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Conventional statistics methods in most psychological research, such as null-hypothesis significance tests (NHSTs), use aggregated values (i.e., the sample means) of group behaviours to make inferences about individuals. Such inferences are possibly erroneous because groups of humans rarely, if ever, constitute an ergodic system. To assume ergodicity without checking is to commit the 'ergodic fallacy'. The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence of this error in contemporary psychological research. We analysed three highly cited 'Q1' journals in the fields of clinical, educational and cognitive psychology for statements that indicated this error. As hypothesized, the ergodic fallacy was found in the vast majority of the papers investigated here. We also hypothesised that the prevalence of this error would be highest in cognitive psychology papers because this field typically assesses theoretical claims about universal cognitive mechanisms, whereas clinical and educational psychology are more concerned with empirically supported interventions. This hypothesis was also supported by our results. Nonetheless, the prevalence of the ergodic fallacy was still high in all fields. Implications are discussed with respect to the reporting of research findings and the validity of theories in psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning to question is essential for determining pathways of conservation and development in southwestern Amazonia during a time of rapid global environmental change. Teaching such an approach in graduate science programs in regional universities can be done using play-acting and simulation exercises. Multiple working hypotheses help students learn to question their own research results and expert witnesses. The method of successive approximations enables students to question the results of complex calculations, such as estimates of forest biomass. Balloons and rolls of toilet paper provide means of questioning two-dimensional representations of a three-dimensional Earth and the value of pi. Generation of systematic errors can illustrate the pitfalls of blind acceptance of data. While learning to question is essential, it is insufficient by itself; students must also learn how to be solutionologists in order to satisfy societal demands for solutions to environmental problems. A little irreverence can be an excellent didactic tool for helping students develop the skills necessary to lead conservation and development efforts in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commentary considers when it is acceptable to make prescriptive statements in educational research articles. It begins with a consensus view, agreeing with the analysis offered by Marley and Levin (Educational Psychology Review, 2011), that experimental evidence is necessary. Other forms of evidence are considered (e.g., observational, case-based, qualitative); these are described as correlational in nature and considered to be of uncertain value for making causal, prescriptive statements. The essay further considers whether theory is necessary for prescriptive statements, notes the philosophical divide between those who embrace experimental methods and those who do not, and considers both contemporary policies and specific publication strategies that can create a priority for the use of experimental evidence in support of prescriptive statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The big data (BD) era and pertinent computer science, pedagogy, and educational psychology knowledge are the foundations of this essay, based on the idea of the holistic development of human beings, the IPE (Ideological and Political Education) carrier theory, the new idea of educational development, and the strategy of strengthening the nation through education; the challenges IPECU (Ideological and political education in Colleges and Universities) faces and its path toward optimization are discussed relatively in detail in this paper, which conforms to the context of mega data thinking. The influence of IPECU's subject, object, and educational effect is discussed in this paper, along with tips for how to improve and innovate IPECU in the context of big data. In addition, it is noted that in the age of mega data, we must not only bravely take on challenges, but also actively seize opportunities if we are to realize the innovative and optimized development of IPECU. Moreover, the definitions of mega data and big data prediction function are provided in this paper. IPE can be used with the big data prediction function, which is further explored in this article. In order to realize the innovation of IPE mode in universities, this paper aims to encourage the integration and development of IPE and big data in academic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative research has been increasingly used in the field of psychology. Consequently, concerns about the development of students' skills in qualitative research have arisen. The main goal of this paper is to characterize the current state of art of the qualitative research teaching in Portuguese bachelor's degrees in psychology. A documentary analysis was performed, and the data collection was conducted through an online search: first on the website of the General Directorate of Higher Education, and afterwards on the online sites of each of the Portuguese universities where the first cycle of psychology is taught. A content analysis was made by two coders and a discussion about categories was made until a consensus was reached. The data revealed the existence of 31 undergraduate courses in psychology at 31 Portuguese teaching institutions. There were 12 undergraduate courses at 12 public universities, and 19 undergraduate courses at 19 private universities. Despite the diversity in the study plans in the degree of psychology, most of them included qualitative research methodology teaching. However, the data analysis revealed different designations of the curricular units (CUs) related to qualitative research, as well as a different number of credits (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System—ECTS). In addition, there were variations in the academic year in which the qualitative research CUs were taught and registered in their syllabi. This study indicates that undergraduate Portuguese psychology students generally have some training in qualitative research but the way it is carried out and the training contents are not uniform for all the existing degrees. It is important to reflect on the importance of qualitative research in psychology and further studies on qualitative methods teaching practices are still needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge tracing (KT) is based on modeling students' behavior sequences to obtain students' knowledge state and predict students' future performance. The KT task aims to model students' knowledge state in real-time according to their historical learning behavior, so as to predict their future learning performance. Online education has become more critical in recent years due to the impact of COVID-19, and KT has also attracted much attention due to its importance in the education field. However, previous KT models generally have the following three problems. Firstly, students' learning and forgetting behaviors affect their knowledge state, and past KT models have yet to exploit this fully. Secondly, the input of traditional