimension to understand relations between time periods, link structure and article popularity. In the latter part of the paper, we also demonstrate several ways for estimating person importance based on the temporal aspects of the link structure as well as a method for ranking cities using the computed importance scores of their related persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the core problems with engineering ethics education is perceptual. Although ethics is meant to be a central component of today's engineering curriculum, it is often perceived as a marginal requirement that must be fulfilled. In addition, there is a mismatch between faculty and student perceptions of ethics. While faculty aim to communicate the nuances and complexity of engineering ethics, students perceive ethics as laws, rules, and codes that must be memorized. This paper provides some historical context to better understand these perceptual differences, and suggests that curriculum constraints are important contributing factors. Drawing on the growing scholarship of student engagement approaches to pedagogy, the paper explores how students can be empowered to effect change in the broader engineering curriculum through engineering ethics. The paper describes a student engagement approach to pedagogy that includes students as active participants in curriculum design—a role that enables them to critically reflect about why ethics is a requirement. Including students in the process of curriculum design leads students to reframe ethics as an integrative tool with the capacity to bring together different engineering departments and build bridges to non-engineering fields. This paper argues that students can and should play an active and important role in relocating ethics from the periphery to the core of the engineering curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IAVCEI originated in 1919 as one of the six inaugural "sections" of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). IUGG was formed by the International Research Council, which has now evolved to become the International Science Council (ISC). In 1933 the Section for Volcanology was renamed the International Association of Volcanology (IAV), and in 1967, it became the International Association of Volcanology and Geochemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). IAVCEI has been managed by 22 Presidents, 10 Secretaries-General, and their executive committees/bureaus. IAVCEI has always had a focus on facilitating the communication of volcanological research through organising a variety of international conferences, including IAVCEI General Assemblies, Scientific Assemblies, occasional Volcanological Congresses, and Cities on Volcanoes conferences. In addition, IAVCEI established research working groups initially which then became the association's research commissions. The research commissions have also organised their own research workshops. Recently IAVCEI has also developed new groupings of researchers through their Network program, including the Early Career Researcher Network, which focus mostly on facilitating communication. Bulletin of Volcanology has been the official IAVCEI journal since 1924 and has undergone several facelifts in its cover and format. It has been very well served by its 11 volunteer editors, editorial board, and reviewers in almost 100 years of publication. In addition, IAVCEI was instrumental in instigating an inventory of known volcanoes through its Catalogue of the Volcanoes of the World series, a role now undertaken by the Smithsonian Institution. To acknowledge outstanding achievements in volcanological research, IAVCEI has established 6 awards since 1974. Developing a better understanding of how volcanoes erupt and the impacts of eruptions on society has been an integral responsibility of IAVCEI as the learned international association in volcanology. In the 1990s, IAVCEI initiated the Decade Volcanoes program to encourage research on 16 volcanoes that were deemed to pose significant risks to the communities around them. Some have erupted since then, but eruptions from other volcanoes have also provided significant insights into eruption processes and phenomena. Although IAVCEI's future looks healthy, there are ways of being more proactive in improving services to members, including improving diversity and inclusiveness, greater gender balance for all positions on the IAVCEI Executive Committee, widening the representation of nationalities that serve on the Executive Committee, increasing membership numbers to generate greater income to support scientists in need of support to participate in IAVCEI activities, and significantly lowering the fee for open access publication of research papers in IAVCEI's masthead journal, Bulletin of Volcanology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we review the impact of DSM-III and its successors on the field of autism—both in terms of clinical work and research. We summarize the events leading up to the inclusion of autism as a "new" official diagnostic category in DSM-III, the subsequent revisions of the DSM, and the impact of the official recognition of autism on research. We discuss the uses of categorical vs. dimensional approaches and the continuing tensions around broad vs. narrow views of autism. We also note some areas of current controversy and directions for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1970s, the voluntary sector acted as a key space for advocacy and support for communities that were marginalised from statutory provision. This paper explores how East London voluntary sector organisations addressed the needs of new migrant communities in this period. Drawing on data from six case study organisations, this historical study explores the dual role these organisations played in advocating for these communities and providing needed services. The findings show that in the 1970s through the 1990s advocacy and service delivery functions were closely linked rather than service delivery crowding out advocacy as has been the trend in recent decades. The findings also emphasise the importance of the creation of trusted relationships between the organisations and the communities they served. