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Both Harris and Howard in their thoughtful papers examine the intersection of the psyche and the social in the context of COVID-19 and racial unrest. The combination of these events has brought into sharp focus the impact of the social on intrapsychic functions. Especially in relation to African Americans and low-income persons, we observe the varied impact of racist and capitalistic driven systemic inequities and the conflicts and resistances that they generate. Psychoanalytic perspectives offer the possibility through reflection, education, and atonement to inform attempts to promote self-care, enlightened interventions, and system change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the writing of Black activists, planners, and critics to reconcile two opposing perceptions of the Model Cities Program: an initiative known for its elevation of Black elected officials and a program that used the guise of citizen participation to stifle more radical forms of dissent. In 1966, Model Cities emerged in part from the call for a domestic Marshall Plan for Black Americans. Yet as the program began making incremental changes to the country's neighbourhoods from 1967 to the early 1970s, participants and critics instead began to see Model Cities' relationship to Black Americans as a new form of colonialism. To determine how this shift occurred, this paper analyses this critical commentary against the archival evidence of Model Cities implementation in the cities in which it appeared. Situating these authors' arguments within the parallel emergence of Black studies and participatory planning as well as within larger Cold War diplomatic history, planning history, and African American intellectual history reveals how visions of revolution turned into a program of representation. Meanwhile, the plans these figures produced as part of Model Cities point to what a revolutionary program might yet be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Alaskans face serious barriers to health care. This paper reports on qualitative results of a health needs assessment to understand the health challenges facing Black Alaskans. Utilizing exploratory thematic analysis, the findings indicate that Black Alaskans experience barriers such as high cost of care, underinsurance, lack of information and education, a shortage of BIPOC health providers, stigma, negative perceptions by health-care providers, and racism both in the community and in the health-care system. The paper concludes by discussing emerging health equity initiatives to advance responsive care for Black Alaskans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA 1968 complaint by a black, blue-collar worker, Wendall A. Payne, at the Times-Picayune in New Orleans, led to a federal appeals court in 1976 issuing a consent decree that required the newspaper, one of the major dailies in the South, to hire more black employees including journalists. At other dailies nationally in the late 1960s to early 1970s, racial integration occurred in the newsroom because newspapers were affected by provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the need for black reporters to cover urban uprisings, the Kerner Commission report, and/or a “moral imperative.” Notwithstanding, litigation was not necessary to induce the dailies to hire black full-time reporters. The Picayune, however, required pressure from Payne’s complaint that led to an EEOC employment discrimination lawsuit against the paper. Subsequently, the Picayune diverted from its white-centered trajectory and traveled on a path leading to racial inclusiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1950s, many Ghanaians identified with African Americans as they read about events involving American racial violence in Ghanaian newspapers. Yet the transnational connections appearing in those periodicals varied in depth, intensity, and sincerity depending on their political or commercial connections. This study analyzes the reactions in key Ghanaian newspapers, such as those affiliated with Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party, the British-owned Daily Graphic, and the Ashanti Pioneer, to key moments in 1950s American race relations, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the events in Little Rock, and the infamous 'Orange Juice' incident involving discrimination against the Ghanaian minister of finance. By demonstrating that the Pioneer more often covered the personal angles of such events, while the tones of CPP-affiliated papers and even the Daily Graphic vacillated based on changing political needs, this study both shows the complicated nature of transnational racial identifications as they flowed west across the Atlantic and reveals the promises and limits of Ghanaian connections to members of the African diaspora during the decolonizing period in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we apply the reproductive justice framework to discuss how gendered racism disadvantages pregnant and parenting young Black women aging out of foster care. Specifically, we highlight the reversal of Roe v Wade as reflective of the United States' long legacy of efforts to control Black women's reproduction. We then discuss the structural factors contributing to the reproductive injustices of young Black women aging out of care, including a lack of access to sexual and reproductive health education, barriers to educational attainment, and foster care-based relational and placement deficits. We conclude with research, practice, and policy enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bay Area Third World Strikes, 1968–1969: Coalitional Activism and Chicanx Campus Politics. This essay looks at the 1968–1969 Third World Strikes at San Francisco State and UC Berkeley through the lens of coalitional politics and activism. While the paper looks closely at Chicanx campus politics, the goal is to move away from a nationalist or Maoist reading of the two strikes. During these two events, Chicanx activism has to be read in conjunction with African American, Asian American, Native American, and white campus politics. This coalitional politics represented a temporary rupture of U.S. political behavior and manifested a utopic moment when an alternative political possibility was glimpsed. The essay ends exploring the limits of coalitional politics and activism, especially as nationalism and identity politics came to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impact of White supremacy, ableism, and U.S. policing on both the history and current state of psychology and sheds light on ways that psychologists can acknowledge and divest from carceral White supremacist practices in mental healthcare. Because of how oppression and intersectionality function within a White supremacist society, not all Black lives have been equally valued by non-Black Americans. Similarly, White supremacy and ableism have had lasting impacts on the public perception of disabled people. Connecting the historical origins of the U.S. policing system to the current practices of the