KT models is mainly limited to students' exercise sequence and answers. In the learning process, students' answering performance can reflect their knowledge level. Finally, the context of students' learning sequence also affects their judgment of the knowledge state. In this paper, we combined educational psychology theories to propose enhanced learning and forgetting behavior for contextual knowledge tracing (LFEKT). LFEKT enriches the features of exercises by introducing difficulty information and considers the influence of students' answering behavior on the knowledge state. In order to model students' learning and forgetting behavior, LFEKT integrates multiple influencing factors to build a knowledge acquisition module and a knowledge retention module. Furthermore, LFEKT introduces a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to capture the contextual relations of learned sequences. From the experimental results, it can be seen that LFEKT had better prediction performance than existing models on four public datasets, which indicates that LFEKT can better trace students' knowledge state and has better prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of information technology and network technology and the new requirements of education and teaching in the new era, 3D video technology has been more and more widely used in the field of education and teaching. Educational psychology plays a positive role in the field of education. Applying its relevant theories to classroom teaching is not only conducive to the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship but also helps teachers to understand the psychological characteristics and learning process of students, so as to greatly improve the quality of teaching. Therefore, this article is based on 3D video analysis technology, through the observation of the teaching video and coding, the verbal interaction between teachers and students' lines of code and data analysis, mainly to its frequency, specific length and single length data used for analysis, explores the lesson for the current situation of the teaching video case teacher's teaching behavior, commonness, and difference. From the perspective of learner psychology, the model of teacher's teaching behavior in MOOCs teaching video is constructed. On the other hand, from the perspective of coding system and learner psychology, this paper proposes the improvement strategies of teachers' teaching behavior in MOOCs teaching videos in China. The results show that the application of 3D video analysis method and educational psychology in student education can improve student work efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, most of the research on academic emotions focuses on the concept, current situation, and relevance. There are not many researches on the application of artificial intelligence-based neural network facial expression recognition technology in practical teaching. With reference to image-based big data, this research integrates the application of artificial intelligence facial expression recognition technology with the research on educational theory and applies information technology to the actual teaching process, in order to promote the optimization of the teaching process and improve the learning effect. Method. A Hadoop cluster consisting of 3 nodes is built on the Linux system, and the environment required for Opencv execution is compiled for each node, which provides support for subsequent parallel optimization, feature extraction, feature fusion, and recognition of student facial images. The image data type and input and output format based on MapReduce framework are designed, and the image data is optimized by means of serialized files. The color features, texture features, and Sift features of students' facial images and common distractors were analyzed. A parallel extraction framework of student facial image features is designed, and based on this, the student facial image feature extraction under Hadoop platform is implemented. This paper proposes a dynamic sequential facial expression recognition method that combines shallow and deep features with an attention mechanism. The relative position of facial landmarks and local area texture features based on FACS represent shallow-level features. At the same time, the structure of ALexNet is improved to extract the deep features of sequence images to express high-level semantic features. The effectiveness of the facial expression recognition system is improved by introducing three attention mechanisms: self-attention, weight-attention, and convolutional attention. Results/Discussion. Through the analysis of the teaching effect, we found that when teachers can obtain the correct student's academic mood, they can intervene on the students' positive academic mood. The purpose of the intervention is to improve the positive academic emotions of students. After the students receive the intervention, their academic emotions are also improved and are positively correlated with their academic performance. Through the analysis of teaching effect, the research can achieve the predetermined goal. From the specific teaching effect of this study, it is concluded that in classroom teaching, teachers should devote energy to intervene in students' positive academic emotions, in order to improve students' positive academic emotions, which will improve students' academic performance and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning by competencies has become an essential aspect of our educational system, therefore it is necessary to reflect on its configuration to improve in terms of its understanding and implementation in the educational practice. Reflecting on the competence to learn to learn from a pedagogical perspective and complementing the contributions already made by the approach of Psychology of Education allows us to obtain a broader view of the competence The aim of this paper is to provide a new perspective on Learning to Learn from the Philosophy of Education, as an area of knowledge, which may impact the theoretical-practical research in the field. Using an analytical methodology, we have reached a series of conclusions that we understand can influence the way we understand the competence and its educational practice. Finally, expanding the postulates proposed by educational psychology and reflecting from a philosophical-educational perspective, we propose a new approach in which four concepts intervene: student autonomy, experience as an essential element of the educational process, time management in education and self-knowledge as an essential aspect for an optimal development of the competence of Learning to Learn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Co-word analysis has the ability to identify the intellectual structure of knowledge in a research domain and reveal its subsurface research aspects. Objective: This study examines the intellectual structure of knowledge in the field of Andrology during the period 2008-2017 using Co-word analysis. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study with a scientometric approach, the WoS database was searched for papers indexed under "Andrology" over the period 2008--2017. The data were analyzed using Co-word, clustering methods, and strategic diagram with the help of SPSS, UcInet, RavarPreMap and VOSviewer software. Results: The highest publication rate in the area of Andrology was seen in countries like the USA, China, Italy, and Iran. The top three journals that published papers on the field were Fertility and Sterility, Andrologia, Human reproduction. The results showed that the keyword "Spermatozoa" and two pairs of frequently used keywords, namely "Azoospermia * Oligospermia" were the most frequent in the field of Andrology. The results of hierarchical clustering led to 13 clusters. The clusters "Reproductive Techniques" and "Spermatogenesis" are the core clusters and play an effective role. The "Post-Testicular causes" and "Neoplasm" clusters are in marginal. Conclusion: This study represented that Co-word analysis can well illustrate the intellectual structure of an area. Considering the frequency of keywords along with the clusters obtained, it seems that the majority of research approach was seen on infertility treatments, especially through assisted reproductive technology. Despite the importance of psychological aspects as well as education of reproductive health, these subjects have not been sufficiently considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asking questions is vital for learning, yet students seldom exhibit this behavior. Given the increasing presence of online classrooms in tertiary education, it is much needed to examine ways to encourage students to ask questions and increase their engagement. Despite the critical role of asking questions to enhance learning, little is known in research on promoting this behavior. Therefore, in this paper, we empirically tested the effect of nudging – a novel approach in education consisting of subtle interventions to change behavior – in online classrooms in tertiary education on question asking behavior, student engagement, and grades. In Experiment 1 (n = 1011), the teacher's virtual background prompted questions (prompt nudge) , while in Experiment 2 (n = 449), the teacher set a goal for the students to ask one question per session (goal-setting nudge). We found a trend towards a positive effect of the prompt nudge on questions, but not on grades. Exploratory analyses revealed this was driven by students who already asked many questions. We found no effect of the goal-setting nudge on any measure, nor any effect in either experiment on student engagement. The findings demonstrate that the prompt nudge can be a possible useful and easy to implement tool to encourage questions in the online classroom. • Nudging is a behavioral tool to improve students asking questions in online class. • A prompt nudge increased the number of questions students asked in online class. • A goal setting nudge did not improve the number of questions asked in online class. • Both nudges did not improve grades, nor behavioral and agentic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how teachers, psychologists and policymakers can respect the rights of all school students, through methods that are principled, humane, cost-effective and democratic. It examines how special educational needs and disability (SEND) services affect all school students and teachers, and their rights. The paper considers the history of rights, their meaning and purpose, and how and why they are important. Respect for rights can grow in several ways: in understanding the social and medical models of disability; in choices about SEND services; in educational psychology services; in the way 'normal' and 'special needs' students learn to live and work together, or else to live separate lives when it is then harder for disabled people to join in mainstream society as children and adults. The conclusion relates inclusive and special school policies to larger political concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biesta raises questions about the relationship between thinking and education. He wonders whether there are dimensions of education that cannot occur through the advancement of thought alone. In this paper I consider this prospect in relation to the community of philosophical enquiry and also take up Biesta's comment about liking gardens in schools. This is not in order to assert a particular analogy between gardens and gardening and the school and teaching, but rather to explore the possibility of there being practical resemblances between the existence of a garden and the human activity of gardening, and how a school should exist and the kinds of activities taking place in schools. By the close of this short paper I will have opened for further discussion the possibility that there may be some resemblances between what teachers and gardeners need to do, for example the attentiveness to uniqueness as well as creative forces outside human control. I show there is already an awareness of these concerns present in Ann Sharp's writing and close by discussing the implications for this in terms of the role of the teacher in the community of philosophical inquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a study of an educational experience aimed at generating spaces that support school engagement. Specifically, he planned a visit to a museum, accompanied by pre and post tasks, designed to facilitate the participation and interest of students regarding the proposal and the school learning that are part of the experience. The study was carried out in a primary school in Las Higueras (Córdoba, Argentina), involving 53 third grade students. For data collection, consult the participating studies and questionnaires were administered to the students. The data analysis shows that students consider themselves interested, eager to learn, ask questions and interact with the museum's objects, aspects that enhance engagement. The role of interpersonal ties and emotions as positive aspects of experience that enhance learning is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the use of a gamificated activity applied to a subject of Psychology an Inclusive Education and analyses the effectiveness of using game elements to stimulate student's engagement and their proximity to the practice without leaving the classroom. In educational context, gamification may promote learning, increase student motivation and autonomy, by demanding active participation. This research was made with the participation of 35 students through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire with 20 questions using a 5 point linkert scale, varying from "totally disagree" to "totally agree" and an open question. To analyze the questions an Individual Medium Ranking (RM) was created and then was calculated the arithmetic media among the RM of three different categories. The results have shown that the proposed activity had positive effect upon student engagement, stimulating their autonomy toward their own learning process. The research also has shown that the activity was positive for approximating students with the school psychology practice, combining theory and its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a bibliographical research that focused on the discussion of playing in the different stages of child development through the approach of games and games aimed at the first stage of Basic Education. We sought to emphasize how children relate to each other in their daily lives and how they interact socially, in addition to highlighting the benefits provided in the early years of life. With this, they were raised that involve the playful universe and the children's daily life on some theorists, both in Psychology and in the educational area. The SECTION discusses, in a simple way, some practical and