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his Heretical Essays, Jan Patočka introduces the concept of the solidarity of the shaken. He argues that it emerges in the conditions of political violence—the frontline experience (Fronterlebnis). Moreover, Patočka brings into discussion the puzzling concepts of day, night, metanoia and sacrifice, which only further problematise the idea. Researching how other thinkers have examined the phenomenon of the frontline experience, it becomes obvious that Patočka did not invent the obscure vocabulary ex nihilo. Concepts such as frontline experience, sacrifice and the metaphors of the day and night were commonly used by thinkers in the inter-war and post-war eras in their examination of community (Gemeinschaft). This study aims to reconstruct the idea of the solidarity of the shaken as contextualized within a broader scholarly debate on the concept of community (Gemeinschaft). Through the critical dialogue between Patočka's works and the works of Ernst Jünger and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, this study will portray how Patočka, in his discourse on the frontline experience, follows the usual pattern of overcoming one's individuality, transcending and opening up to the constitution of solidarity. This paper will argue that Patočka defined the solidarity of the shaken in an attempt to revive the positive aspects of a community and break with the regressive (if not sinister) uses to which it was put in the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: After Glisson's description of rickets, it took two centuries to realize that rickets was due to the absence of antirachitic nutrients in the diet or lack exposure of the skin to ultraviolet rays. This bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency was one of the most common diseases of children 100 years ago. This paper explores how the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of rickets shifted in the first decades of the twentieth century.Material and Methods: Although benefits of cod liver oil as food were known as early as the seventh century, cod liver oil was only proposed as medicinal for rickets in Northern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. The relationship between rickets and nutritional deficiency was suspected and demonstrated between 1880 and 1915, at the same time of the discovery of other vital substances (vitamins) needed to prevent beriberi, scurvy, and pellagra. Understanding that the lack of photosynthesized vitamin D or the lack of dietary vitamin D was a similar risk of rickets was an important turn in the comprehension of the disease. We look at the sequence and turn of events related to the discovery of vitamin D.Results: Rickets has been recognized first as a disease of urban living people. Cod liver oil had been used since 1700 as a nonspecific treatment for a range of diseases. Generations of children in cities of the north of Europe had learned to hate the taste and smell of the black oily liquid and then grown up to be parents who, in turn, hated to force it down their children's throats. Occasional papers before 1900 pointed to its efficacy for rickets, and most textbooks of the early 1900s mentioned it only as a treatment option. The discovery in the early 1900s that artificial and natural ultraviolet rays had both antirachitic activity allowed to produce antirachitic foods just by food irradiation with artificial ultraviolet irradiation. Clinical guidelines were adopted to propose exposure to sunlight or to artificial ultraviolet radiation to prevent rickets in children. By the mid-1920s, rickets was promoted as universal, at times invisible to non-experts, but present to some degree in nearly every young child regardless of race or class. It was thus used to promote the young disciplines of preventive medicine, pediatrics, and public health. Innovative advances were made in the understanding of vitamin D synthesis from 1915 to 1935. A public health campaign of the 1930s was a success to eradicate rickets, using irradiated ergosterol from yeast to enrich milk and other foods with vitamin D, ensuring that the general population was consuming sufficient vitamin D.Conclusion: Rickets therefore provides an excellent window into the early politics of preventive health and the promotion of targeted interventions in the world. It is also a relevant historical counterpoint for current debates over the role of risk factors (absence of light or sun) for disease (today's so-called "lifestyle" diseases). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents global progress in human well-being since the end of World War II and, more specifically, since 1950. The paper focuses on the transformative changes in quality of life that have occurred over this period in four of the most critical sectors of well-being: the health, education, economic, and welfare sectors. We also consider the significant impact that changes in the natural environment have and continue to make on humanity. In all five sectors we also identify what we regard as the underlying "drivers" that have made these transformative changes in the human condition possible and suggest how the strength of these changes can be expected to contribute to the further enhancement of quality of life and well-being over at least the near term. In pursuing these objectives, we argued in favor of adopting a more positive view with respect to the advances in quality of life and well-being that have taken place since 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Part of the international reflection on the use of history in mathematics teaching consists in a quest of frameworks and models suitable for empirical studies. Following this demand, this paper explores the way Balacheff’s cKȼ model, a model taken from the didactics of mathematics, can be used in the analysis of learning at student level. In the first part of this paper, Balacheff’s cKȼ model (conceptions, knowledge, ȼoncepts) is shortly presented, and in the second part, the relationship between the epistemological background of the model and the use of the history of mathematics is explored in order to show a possible suitableness. The third part addresses an example of a school activity (about ancient Indian geometry) in which the model is applied and the historical issues clarified. Questioning the role of problems both in the cKȼ model and