U.S. police system, this paper argues that the police have always been about controlling "disorder." Similarly, psychology and the larger mental health field have a troubled history of controlling Black, Brown, and disabled bodies. Recommendations for ways therapists can unlearn therapy practices stemming from White supremacy cultural practices (e.g., carceral therapeutic practices and biased mental health care) are provided along with action items for mental health practitioners to maintain a commitment to undoing the harm from these historic and systemic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been an increase in intersectionality scholarship in the field of psychology, there is still a dearth of research and praxis grounded in a Black feminist theoretical perspective. The purpose of this paper is to apply a Black feminist and intersectionality lens to research, practice, and advocacy on Black women's experiences of gendered racism. First, this paper will provide a brief herstory of Black feminist, womanist, and intersectionality theory and its relevance to the field of psychology. Next, we will highlight an example of how to apply a Black feminist and intersectionality lens to research on gendered racism among Black women. Then, we will apply Black feminism to therapy with Black women by highlighting a clinical case example. We will end by highlighting the importance of Black feminism to social justice advocacy and systems-level interventions to promote the health and well-being of Black women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Association of African American Museums (AAAM), there are more than 200 African American history and cultural museums—or other sites with substantial African American collections such as libraries and archives—across the U.S. Many of these museums had their start shortly after the height of the Civil Rights Movement, with a surge in establishments in the 1970s. Black museums serve to decenter White stories of America and refocus on Black experiences. While geographers have studied an array of memory, heritage, and tourism sites, museums remain understudied and under-theorized. Building upon the subfields of Museum geographies—particularly by considering the concept of museums as theatres of pain—and Black geographies, our research examines the ways these museums are integral to the relationships between Black placemaking and the tourism landscape, which remains steeped in anti-Black racism. Using museum exhibit documentation, semi-structured interviews of museum staff, and content analysis of online travel reviews (primarily TripAdvisor and Google Reviews), this paper analyzes two case studies: The National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center in Wilberforce, Ohio, and The Colored Girls Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Through our two case studies, we show how Black museums enact curatorial practices of commemorative geographies and create redemptive spaces that cultivate not only a homeplace for visitors, particularly for Black Americans and people of the African diaspora but also serve as sites of belonging and joy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although nature-based recreation areas are among the most popular tourism destinations in the U.S., African Americans are far less likely to visit them compared to White Americans. This paper offers a critical analysis of the phenomenon often labeled Black under-participation or under-representation (BUPR) in nature tourism. First, I use the concept of the White racial frame to unpack the White centrism and normalism embedded in the notion of BUPR and explain how it erases Black Americans' historical relationship with nature while concealing centuries of Black exclusion in great outdoors. Second, I use the notion of the White-Savior Industry Complex to critique diversity initiatives of public park and tourism agencies, namely lack of strong sense of ownership in their historical Black exclusion. Finally, I make three recommendations for rectifying the enduring racial oppression in nature tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black/African American (AA) individuals are a group at risk for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and alcohol use due to unique cultural and system-level barriers. Although associations between trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol use are well established across various populations, Black/AA individuals are underrepresented in this literature, and related findings in this population are inconclusive. Thus, the goal of this study was to examine the associations among trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and alcohol use in a sample of treatment-seeking, Black/AA adults. We hypothesized that trauma exposure and alcohol use would be positively associated and that this relationship would be mediated by PTSD symptoms. This study conducted secondary analysis of screening data from a PTSD and alcohol use disorder clinical trial. Participants were 96 Black/AA adults (57.3% male; 2.0% Hispanic; M age = 44.73, SD = 11.83) who were seeking treatment for alcohol use and endorsed trauma exposure. Associations between trauma exposure, PTSD symptom severity, and quantity and frequency of alcohol use were tested using bivariate correlations and linear regressions. Hypothesized indirect effects were tested using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 27 PROCESS model 4 with bootstrapping. Findings illustrated a significant positive association between trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms and between PTSD symptoms and drinks per typical drinking day. PTSD symptoms were not significantly associated with number of drinking days. Tests of indirect effects were significant for trauma exposure on drinks per typical drinking day through PTSD symptoms. Results from the test of indirect effects suggest that among Black/AA adults with heavy alcohol use and trauma exposure, trauma exposure is associated with PTSD symptoms, which in turn is associated with quantity of alcohol use. These findings are consistent with research conducted with White/mixed groups and align with tenets of the self-medication model of PTSD-AUD comorbidity. These findings support current practices that highlight the importance of screening for and addressing PTSD and alcohol use in individuals exposed to trauma. Findings from this paper provide initial data on understudied relationships in an underserved sample and several suggestions are made to generate future research and improve clinical care for Black/AA adults. Pharmacogenetic Treatment With Anti-Glutaminergic Agents for Comorbid PTSD & AUD; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02884908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black Caribbean migrants are uniquely positioned between multiple forms of negative racialization – that of their experiences with both anti-Black racism and xenophobia due to their immigrant status. Such positioning means that they may be subject to increased anti-Black and anti-migrant policing. In this paper, I