theoretical considerations about the games, games and role of the educator, fundamental subject in the process. As a result, it was understood the importance of the role of the playful, such as social relations arising from this practice, a construction of concepts, integral development, in addition to experiencing significantly path against the benefits provided. In this way, this study will provide a more conscious vision and a reading about children's play, ability to train critics, participatory and autonomous in face of difficulties faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers and economists have expressed support for the use of incentives in educational settings. In this paper, rather than asking whether incentives work, we focus on a different question: For whom and under what conditions do incentives work? This question is particularly important because incentives’ promise relies on the idea that they might take the place of some cognitive failing or set of preferences that otherwise would have led students to make choices with large long-term benefits. In this paper, we explore whether that is the case. In the context of a summer reading program called Project READS, we test whether responsiveness to incentives is positively or negatively related to the student's baseline level of motivation to read. As a part of the program, elementary school students are mailed books weekly during the summer. We implemented this book-mailing program as a randomized experiment with three treatment arms. Students in the first treatment arm were mailed books as a part of the standard Project READS program. Students in the second treatment arm were mailed books as a part of Project READS, and were also offered an incentive to read the books they were mailed. Students in the third experimental group served as a control and were given books after posttesting occurred in the fall. We find that, if anything, more motivated readers are more responsive to incentives to read, suggesting that to the extent that incentives are effective, they may not effectively target the students whose behavior they are intended to change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the need to adapt education to change, in this postmodern panorama. In which, education traditionally has neglected the emotional dimension of the human being. Therefore, a brief description, analysis and contrast of the two approaches to emotional education are made: in the key of regulation and in the key of integration. Subsequently, a reflection of personalized education and on the specific needs of educational innovation in the current Mexican context is made. Finally, a proposal is made from the focus of emotional education in the key of integration for the Mexican context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the economic literature on education along with the attempts to integrate sociological and psychological views of education into standard economic models. The analysis points to the key concepts from sociology and behavioral economics that are translated into inputs to economic models of education, in order to improve the understanding of the economists’ fundamental concern – resource allocation. By extending economic models that capture the relation between investing efforts and expected returns to education, insights from identity economics and behavioral economics shed light to the following question: when and under what circumstances are investments in education effective? Identity economics implies that educational efforts are not perfect determinants of the economic returns to education, taking into account that investments in education are determined by students’ social norms, ideals and identities. Behavioral economics focuses on behavioral biases that affect the individuals’ decisions on investing efforts in education and consequently, their long-term welfare. This novel framework contributes to education research by specifying policy interventions that could mitigate identified behavioral barriers that constrain decision making concerning educational pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological literacy in pre-tertiary and higher psychology education In British and USA higher education psychological literacy has become a key concept for the teaching and learning of psychology. Psychological literacy is also a laudable goal of pretertiary psychology education, as it could enable a subject specific contribution to liberal arts education. Nevertheless, McGovern et al.'s definition is not subject specific enough to focus introductory courses on psychology in upper high school and degree study. This paper shows, how Sternberg's triarchic model of psychology learning and teaching could be used to elaborate a more subject specific understanding of psychological literacy which interlinks psychological knowledge, psychological thinking skills and reflective psychological attitudes necessary to make critical use of common sense psychology. If psychological thinking and reflective psychological attitudes were more efficiently conveyed in introductory psychology classes, the teaching content should not uncritically mirror the disciplinary structure of the field and its unquestioned topical approach, indeed, teaching subjects should be more carefully reflected and selected to meet this general goal of psychology education. Similarily, our subject specific understanding of psychological literacy refers to the aspects of liberal education, which should not be neglected in the professional psychological training of both psychologists and non-psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our actions can be triggered by intentions, incentives or intrinsic values. Recent neuroscientific research has yielded some results about the growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. With the advances in neuroscience and motivational studies, there is a global need to utilize this information to inform educational practice and research. Yet, little is known about the neuroscientific interplay between growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. This paper attempts to draw on the theories of growth mindset and intrinsic motivation, together with contemporary ideas in neuroscience, outline the potential for neuroscientific research in education. It aims to shed light on the relationship between growth mindset and intrinsic motivation in terms of supporting a growth mindset to facilitate intrinsic motivation through neural responses. Recent empirical research from the educational neuroscience perspective that provides insights into the interplay between growth mindset and intrinsic motivation will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze and systematize subjective change in education based on a review of the main contributions derived from national and international studies on subjective theories (ST) conducted to date in the field of education. An overview of the research on ST in education is presented. Findings are then analyzed and systematized in a model of ST change in educational contexts that considers: (a) a paradigmatic framework, (b) a change process, (c) change factors, and (e) change indicators. In the conclusion section, a summary of the process of ST change in educational contexts is proposed, based on empiric studies reviewed and testable in future research, and the limitations that must be overcome in order to make strides in the construction of a theory