in the use of history, the last part shows how a study at the students’ conception level enlightens the way in which historical elements can interact with contemporary mathematical learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an excerpt, a chapter, of a much longer work called, “The God of the Bible was an important outlet to African Americans during slavery and segregation: Freedom itself was important to Americans because slavery and life are in contrast.” In this section, I attempt to define slavery and some of the cultural impacts of the Bible’s definition. I also reference the experience of slaves with respect to Christianity’s theological opinions pertaining to American and world slavery. This is done through an analysis of the Bible and researchers who have commented on the subjects involved with servitude. The earliest essayist I reference is Cugoano; he published his ideas in 1787. This is done to show the evolution of the myth of the Bible’s definition of slavery. In this paper, I counter false interpretations of Biblical slavery and servitude. The term “STF” is used to represent the Star Trek Fan, referencing cultural atheism promoted by sources of propaganda from popular media. I attempt to redirect the conversation from cultural myths to historical arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper is a historical account of an initiative, as recalled by the authors who were directly involved, that brought to the forefront the long-standing and unjust reproductive health inequities in the United States. It is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health.This paper is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health. Part I recounts the history and achievements of a Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention initiative in the 1980–90’s, led by the Prematurity Research Group in the Division of Reproductive Health, Pregnancy and Infant Health Branch. This initiative stimulated a paradigm shift in how we understand and address black infant mortality and the inequities in this outcome. Part II illustrates examples of some exemplary programmatic and policy legacies that stemmed either directly or indirectly from the Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention paradigm shift. Part III provides a discussion of how effectively the current practice in Maternal and Child Health applies this paradigm to address inequities and proposes a path for accelerating Title V agencies’ progress toward birth equity.This CDC initiative was transformative in that it raised the visibility of African American researchers, moved the field from a focus on traditional epidemiologic risks such as personal health promotion and medical interventions, to include racism as a risk factor for inequitable birth outcomes. The paradigm examined the specific roles of historical and structural racism, and the racialized, contextualized, and temporal exposures that are unique to Black women’s experiences in the United States.The initiative radically changed the narratives about the underlying factors contributing to inequities in birth outcomes of Black women, altered the way we currently approach addressing inequities, and holds the keys for transforming practice to a more holistic and systematic approach to building sustained organizational structures in maternal and child health that accelerate the achievement of birth equity.Description: This paper is a historical account of an initiative, as recalled by the authors who were directly involved, that brought to the forefront the long-standing and unjust reproductive health inequities in the United States. It is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health.This paper is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health. Part I recounts the history and achievements of a Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention initiative in the 1980–90’s, led by the Prematurity Research Group in the Division of Reproductive Health, Pregnancy and Infant Health Branch. This initiative stimulated a paradigm shift in how we understand and address black infant mortality and the inequities in this outcome. Part II illustrates examples of some exemplary programmatic and policy legacies that stemmed either directly or indirectly from the Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention paradigm shift. Part III provides a discussion of how effectively the current practice in Maternal and Child Health applies this paradigm to address inequities and proposes a path for accelerating Title V agencies’ progress toward birth equity.This CDC initiative was transformative in that it raised the visibility of African American researchers, moved the field from a focus on traditional epidemiologic risks such as personal health promotion and medical interventions, to include racism as a risk factor for inequitable birth outcomes. The paradigm examined the specific roles of historical and structural racism, and the racialized, contextualized, and temporal exposures that are unique to Black women’s experiences in the United States.The initiative radically changed the narratives about the underlying factors contributing to inequities in birth outcomes of Black women, altered the way we currently approach addressing inequities, and holds the keys for transforming practice to a more holistic and systematic approach to building sustained organizational structures in maternal and child health that accelerate the achievement of birth equity.Assessment: This paper is a historical account of an initiative, as recalled by the authors who were directly involved, that brought to the forefront the long-standing and unjust reproductive health inequities in the United States. It is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health.This paper is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health. Part I recounts the history and achievements of a Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention initiative in the 1980–90’s, led by the Prematurity Research Group in the Division of Reproductive Health, Pregnancy and Infant Health Branch. This initiative stimulated a paradigm shift in how we understand and address black infant mortality and the inequities in this outcome. Part II illustrates examples of some exemplary programmatic and policy