argue that Black Caribbean migrants' experiences with race in the United States can and should be interwoven with research and advocacy focused on the increasing criminalization of migrants or, Crimmigration research. I use archived newspapers, fliers, and pamphlets produced by Caribbean activists to show how they not only recognized these two-fold processes and but also reframed Black identity and politics to include anti-Black and anti-migrant discrimination as linked causes. I contend that their advocacy and concern for Afro-descent migrants, African Americans, and migrants more broadly reveal the expansiveness of Black politics through the bringing together of both Black and migrant concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overly aggressive use of force by police on African Americans illustrates a fundamental dissonance within the American polity. The ideal of justice and liberty juxtaposed with the reality of suffering and death at the hands of frontline law enforcement. This paper considers the relationship between administrative rules, policing, and racial disparities in the application of the use of force in the United States through the lens of social equity. The article details the racialized nature of use of force and suggests a possible way forward for administrators to address the unequal application of force by police in their encounters with African Americans. Specifically, the creation of processes that limit discretion related to the use of force, the establishment of uniform licensing standards, and the implementation of a database that tracks all incidents when force is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, Black women's use of infertility treatments is relatively low, despite elevated or similar rates of infertility compared with White women. Ethical concerns about infertility treatments have been identified as a potential sociocultural factor contributing to these treatment-seeking disparities. Despite documented differences, the substance of these ethical concerns is unclear. Clarifying the nature of these concerns contributes to our understanding of the social forces that shape the contexts of infertility care. Using an intersectional and comparative analysis of semi-structured interviews with Black or African American and White women enrolled in U.S. graduate programmes, this paper investigates the nature and substance of ethical concerns about medicalized infertility treatments. Three central themes emerged: (i) ethical concerns were not binary; (ii) ethical concerns varied by modality, but not by race, and focussed primarily on infertility treatments involving third parties; and (iii) substantive non-ethical concerns were concentrated among Black women and were driven by discomfort with or preferences against treatments involving third-parties. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for researchers, providers, and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocultural studies have illuminated the roles of slavery, racism, and economic marginalization on the health outcomes of African diasporic populations. This paper highlights Black women as historical agents who, after slavery, exerted greater autonomy over their reproductive roles in childbirth and childcare. The paper's objectives and interpretations are situated within Black feminists' discourses on Black motherhood as both a site of subjugation and of empowerment. Raced and gendered oppression meant that Black women's reproductive and productive demands were burdensome. Yet, Black women's lower fertility rates over time indicate that many of them chose to bear fewer children following slavery, a decision that is partially implicated in their increased longevity. Further, there is bioarchaeological and historical evidence illustrating how Black mothering practices, including women's social networks, benefited children's well-being. Comparative data for the occurrence of linear enamel hypoplasias among enslaved and free Black populations suggest that post-emancipation women prolonged nursing, which helped children to survive chronic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on Black/African American males' depressive experiences and expressions is still developing. While research has shown that men are less likely to be diagnosed with depression when compared to women, the experiences of Black/African Americans are often ignored at a far greater level. This study aimed to highlight how Black/African American men understood, discussed, and dealt with their depression. Interviews of N = 4 Black/African American men were analyzed from a larger qualitative study that examined depression among Blacks/African Americans. Qualitative content analysis techniques, which included open coding, were used to identify themes within the interviews that identified similarities across participant's experiences. The themes highlighted within this report included: (a) depressive episodes as responses to traumatic life events; (b) family and paternal significance for Black/African American men; (c) substance use and sleeping as coping/treatment; and (d) stigma as the greatest impediment to help-seeking and service use. Blacks/African Americans experienced depression within the classical contextualization of the DSM-V. However, they quickly learned to adapt to their experiences, push through the pain, and identify their experiences as normal parts of everyday living. The paper ends with some recommended practice implications for service providers who are interested in working with Black/African American men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates critical divergence in interpreting the cross and atonement between James Cone and Karl Barth – and their related ethics. Cone rejects atonement theories and embraces the cross as an interpretative symbol that speaks to the suffering of Black Americans. In contrast, Barth resists interpreting the cross as a symbol and refuses to interpret the cross separately from the atonement. These divergences lead to different conceptions of sin, salvation, and ethical response. Despite their dissimilarities, I argue that Cone and Barth demonstrate a surprisingly similar kind of ambiguity when it comes to ontology and ethics: Cone blurs ontological Blackness and symbolic Blackness while Barth emphasizes divine ontology in a manner that makes it difficult to address of the material, post-colonial world. I conclude, by demonstrating how these ambiguities in both thinkers create challenges to the concrete addressing of ethical concerns, such as reparations in today's world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to initiate a discourse that connects allomothers, endemic to African culture, with collective manymothering attachments from a psychoanalytic perspective. This paper illuminates the process by which, beginning with West Africa, Black mothers adapted and carried the process of mothering with them to provide consistent nurturing, responsiveness, and attunement to their infants' and children's needs. This process of extending caregiving responsibilities to the