of ST change in education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper discusses some of the assumptions behind the use of the terms international, global, foreign, additional language and língua franca when referring to English. Such terminology is approached from the angle of the pedagogical praxis surrounding teaching-learning English in Brazilian public schools (GIMENEZ, CALVO & EL KADRI, 2011), based on Derrida's and Foucault's thoughts on text and discourse, taken here as our focal point when analyzing such terminology for English language teaching. The connotations attributed to English are analyzed in their occurrence in language policy documents, international academic journals and abstracts of papers presented at a Brazilian teacher's education conference; the uses of the terms are contrasted with English as a foreign language (EFL), as has been traditionally used in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the long history of effect size (ES) indices (Olejnik and Algina Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 241-286 ) and various attempts by APA and AERA to encourage the reporting and interpretation of ES to supplement findings from inferential statistical analyses, it is essential to document the impact of APA and AERA standards on ES reporting practices. In this paper, we investigated the impact by examining findings from 31 published reviews and our own review of 451 articles published in 2009 and 2010. The 32 reviews were divided into two periods: before and after 1999. A total of 116 journals were reviewed. Findings from these 32 reviews revealed that since 1999, the ES reporting has improved in terms of its rate, variety, interpretation, confidence intervals, and fullness. Yet several inadequate practices still persisted: (1) the dominance of Cohen's d, and the unadjusted R/η, (2) the mere labeling of ES, (3) the under-reporting of confidence intervals, and (4) a lack of integration between ES and statistical tests. The paper concludes with resources on Internet and recommendations for improving ES reporting practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the final results of the specialization in Educational Psychology course completion assignment entitled "The space in early childhood education: analysis for qualification". The main objective is to analyze the space organization in two rooms of early childhood education, observing if its quality meets the small child's needs. The research uses a qualitative approach, involving discussions on educational psychology, space, and environment, with emphasis on early childhood education. The research field is a part-time nursery I and II room and a nursery II full-time one, from a public institution of Presidente Prudente, located in the state of São Paulo. The data collection procedure is through document analysis and space observation, without the presence of children, with written and photographic record. The findings indicate that the physical structure has met some expectations presented in legal documents and researches in the area, particularly with regard to health. However, in the spatial arrangement, even in the face of so many studies that encourage the use of learning corners, in practice, very little has changed. Therefore, so that there is a significant change, a multidisciplinary approach is needed, including educators, architects, educational psychologists, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's theme is Educational Psychology. The research aims link Educational Psychology history and explanations on school failure. To approach it, needs to present its history in Brazil and at the world, indicating its main aspects. On school failure issues in which historical context, we analyse if those explanations let subjects on to social roles, as well at which point those theories were surpassed. Also important is think about school failure today and its new forms, like medicalization and pathologization. Finally, we considerer impossible to answer to Educational's issues in a deterministic way or establish linear and causal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to define the concept of tolerance from a psycho-pedagogical perspective. Our literature review is an attempt to reveal the current state of the art regarding studies and research on the concept of tolerance and psycho-pedagogical approaches to tolerance. Our findings will also highlight the need to clarify the semantic area of pedagogical tolerance in order to reveal the relevance of the values associated with tolerance in education. Our present study is part of our wider research project which aims to see whether and in what way intercultural education may be used to build and promote the values of tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers the results of an analysis of the level of mathematical anxiety, understood to mean a feeling of discomfort experienced when someone is required to take mathematics classes, as displayed in students of secondary education in Costa Rica. The study was performed with a sample of 3,725 students in public secondary education in Costa Rica in 2013. The results show statistically significant differences between the sexes in the level of mathematical anxiety, with female students experiencing moderately higher anxiety levels. Differences in anxiety levels are also determined by the student's educational level, with significant differences found between third-cycle students (7th, 8th and 9th grades) and diversified education students (10th and 11th grades); the latter displayed moderately higher anxiety levels. Nonetheless, the study concludes that despite the differences observed, only 22.4% of students show high or very high levels of mathematical anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major premise of this paper is that social and individual well-being depends significantly on people's capacity to learn and unlearn in communication with each other. This paper builds on social economic traditions that see communication and conversation as evolutionary generative and adaptive mechanisms through which individual and social learning occurs. Drawing on educational psychology and organizational behavior scholarship, five dynamic processes of conversational learning are introduced with the contention that they can help social economists understand at a micro level more deeply and more concretely how learning happens in the give-and-take of conversation. The paper explores the role of the state, organizations, and communities in fostering individual freedom and dignity, human rights, and economic democracy and concludes that the investment of value in people and their capability for purposeful action as social economic stakeholders can be enhanced through conversation as learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ecological psychology, this paper considers how student engagement is an accomplishment of the classroom system. Specifically, this paper presents an analysis of two teachers and their students who were using a project-based unit in their mathematics classes. The two teachers used identical curricular materials, but had dramatically different personal histories of teaching and different instructional practices. Our goal is to investigate the role of the teacher in supporting student engagement by considering the kinds of opportunities to learn that were presented by the teacher, and the relationship between those opportunities