legacies that stemmed either directly or indirectly from the Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention paradigm shift. Part III provides a discussion of how effectively the current practice in Maternal and Child Health applies this paradigm to address inequities and proposes a path for accelerating Title V agencies’ progress toward birth equity.This CDC initiative was transformative in that it raised the visibility of African American researchers, moved the field from a focus on traditional epidemiologic risks such as personal health promotion and medical interventions, to include racism as a risk factor for inequitable birth outcomes. The paradigm examined the specific roles of historical and structural racism, and the racialized, contextualized, and temporal exposures that are unique to Black women’s experiences in the United States.The initiative radically changed the narratives about the underlying factors contributing to inequities in birth outcomes of Black women, altered the way we currently approach addressing inequities, and holds the keys for transforming practice to a more holistic and systematic approach to building sustained organizational structures in maternal and child health that accelerate the achievement of birth equity.Conclusion: This paper is a historical account of an initiative, as recalled by the authors who were directly involved, that brought to the forefront the long-standing and unjust reproductive health inequities in the United States. It is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health.This paper is composed of three distinct but interrelated parts that together map the past, present, and future of addressing racial inequities in Maternal and Child Health. Part I recounts the history and achievements of a Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention initiative in the 1980–90’s, led by the Prematurity Research Group in the Division of Reproductive Health, Pregnancy and Infant Health Branch. This initiative stimulated a paradigm shift in how we understand and address black infant mortality and the inequities in this outcome. Part II illustrates examples of some exemplary programmatic and policy legacies that stemmed either directly or indirectly from the Centers for Disease for Control and Prevention paradigm shift. Part III provides a discussion of how effectively the current practice in Maternal and Child Health applies this paradigm to address inequities and proposes a path for accelerating Title V agencies’ progress toward birth equity.This CDC initiative was transformative in that it raised the visibility of African American researchers, moved the field from a focus on traditional epidemiologic risks such as personal health promotion and medical interventions, to include racism as a risk factor for inequitable birth outcomes. The paradigm examined the specific roles of historical and structural racism, and the racialized, contextualized, and temporal exposures that are unique to Black women’s experiences in the United States.The initiative radically changed the narratives about the underlying factors contributing to inequities in birth outcomes of Black women, altered the way we currently approach addressing inequities, and holds the keys for transforming practice to a more holistic and systematic approach to building sustained organizational structures in maternal and child health that accelerate the achievement of birth equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper chronicles the third decade of MASCC from 2010. There was a generational change in this decade, building on the solid foundation of the founders. It included the first female President, and a new Executive Director with a background in strategy and business development and operations as applied to healthcare. The headquarters moved from Copenhagen to Toronto. The first meeting to be held outside of Europe or North America was held in Adelaide, Australia, and the membership in the Asia Pacific region expanded. A program of international affiliates saw national supportive care organisations formally link with MASCC. In cancer supportive care, there was a raft of new toxicities to manage as immunotherapies were added to conventional cytotoxic treatment. There was also a greater emphasis on the psychosocial needs of patients and families. New MASCC groups were formed to respond to this evolution in cancer management. The MASCC journal, Supportive Care in Cancer, continued to grow in impact, and MASCC published two editions of a textbook of supportive care and survivorship. The decade ended with the challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, but that served to highlight the importance of good supportive care to patients with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay seeks to get a handle on the question of the legacy of John Rawls, one of the most influential political philosophers of the last century. After placing his masterpiece, A Theory of Justice, in its historical and philosophical context, it argues that the enduring significance of Rawls resides more in his demonstration of philosophy's place in helping us understand politics and less in the particular conception of political morality put forward in his seminal work. The paper concludes by suggesting that, while it is probably still too early to arrive at a reliable verdict about the precise nature of Rawls's legacy, it is undoubtedly the case that A Theory of Justice remains a landmark in the history of modern political thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the early precursors of organized criminal subcultures using the U.S.