community at large, which I have labeled manymothering, has created generations of resistance and resilience that have supported Black people to the present. The psychoanalytic lens of othermothers serves as an adaptive familial structure that has been sustained through intergenerational resilient transmission. The linkage between culture and spirituality as a means of ameliorating trauma and promoting resilience was examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I develop a concept that I call black culinary epistemologies. I argue that the cookbooks of Bryant Terry, African American chef and food justice activist, are an archive for black culinary epistemologies. I define black culinary epistemologies as the culinary knowledge produced by black cooks, chefs, and food preparers that build upon the black radical tradition, reframe black foods and black consumption, and participate in life-making practices in death-producing spaces. Terry builds upon this archive through his cookbooks and food activism. Black culinary epistemologies have numerous impacts: First, they demonstrate that black cooks, chefs and food preparers engage food as a critique of racism and inequities. Secondly, black culinary epistemologies highlight the ways in which black communities participate in alternative food practices. This contests the notion that "slow foods" is an idea of European origin and that black bodies only consume unhealthy foods. Finally, black culinary epistemologies demonstrate how food is a site through which black communities have produced vitality and empowerment. Through a cultural studies analysis, I argue that Terry's four cookbooks and food activism are sites that recuperate black culinary epistemologies. This paper brings together literature in cultural studies, food studies, and critical race studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several distinct terms are used to identify descendants of the African diaspora (DADs) as fellow members of a racialized population. However, "Black" and "African American" are the two labels most commonly used. Given the recent calls for examining institutionalized racism in the United States, health scholars must contemplate the problems that may arise when these two terms are used interchangeably, namely the extent to which mislabeling may reify already significant health disparities. This essay examines the histories and meanings of "Black" and "African American" as identity labels and explores their importance in relationship to the effective recruitment of DADs to health research and clinical trials. In this paper, we employ the communication theory of identity and critical race theory as lenses to call attention to the discursive challenges associated with recruitment of DADs in health research. We also encourage health communication scholars to explore and extend the scope of this research. We do this by first describing the unintended consequences in health research through disregard of DADs' chosen identity labels. We then use the various terms to describe DADs to illuminate existing tensions between "Black" and "African American." We describe how each moniker is used and perceived, broadly and in health contexts. Finally, we call for more research into the effects of mislabeling and propose a plan for researchers' next steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1990 and the time of writing, 1,849 people have died in police custody or otherwise following police contact in England and Wales, with people from racially minoritised backgrounds over-represented in use of force and restraint related deaths. Drawing upon research undertaken by the authors, alongside bereaved families, this paper approaches these deaths as a form of institutional killings, surfacing the norms, cultures and values which systematically omit, obfuscate and mystify the violence of police action and inaction that eventuates these deaths. We contend that the police use of lethal force is therefore embedded and enmeshed within the processes, attitudes and behaviours of the police as an institution – both historically and in the present – which shapes how those killed encounter the police, how their deaths are (re)presented and how their bereaved families experience the processes which follow. The article argues that these processes follow a predictable pattern, with a similar lack of accountability also observable across other aspects of the criminal justice sector in relation to state deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in recovery capital has been growing and there have been increased attempts to quantify this concept. The current paper uses the REC-CAP, a standardized assessment of recovery capital, to predict retention across multiple recovery residence settings and quantify changes in recovery capital and barriers to recovery over the initial period of residence. The REC-CAP was administered by peer navigators at admission and at 90-day intervals thereafter in recovery residences in Virginia, US. Strong effects predicting retention, changes in barriers and recovery capital growth were reported based on risk-taking and addressing acute housing concerns. The strongest effects predicting retention in recovery residences were for people not using substances and not being Black or African American. Reducing barriers to recovery and to improving recovery capital focused on avoiding ongoing substance use, lack of support needs around accommodation, higher psychological wellbeing and measures associated with social support and quality of life. There is a need to develop a holistic, tailored package of support for people in recovery residents to address these core concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on the work of Gilles Deleuze to explore the generative and nonorganic power of disease and death as forces that enable an individual to encounter an impersonality in J. M. Coetzee's epistolary novel, Age of Iron. In Deleuze's theorisations, the experience of disease leads to self-dissolution, whereby the self becomes cracked and fragmented, and is opened to the suffering of others. In Coetzee's novel, societal illness is produced and forged by a racially segregated politics, an unequal economic system, and strident messages in the context of apartheid South Africa, which intersect with the protagonist Mrs. Curren's personal disease. By stressing the associative lines between personal and societal illness, I examine how Curren's ailing body becomes cracked, yet transforms into an impersonal dimension, as it folds and unfolds into the deaths of black people. In the process of (un)folding their deaths along with her dying, Curren further enacts and multiplies the impersonal time of the past-future conjunction. I thus demonstrate, through Deleuze's theorisations, how the power of Curren's physical frailty eventually generates an impersonality beyond personal suffering, in which black and white people move toward an impersonal space beyond the bifurcated world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) is a theoretical approach that is considered widely