to learn and the ways their students engaged. Pragmatically, this paper contributes to our understanding of how teachers' framing of activity significantly impacts the ways that students are likely to engage tasks. Theoretically, this paper highlights the interactional nature of learning, with the goal of clarifying why learning is not simply an individual accomplishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically assesses the discourse that justifies the latest educational reforms in European and Spanish higher education. It is presented as a techno-scientific discourse that attempts to support one of the most important current practices of subjectivity -the educational one- using a particular definition of psychology that forget the fact of the irreducible plurality of psychological practices and knowledges. This paper aims thus to make a double critical assessment. On the one hand, about the rhetorical use of psycopedagogic knowledge as scientific (indisputable) support for the reforms. On the other hand, about the assumption that there is a well definite discipline (Psychology) which is unified, scientifically established and able to offer that support. The paper consider also the current socio-cultural scenario of globalization and neoliberalism as a context that makes sense, within the ideology of entrepreneurship, such use of Psychology as a scientific guarantor of education reform. Special emphasis is placed on the promotion of subjectivity linked to that ideology, which requires individuals gifted with flexibility, self-monitoring skills and full responsibility for their fate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper investigates the rhetorical organization of the introduction sections of English and Chinese research articles in the field of educational psychology. The study reported in this paper adopts framework of move analysis. In general, the findings of the present study reveal that there are similarities and differences between English and Chinese research article introductions in terms of the employment of moves and steps. It is suggested that the rhetorical differences reflect some of the distinctive characteristics of the two different cultures, English and Chinese. The findings of the present study have both theoretical and pedagogical implications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The papers in the present special issue summarize research that aims at compiling and understanding variables associated with successful communication in computer-supported instructional settings. Secondly, the papers add to the question of how adaptiveness of instructional communication may be achieved. A particular strength of the special issue is to bring together authors with diverse backgrounds within psychology and beyond. In this commentary, we introduce the central ideas of the special issue and give an overview of the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific collaboration and gender equality are two spheres of great interest for the organizations responsible for instigating scientific policies. We have identified the research groups and women's contribution to one of the most outstanding Spanish psychology journals. We have selected papers published during the 1989-2008 period in Psicothema. A bibliometric and network analysis was carried Out using the Pajek Software tool. We have analysed 1,718 papers, written by 2,423 authors, 53.45% men and 47.54% women. We have identified 86 research groups made up of 293 researchers. We have observed a high increase of productivity and collaboration in the 1999-2008 period, as well as the consolidation, growth, and evolution of many incipient groups identified in the 1989-1998 period, benefiting from the increased interest and prestige of the journal. Despite the increase in the number of women, rising from 35.71% in 1989 to 48.48 in 2008, we have observed an imbalance with regard to productivity and the order of signatures, where women are relegated to intermediate positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies are significant in research not only as instruments for gathering data and analyzing information; they also provide a valuable resource for the development of theory-in terms of what has been called the "tools to theory heuristic." Focusing on the specific example of the fields of educational psychology and instructional technology and design, this paper begins by describing how the workings of the "tools to theory heuristic" are evident in the metaphors and descriptions of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. In each of these psychological paradigms, the mind is understood in terms of a contemporaneous technological innovation: as rudimentary circuitry, as computerized data processing, and finally, in terms of information representation and visualization. The paper then argues that in applied disciplines like educational technology and human-computer interaction, technology plays two important but conflicting roles. It first operates heuristically to explain complex mental phenomena; it is then designed and developed explicitly as a tool for facilitating and developing these same complex mental processes. This paper concludes by arguing that this dual role represents an ethical dilemma—a kind of epistemological and practical "conflict of interest" in instructional technology and in related fields of systems and interface design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the potential of mental simulation (mentally rehearsing an action to enhance performance) as a useful contemporary educational method. By means of a meta-review, it is examined which conditions impede or facilitate the effectiveness of mental simulation (MS). A computer search was conducted using Ovid PsycINFO. Reviews, meta-reviews, or meta-analyses published between 1806 and 2006 were included. The current paper presents the results of ten publications in which about 630 studies on mental simulation or mental practice are reviewed. According to the analyses, conditions that influence the effect of MS are the type of skill practiced, personal factors, time per trial, amount of trials, and instructional procedures. Based on these insights, it is reflected upon in which areas MS would be functional with regard to contemporary educational demands, such as for emotional, behavioral, and (other) complex cognitive tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue consists of six theoretical papers and an introduction. Each paper describes a current advance to the applications and focus of cognitive load theory (CLT). Four of the papers use an interdisciplinary approach outside of educational psychology by combining CLT with elements of evolutionary biology, mirror neuron research, cognitive brain science, and the philosophy of science. The remaining two papers use an intradisciplinary approach within educational psychology by applying CLT to self-regulation and heuristic learning. This paper introduces CLT, overviews each contribution, and summarizes the main themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper emphasizes the importance of publishing and learning how to publish in educational psychology journals. We have compiled a set of recommendations based on advice from editors in the field and several other sources on how to publish. Additionally, this paper provides a step-by-step guide that graduate students and junior faculty may consider to create more organization, substance, and