-Mexico border city of El Paso, Texas as a case-study. El Paso is known as the birthplace of the pachuco; the Mexican Americans' original street-oriented subculture. It formed the basis for the numerous delinquent groups that would emerge there throughout the decades, ultimately producing a binational organized crime syndicate called the Barrio Azteca. This barrio-prison-cartel hybrid is a modern group with deep roots in the street-gang subcultures of the region. The current study shows that its ties to drug gangs in Ciudad Juárez and subsequent federal prosecutions were recent catalysts in its escalation as a unique cross-border entity. The work is informed by archival material, police data, and multi-faceted fieldwork with gang members and police. It illustrates how the El Paso-Juárez metroplex has fostered particular criminological dynamics not seen in any other place in the U.S. to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a history of relationship advice from the early-1900s to the 1970s, before second-wave feminism exercised more influence on the genre. Whilst previous studies examine the genre from a social constructionist perspective, this paper considers how human biology interacts with the environment (the economy and society) to produce different interpretations of heterosexual relationships. More in line with an evolutionary approach, which views humans as a sexually dimorphic species, the research illustrates that gender roles adapt to changing social and political cues. The survey shows that in times of economic scarcity advice draws on scientific methodologies to highlight more conservative forms of relationship. In times of economic growth, when resources are more abundant, advice becomes more interested in sexuality. Unlike today, most advice was aimed at a mixed-sex readership, and could expose young people more directly to practical insights about the opposite sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of spaces that encouraged the participation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in higher education became a reality in the early 1980s. Since then, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander educators and leaders have worked tirelessly to find their ‘fit’ within the Western academy, which continues to impose a colonial, Western educative framework onto Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. More recently, universities are attempting to move towards a ‘whole of university’ approach to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander higher education. To achieve such a major shift across the academy, Indigenous values, perspectives and knowledges need to be acknowledged as a strong contributor to the environments of universities in all core areas: student engagement, learning and teaching, research and workforce. In a move to achieving a ‘whole of university’ approach which revolves around Aboriginal culture and knowledges, the Wollotuka Institute at the University of Newcastle developed a set of cultural standards, as part of an international accreditation process, to guide a culturally affirming environment for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and staff. This environment acknowledges the unique cultural values and perspectives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In this paper, the authors explore, from an Indigenous Standpoint, the creation of a university environment that privileges Aboriginal values, principles, knowledges and perspectives. The paper exposes how traditional Aboriginal Songlines, particularly in Aboriginal education, were disrupted, and how the creation and emergence of a contemporary environment of Aboriginal educational and cultural affirmation works towards the re-emergence of Songlines within higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delineation of flood risk hotspots can be considered as one of the first steps in an integrated methodology for urban flood risk management and mitigation. This paper presents a step-by-step methodology in a GIS-based framework for identifying flooding risk hotspots for residential buildings. This is done by overlaying a map of potentially flood-prone areas [estimated through the topographic wetness index (TWI)], a map of residential areas [extracted from a city-wide assessment of urban morphology types (UMT)], and a geo-spatial census dataset. The novelty of this paper consists in the fact that the flood-prone areas (the TWI thresholds) are identified through a maximum likelihood method (MLE) based both on inundation profiles calculated for a specific return period (TR), and on information about the extent of historical flooding in the area of interest. Furthermore, Bayesian parameter updating is employed in order to estimate the TWI threshold by employing the historical extent as prior information and the inundation map for calculating the likelihood function. For different statistics of the TWI threshold, the map of potentially flood-prone areas is overlaid with the map of residential urban morphology units in order to delineate the residential flooding risk urban hotspots. Overlaying the delineated urban hotspots with geo-spatial census datasets, the number of people affected by flooding is estimated. These kind of screening procedures are particularly useful for locations where there is a lack of detailed data or where it is difficult to perform accurate flood risk assessment. In fact, an application of the proposed procedure is demonstrated for the identification of urban flooding risk hotspots in the city of Ouagadougou, capital of Burkina Faso, a city for which the observed spatial extent of a major flood event in 2009 and a calculated inundation map for a return period of 300 years are both available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the clinical principle of informed choice-the hallmark feature of the midwifery model of care in Ontario, Canada. Drawing on ethnographic history interviews with midwives, I trace the origins of the idea of informed choice to its roots in the social movement of midwifery in North America in the late 1960s and 1970s. At that time informed choice was not the distinctive feature of midwifery but was deeply embedded what I call midwifery's feminist experiment in care. But as midwifery in Ontario transitioned from a social movement to a full profession within the formal health care system, informed choice was strategically foregrounded in order to make the midwifery model of care legible and acceptable to a skeptical medical profession, conservative law makers, and a mainstream clientele. As mainstream biomedicine now takes up the rhetoric of patient empowerment and informed choice, this paper is at once a nuanced history of the making of the concept and also a critique of the ascendant 'regime of choice' in contemporary health care, inspired by the reflections of the midwives in my study for whom choice is impossible without care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]