effective in decreasing relationship distress among couples. Emotionally Focused Therapy uses deepening of the clients' emotions to facilitate change to break negative interactional patterns within couple relationships. However, African American men have developed some behaviors and attitudes about emotions that may present challenges to them receiving Emotionally Focused Therapy. Some of those behaviors and beliefs include alexithymia and emotion ideologies which include restricting emotion based on their experience with societal stressors (e.g., race-based trauma, system racism). Given this emotional discrepancy, there are social and cultural considerations that need to be addressed between African American individuals in order to conduct effective couple work. This paper discusses emotional expressiveness and culturally sensitive approaches that EFT therapists will need to consider when counseling African American men in couples therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant percentage of US households have at least one pet. A recent poll found that over 90% of pet owners feel their pet is a family member, suggesting the definition of "family" should include pets. Some studies have found that pet ownership has physical, mental, and social health benefits for the owner, although other research has not found this. It is thought this variability is due to methodological issues. A significant issue identified is measurement problems, including a lack of validity and reliability evidence. Measurement equivalence is an important type of this evidence, and Black/African Americans should be included in research on this as they are an understudied, historically marginalized population. The Family Bondedness Scale (FBS) is a recently developed measure of the degree to which a pet owner feels emotionally bonded to their pet in a manner comparable to their emotional bonding with a human member of their family. This paper describes a measurement equivalence study of the FBS between Black/African American (n = 496) and White (n = 405) pet-owning populations. Results of multi-group confirmatory factor analyses with covariates were consistent with configural, metric, and threshold equivalence between Black/African American and White pet owners. The use of this measure in research and professional practice for numerous professions, including veterinary medicine, social work, veterinary social work, psychology, and other professions is considered. Implications for future measurement equivalence and validity research on scores from the FBS are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

August Wilson's celebrated ten-play cycle in which he focuses on the African American condition during the twentieth century has been hailed for the way the playwright grapples with issues of history and identity. This paper adopts aspects of the New Mobilities Paradigm (NMP) as it carries forward the theme of alienation, confusion and despair in Wilson's plays. It argues that Jitney and Two Trains Running deploy highly deceptive cause-to-effect linear plot structures in order to present African American characters who are caught-up or trapped in desultory predicaments of confinement in ways that echo tropes of memory, journeying, hope and despair. The two plays present interesting nuances and contradictions of tropes of journeying and entrapment as well as progression and stagnation, which are paradoxically connected to acts of self-assertion. This occurs in ways that are highly reminiscent of the modernist style of absurdism. Our choice of the two plays is informed by the way in which the play titles reference technologized forms of mobility and communication as they also echo African American memory, travel and the journey motif in ways that are reminiscent of the underground railroad and the promise of freedom, even as Wilson decries a palpable lack of movement, growth and social progress that has historically characterized the African American experience during the course of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the nation was in flames following the murder of George Floyd at the hands of the Minneapolis Police Department, Sikhs across the nation stood with people of color in "the largest movement in U.S. history" to advocate for Black Lives Matter. Yet, Sikhs' relationship with law enforcement is much more complicated. This paper navigates through the complexity of Sikhs' relationship with law enforcement and the Black Lives Matter movement by using historical methods before discussing how religion influenced Sikh Americans to stand in solidarity against anti-Black racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The many permutations of spoken English have called for an interrogation into the notions of 'standard English' and 'native accents'. Despite their problematic nature, these terms remain commonly used, and familiarity with 'standard', inner-circle varieties of English is typical among L2 English speakers, differences in education and language policy notwithstanding. This paper inquires into student language attitudes in Alsace, a region with a long and complex language tradition. A mixed-methods model was used to gather seven students' reactions towards four inner-circle Englishes (Received Pronunciation, Standard American English, Glaswegian English, African American English). Findings revealed student preference for the two American speakers as well as preferential ratings linked to comprehensibility of speakers and a range of past experiences. Other findings favour those of previous language attitude studies in which RP and SAE outperform other samples in areas of education and prestige. GE and AAE samples were associated with both positive human characteristics and a lack of education. Overall, results indicate the need for future empirical research of this population as well as the necessity for linguists, researchers and teachers to make room for the spectrum of speakers and Englishes that lie outside of traditional reference accents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rates of suicide within the Black community are increasing. Rising rates, coupled with institutional racism, impacts how Black perceive suicide as a problem in their communities. This paper examines the misconceptions that Black Americans hold about the topic of suicide. The current project included data from 25 self-identifying Black adults living in Northeast Ohio. We used a thematic analysis approach to data analysis. Through in-depth interviews, we identified five themes that highlight prominent misconceptions about suicide in Northeast Ohio's Black community: (1) suicide is related to personal inadequacies; (2) suicide is not a pressing issue in the Black community; (3) clashing perceptions of Blackness and the mentally ill; (4) mentally ill and hopeless; and (5) suicidal thoughts are crazy and will pass. These findings and implications for professionals and for community leaders and members are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines rape myth acceptance among students attending a Historically Black College (HBCU). One hundred and thirty two students participated in the study. Methods: A survey consisting of demographic questions and the Updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) was distributed using an anonymous paper questionnaire to students on campus. Analysis of the scale indicate a moderate to high rejection of rape myths regardless of gender, with the highest acceptance in both genders of the "She Lied" subscale. Both male and female students were likely to agree that a girl would lie about being raped to get even with a guy or after a sexual encounter that she regretted. Gender differences were found in the "She asked for it" subscale, with men having a statistically significant higher acceptance than women. These results have implications for the design and implementation of targeted sexual assault interventions on HBCU campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research suggests that sleep contributes to racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Racial/ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by poor cardiovascular outcomes including obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Although circadian rhythms affect sleep patterns, few studies have examined disparities in circadian health or the contribution of circadian disparities to CVD. In this paper, we provide an overview of the relation between circadian health and CVD in the context of health disparities. We discuss (1) the current knowledge on racial disparities in circadian health; (2) social and environmental determinants of circadian health disparities; (3) the cardiovascular consequences of circadian disparities; and (4) future opportunities to advance the field of circadian disparities. In brief, our findings demonstrated that among a small literature, racial minorities (mainly African American) were more likely to have a shorter circadian period, delayed phase shifts, and were more likely to be shift workers, which are associated with CVD risk factors. Given racial minorities are disproportionately affected by CVD and CVD risk factors, it is important to further understand circadian health as an intervention target and support more research among racial minorities to understand circadian health in these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrality in librarianship is a nonsensical concept that libraries of all kinds (e.g., public, academic, special, etc.) should not strive to embody in any shape or form. The following paper investigates the intricate relationships between neutrality and racism as they are demonstrated by tangible and intangible forms in library and information science (LIS) spaces. Ian Williams' book chapter, "More Than Half of Americans Can't Swim", from his book, Disorientation: Being Black in the World (2021), is utilized to critically reflect on Blackness as identity and some ways in which antiracist practices clash with neutrality within LIS spaces. I conclude with urgent reminders of how detrimental neutrality can be if it is not thoroughly rooted out and supplanted with antiracist practices that the LIS field is in dire need of. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical studies often collect bivariate survival data including time to the same type of disease in twins or time to two different diseases from the same individuals. Cross-ratio, defined as the ratio of conditional hazard functions for one event given the other, is often used as a measure of dependency between the two survival outcomes. Statistical methods have also been proposed to estimate the effect of covariates on cross-ratio in order to identify common factors influencing both survival outcomes. There are currently three estimation approaches for cross-ratio, namely, a parametric approach using the Clayton copula, a semi-parametric two-stage approach proposed by Shih and Louis, and a nonparametric pseudo-partial likelihood approach proposed by Hu et al. In this paper, we compare the three estimation approaches on estimating covariates' effect on the cross-ratio in simulation studies. We found that the nonparametric pseudo-partial likelihood estimation approach performed well and that the method was also robust under various model assumptions. Data from a longitudinal cohort of elderly African Americans were used to illustrate the three estimation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the influence of racial outreach on Black political participation in the context of United States electoral politics. We argue that racial appeals should inspire higher levels of Black voter enthusiasm because they, in part, improve perceptions of empathy from politicians. However, we expect that racial outreach will matter more when it comes from non-descriptive representatives because Black representatives are perceived as empathetic regardless of their actions. We test these hypotheses using two separate experiments. We find that Black Americans are more politically active when non-Black politicians discuss their intentions to advance Black political interest. We also find that racial appeals provided by descriptive representatives is not a significant predictor of Black voter turnout. Our analysis demonstrates that under certain conditions racial outreach plays an important role in mobilizing underrepresented groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we describe our approach to individualizing messages to promote the health of middle-aged and older heterosexual, cisgender African American men. After arguing the importance of being population specific, we describe the process we use to increase the salience of health messages for this population by operationalizing the identity concepts of centrality and contextualization. We also present a measure of African American manhood and discuss how manhood is congruent with qualitative research that describes how African American men view their values, identities, goals, and aspirations in ways that can be utilized to create more meaningful and impactful messages to promote and maintain health behaviors. Our tailoring strategy uses an intersectional approach that considers how the centrality of racial identity and manhood and the salience of religiosity, spirituality, and role strains may help to increase the impact of health messages. We highlight the need to consider how the context of health behavior and the meaning ascribed to certain behaviors are gendered, not only from a man's perspective, but also how his social networks, behavioral context, and the dynamic sociopolitical climate may consider gendered ideals in ways that shape behavior. We close by discussing the need to apply this approach to other populations of men, women, and those who are non-gender binary because this strategy builds from the population of interest and incorporates factors that they deem central and salient to their identities and behaviors. These factors are important to consider in interventions using health messages to pursue health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the passage of the Minneapolis Sick and Safe Leave city ordinance, a community-based