style in their writing as possible. Although this paper is intended for educational psychologists, beginning scholars in other fields may find the guidance this paper offers to be relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Interactive algorithm visualizations (AVs) are powerful tools for teaching and learning concepts that are difficult to describe with static media alone. However, while countless AVs exist, their widespread adoption by the academic community has not occurred due to usability problems and mixed results of pedagogical effectiveness reported in the AV and education literature. This paper presents our experiences designing and evaluating CIspace, a set of interactive AVs for demonstrating fundamental Artificial Intelligence algorithms. In particular, we first review related work on AVs and theories of learning. Then, from this literature, we extract and compile a taxonomy of goals for designing interactive AVs that address key pedagogical and usability limitations of existing AVs. We advocate that differentiating between goals and design features that implement these goals will help designers of AVs make more informed choices, especially considering the abundance of often conflicting and inconsistent design recommendations in the AV literature. We also describe and present the results of a range of evaluations that we have conducted on CIspace that include semi-formal usability studies, usability surveys from actual students using CIspace as a course resource, and formal user studies designed to assess the pedagogical effectiveness of CIspace in terms of both knowledge gain and user preference. Our main results show that (i) studying with our interactive AVs is at least as effective at increasing student knowledge as studying with carefully designed paper-based materials; (ii) students like using our interactive AVs more than studying with the paper-based materials; (iii) students use both our interactive AVs and paper-based materials in practice although they are divided when forced to choose between them; (iv) students find our interactive AVs generally easy to use and useful. From these results, we conclude that while interactive AVs may not be universally preferred by students, it is beneficial to offer a variety of learning media to students to accommodate individual learning preferences. We hope that our experiences will be informative for other developers of interactive AVs, and encourage educators to exploit these potentially powerful resources in classrooms and other learning environments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to describe robust rationales for integrating inquiry-based learning into undergraduate science education, and to propose that digital libraries are potentially powerful technological tools that can support inquiry-based learning goals in undergraduate science courses. Overviews of constructivism and situated cognition are provided with regard to how these two theoretical perspectives have influenced current science education reform movements, especially those that involve inquiry-based learning. The role that digital libraries can play in inquiry-based learning environments is discussed. Finally, the importance of alignment among critical pedagogical dimensions of an inquiry-based pedagogical framework is stressed in the paper, and an example of how this can be done is presented using earth science education as a context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the use of a systematic review to explore the impact of daily mathematics lessons in England on enhancing pupil confidence and competence in early mathematics. The review process identified 18 key papers. An in-depth analysis of these indicated that there was some evidence that the introduction of daily mathematics lessons, as part of the National Numeracy Strategy in England, has led to some improvement in pupil confidence and competence in early mathematics. However, the analysis also highlighted some shortcomings in the way this approach has impacted on classroom practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines perspectives on student disaffection in education at the levels of culture and policy. It considers the balance between punitive/exclusionary and therapeutic/restorative positions. The paper engages with concepts of retributive punishment (Murray, 2004a; 2004b), social welfare ideologies (Esping-Andersen, 1990) and discourses of social exclusion (Levitas, 1998). The conclusion is that policy choices are made about how disaffected, at risk young people are to be provided for, and these policy choices are not contained simply within an education policy and practice setting. The policy responses emerge from national and local government decision-making. They correlate with national indicators of punitiveness in the criminal justice system and the scale of inequalities tolerated. Policies resonate with deep-seated cultural positions which are linked to the willingness to pay– for prevention or for punishment– and with the propensity to allocate blame either to individuals and families or to societal failures. Opportunities for intervention at points in the reinforcing cycle of punitiveness are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concentrates on the legitimisation of two basic traditions of teacher education: educational psychology in Anglo-American countries and Didaktik in continental European countries. Having been developed and reinforced largely by empirical research carried out in accordance with their own conceptual premises, these two traditions, when used together in teacher education, cause terminological vagueness and casual overlap of the curriculum. This paper argues for stronger epistemological considertion in legitimising the usage of these concepts in teacher education. It will be argued that a critical evaluation of the scientific content of these concepts -- via the critical rationalist tradition initiated by Popper and Lakatos -- is logically possible and a practically inevitable task for the improvement of teacher education curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childhood ideology functions in each nation as a complex of ideas about what children are like and how best to teach and socialise them. One important domain of childhood ideology concerns ideas and practices related to children's development and behaviour management. Drawing from an analysis of popular childrearing magazines and early childhood education materials in the United States, this cultural study describes contemporary American mainstream beliefs concerning children's early emotional and behavioural development. In particular, the paper explores themes of emotional expression, autonomy, individuality, power, and consumerism. Some comparisons with Japanese views on child development and emotional/behavioural socialisation are also made. The paper suggests that popular ideas and techniques of emotional and behavioural management in the United States in both families and early childcare environments reflect a dominant ideology of children that has potentially negative consequences for children's welfare. Furthermore, childhood ideologies, while retaining culturally specific values and ideas neither remain static nor exist in isolation from one another. The paper questions the global diffusion of a Western-style professionalised discourse of child psychology that may not be applicable to all nations