participatory research (CBPR) project was launched to examine the perceived accessibility and usage of paid sick leave by African American employed caregivers as a work-based family support tool. This paper presents qualitative findings from the Paid Sick Leave and African American Families study, in which four focus groups (n = 32) were conducted. Participants were employed African American caregivers from the Minneapolis metropolitan area. Participants discussed how the intersections of their work and family environments and how their families created family-level meaning making around employment, income, and family caregiving. Themes that arose from the focus groups were: (1) an importance of defining family for themselves expressed through kin affinity and family ascribed membership, (2) an expressed desire for their family to be together, (3) family prioritization over work conditions they felt was inconsiderate of their personal or family sense of worth and (4) family legacy expressed as the culmination of families' prioritization, togetherness, and defined membership and is the intergenerational transmission of the family's, identity. Implications for future research and policy are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helena, Arkansas, was incorporated in 1833. The Mississippi River Delta city isn't a likely candidate for most people's lists enumerating Black Meccas. Yet, Helena was a concentration point for Contrabands and African American enlistment in the Union Army during the Civil War. After the war and during Reconstruction, Helena developed a thriving African American community with Black-owned businesses and an African American college. Blacks were drawn to Helena during the mid-20th century for employment in manufacturing and agricultural processing. They also came to Helena for opportunities as music entrepreneurs: Helena was a blues city for most of the 20th century. This paper explores Helena's rises and falls as a Southern Black Mecca. The Elaine Massacre of 1919, the Great Migration, and late 20th century deindustrialization were serial hits on Helena's Black communities. Municipal efforts to jumpstart the city's economy focused on African American heritage have had mixed results and significant implications for Helena's African American residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent social movements have illuminated systemic inequities in U.S. society, including within the social sciences. Thus, it is essential that attachment researchers and practitioners engage in reflection and action to work toward anti-racist perspectives in the field. Our aims in this paper are (1) to share the generative conversations and debates that arose in preparing the Special Issue of Attachment & Human Development, "Attachment Perspectives on Race, Prejudice, and Anti-Racism"; and (2) to propose key considerations for working toward anti-racist perspectives in the field of attachment. We provide recommendations for enriching attachment theory (e.g. considering relations between caregivers' racial-ethnic socialization and secure base provision), research (e.g. increasing the representation of African American researchers and participants), and practice (e.g. advocating for policies that reduce systemic inequities in family supports). Finally, we suggest two relevant models integrating attachment theory with perspectives from Black youth development as guides for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to attachment theory is the idea that behavior in close relationships can best be understood in context. Although decades of research have illuminated cross-cultural patterns of caregiving and attachment, there remains a critical need to increase research with African American families, examine the specific sociocultural context of systemic anti-Black racism, and integrate the rich theory and research of Black scholars. The goal of this special issue is to bring together attachment researchers and scholars studying Black youth and families to leverage and extend attachment-related work to advance anti-racist perspectives in developmental science. The papers in this special issue, highlighted in the introduction, illuminate pathways of risk and resilience in Black children, adolescents, and families and point to the protective power of relationships (and the limits of such protection) for mental and physical health. We highlight critical questions to guide ongoing dialogue and collaboration on this important topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore moments of racial awakening among East African communities in Minnesota. We examine how the events around the George Floyd protests have opened up racial conversations (and gave permission) for many East African Americans in Minnesota, to voice their own pain of being racialized. We call these private and public stories of racial resistance. We highlight stories that take place in private spaces of the community, where experiences of racial violence are silenced, avoided, or outright denied because they cause shame, which mirrors other types of supremacist ideologies within East African societies. We find that these narratives add complexity to notions of Blackness and Black suffering. By looking closer, they are motivated by a desire to struggle against white supremacy. We draw on three of our own stories from two distinct contexts: community conversations and George Floyd protest site in Minneapolis, Minnesota. We do this to examine the different discourses surrounding notions of Blackness and Black sufferings. Through lived experiences of racialization, we interrogate the issue of Black voice, and particularly Black immigrant voice as a site of complex and competing interest that seeks to reconcile different ideologies around Blackness. We put phenomenology of race in conversation with Coloniality and anti-colonial literature to tease out tensions surrounding Blackness and Black suffering in US context. We end with suggestions on alliance building that recognizes and builds on the collective humanity of Black diasporic people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online education has grown exponentially in the past few years. An important aspect of learning that is often missing in online classes is the feeling of social connectedness among students. This paper presents a mixed methods approach using both quantitative and qualitative means to understand the impact and long-term benefits of a collaborative project in an online bottleneck business course for underrepresented students (e.g., some ethnic minority categories like African Americans, Hispanics, etc.). Data analyzed from 80 students showed not only significantly better learning outcomes for this group (as compared with earlier semesters without such an activity) but also increased academic and professional skill acquisition and an enhanced sense of community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how Trump uses metadiscourse as a strategy for denying accusations of racism. We conduct a discourse analysis of press event interactions where Trump