and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports findings from a large-scale international investigation of a number of factors that are considered to impact upon educational motivation and achievement. Following on from an earlier investigation of adolescent attitudes, the present study involved a detailed survey of nearly 3,000 children, aged 9-10 from districts in England, Russia and the USA, together with teacher reports and the employment of a test of basic mathematical computation. The Russian sample scored significantly more highly on the computation test and showed no large tail of underachievers, as was the case with the other groups. Findings from the survey indicate that many of the differences found in the earlier adolescent study are equally true for younger children. The Russian children were less likely to express satisfaction with their abilities or workrates, were more positive towards school, more likely to see education as intrinsically valuable and tended to spend significantly more time on homework tasks. Data obtained also suggest that the Russian sample experienced classrooms with far less disruption and stronger prosocial peer influences than did the English and American children. Teacher understandings of what is considered to be acceptable behaviour appeared to differ, however. The paper notes that the Western samples overestimated their teachers' views of their ability while the Russian children provided underestimates. Possible reasons for, and implications of, these differential teacher messages are discussed. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the findings from the study for increasing motivation and achievement in countries with very different sociocultural contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tôkôkyohi (school phobia/refusal) has been steadily increasing in Japan since the 1980s. It is causing an exodus of students from schools, thus creating a legitimation crisis of the education system. This paper examines this phenomenon by focusing on its various discourses. Four types of adult discourse are discussed: the psychiatric (tôkôkyohi as mental illness); the behavioral (tôkôkyohi as laziness); citizens (tôkôkyohi as resistance to school); and, socio-medical (tôkôkyohi as physical and psychological burnout). These are compared with the student discourse drawn from autobiographical accounts of tôkôkyohi. This paper argues that tôkôkyohi is a process in which students who burnout in the extremely demanding and alienating school system try to empower themselves in their search for subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying is a complex phenomenon, difficult to define and understand, and it has serious social and personal implications. Thus, a big effort is being made to progress along this emerging research line that is being very productive both at the national and international level. Nevertheless, given the complexity and fast evolution of information and communication technologies, there is a need to advance and further deepen in its study. Research in this field has been conducted mainly from the educational psychology branch, and its findings are the basis of the first psycho-educational interventions. In order to promote progress in this field and knowledge transfer to professional practice, this introductory paper describes briefly research on cyberbullying along with other related aspects to be explored, and introduces this international special issue on cyberbehavior and educational psychology. This special issue, published in this issue of Psicología Educativa [Educational Psychology], aims at contributing to the development of this emerging scientific field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Integration of physical activity (PA) into the classroom may be an effective way of promoting the learning and academic achievement of children at elementary school. This paper describes the research design and methodology of an intervention study examining the effect of classroom-based PA on mathematical achievement, creativity, executive function, body mass index and aerobic fitness.Methods: The study was designed as a school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial targeting schoolchildren in 1st grade, and was carried out between August 2012 and June 2013. Eligible schools in two municipalities in the Region of Southern Denmark were invited to participate in the study. After stratification by municipality, twelve schools were randomized to either an intervention group or a control group, comprising a total of 505 children with mean age 7.2 ± 0.3 years. The intervention was a 9-month classroom-based PA program that involved integration of PA into the math lessons delivered by the schools' math teachers. The primary study outcome was change in math achievement, measured by a 45-minute standardized math test. Secondary outcomes were change in executive function (using a modified Eriksen flanker task and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) questionnaire filled out by the parents), creativity (using the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, TTCT), aerobic fitness (by the Andersen intermittent shuttle-run test) and body mass index. PA during math lessons and total PA (including time spent outside school) were assessed using accelerometry. Math teachers used Short Message Service (SMS)-tracking to report on compliance with the PA intervention and on their motivation for implementing PA in math lessons. Parents used SMS-tracking to register their children's PA behavior in leisure time.Discussion: The results of this randomized controlled trial are expected to provide schools and policy-makers with significant new insights into the potential of classroom-based PA to improve cognition and academic achievement in children.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02488460 (06/29/2015). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andalusia must face up to the challenge posed by curricula if it is to improve results in schools. Educational psychologists offering support services hold a strategical position and systemic vision that allow them to act as consultants in curriculum development. This paper analyzes the circumstances under which they may perform this role, and the methodology used. It taps into the grounded theory of these professionals with a case study from a biographical-narrative and dialog-based approach. The informant, who has a long career and professional recognition, supplies 35 in-depth interviews about his professional experience and the principles that underpin it. The study uses discourse analysis with emerging categories from his account, and concludes that it is necessary to make changes in the mindset of counselors in order to improve teaching at its core. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a cyclic model to represent how hypermeter in the minuet was perceived by the typical late eighteenth-century listener: a first-time listener intimately familiar with the local style. The listener seeks to match the music to a quadruple hypermetrical cycle whenever possible. Disruptions to the cycle include interruption, where a cyclic hyperdownbeat arrives unexpectedly early; deferral, where an expected cyclic hyperdownbeat is delayed; and irregular hypermetrical schemas. The fluctuation between easy hypermetrical regularity and tense disruption animates the music for the listener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]