denies journalists' accusations of racism or where Trump himself voices others' accusations of racism and then denies these accusations. Analysis of 8 excerpts illustrates how Trump a) uses metadiscourse to reframe his own talk as "accurate" instead of "racist," b) uses "fake news" as humor to delegitimize media and display amicable relationships with his African American supporters and c) labels questions from journalists who ask about his racist actions as "racist" or "nasty." These metadiscursive strategies reproduce racist ideologies that position Trump as well intentioned, not racist, and thus not blame-worthy for racist actions and those who question Trump as unreasonable and sometimes, racist themselves. Thus, Trump uses his authority to control definitions of what counts as racism and is able to perpetuate racism while attempting to maintain a "not-racist" identity. Overall, we highlight how close analysis of forms of metadiscourse as used in particular interactional and relational contexts is consequential for understanding ways that racism is justified and maintained more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile-based tourism during the USA Jim Crow era, while providing a mechanism for African Americans to circumvent institutionalized discrimination and segregation, was nonetheless fraught with anti-black harassment and denied accommodations, and even violence. The emotional geographies that undergirded this Jim Crow travel have traditionally not attracted significant attention from tourism scholars despite the foundational role they play in shaping current travel patterns, preferences, and anxieties among African Americans. We interpret Jim Crow travel in the context of the atmospheric politics of White supremacy that negatively affected Black motorists on the road and the counter mobility-work of African Americans using the automobile to survive, negotiate, defy, and redefine these atmospheres of uncertainty, fear, and intimidation. In particular, our paper focuses on the emotional labor behind Jim Crow automobile travel, using oral histories collected through a partnership with the Beck Cultural Exchange Center, a Knoxville, Tennessee Black heritage site, to highlight the travel experiences of people of color. Results suggest that seemingly practical and mundane driving practices, decisions, and preparations were always deeply informed by the emotion-laden work of African Americans controlling the degree to which racism might affect them and their children, both physically and psychologically, as well as controlling the extent to which their presence on the road might affect and inflame a hostile White public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical reappraisal of Vincent Harding's transformative work as a preeminent historian of the African American freedom struggle is long overdue. Examining Harding's major works – There Is A River (1981), Martin Luther King: The Inconvenient Hero (1996), and Hope and History (1990) – this paper focuses on Harding's revisionist approach to US religious history by addressing three historiographical elements: radical reinterpretation of historical narrative from the perspective of the oppressed; the uses and abuses of biography in the historical representations of Dr. King in popular culture and collective memory; and articulation of a philosophy of history rooted in a theology of hope and human flourishing. This paper illustrates how Harding's writings advance a liberating vision for history as both a discipline and discursive realm in service to social justice and human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we articulate sugar ecologies as the product of an unequal and racist system of food production and distribution. We trace the flow of sugar from its sources in the postcolony and racial capitalism, into sociocultural systems we call sugar ecologies the social systems that drive global sugar production, industrial processing, patterns of distribution and consumption. These systems encompass networks of economic, political, scientific, and ideological practices that link global systems of agricultural trade under racial capitalism to the hyper-local contexts of biological exposure and metabolic processing of sugar. Sugar's pernicious effects are magnified by forces which guide sugar into Black bodies, becoming the source of extraordinary levels of toxicity and chronic metabolic disease for Black people the United States. This burden of metabolic disease, which also affects metabolic function and gene expression, also creates demand for for-profit health services that palliate, but do not treat the root causes of, chronic illness resulting from exposure to sugar. The kind of metabolic analysis we enact in this paper remains an underutilized yet illuminating framework through which to reframe our cultural stories and political analyses of sugar ecologies in the contexts of the Anthropocene, environmental racism and food justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current discussion explores the myriad of challenges facing African American males across the social, political, and economic landscape. As such, this paper examines the impact of such challenges on the life course trajectories and outcomes for this population group. Also discussed is the extent to which the impact of gendered cultural demands and expectations, combined with the adverse effects of gendered racism, may create for many African American males, a byzantine conundrum from which there is no respite. This is thought to create a tremendous psychological burden with serious ramifications for mental health and well-being. Lastly, it is argued that a more holistic approach to examining the issues, challenges, and dilemmas facing African American males is potentially more informative, and can support efforts to disrupt racial bias, create opportunity, and improve life course trajectories for African American males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the existence of distinctively Black names in the antebellum era. Building on recent research that documents the existence of a national naming pattern for African American males in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Cook, Logan, and Parman, Explorations in Economic History 53:64–82, 2014), we analyze three distinct and novel antebellum data sources and uncover three stylized facts. First, the Black names identified by Cook, Logan and Parman using post-Civil War data are common names among Blacks before Emancipation. Second, these same Black names are racially distinctive in the antebellum period. Third, the racial distinctiveness of the names increases from the early 1800s to the time of the Civil War. Taken together, these facts provide support for the claim that Black naming patterns existed in the antebellum era and that racial distinctiveness in naming patterns was an established practice well before Emancipation. These findings further challenge the view that Black names are a product of twentieth century phenomena such as the Civil Rights Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]