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In our study, we have empirically studied the assessment of cited papers within the framework of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. We are interested in the question whether the assessment of a paper can be influenced by numerical information that act as an anchor (e.g. citation impact). We have undertaken a survey of corresponding authors with an available email address in the Web of Science database. The authors were asked to assess the quality of papers that they cited in previous papers. Some authors were assigned to three treatment groups that receive further information alongside the cited paper: citation impact information, information on the publishing journal (journal impact factor) or a numerical access code to enter the survey. The control group did not receive any further numerical information. We are interested in whether possible adjustments in the assessments can not only be produced by quality-related information (citation impact or journal impact), but also by numbers that are not related to quality, i.e. the access code. Our results show that the quality assessments of papers seem to depend on the citation impact information of single papers. The other information (anchors) such as an arbitrary number (an access code) and journal impact information did not play a (important) role in the assessments of papers. The results point to a possible anchoring bias caused by insufficient adjustment: it seems that the respondents assessed cited papers in another way when they observed paper impact values in the survey. We conclude that initiatives aiming at reducing the use of journal impact information in research evaluation either were already successful or overestimated the influence of this information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect of azimuthal anchoring energy on rewriting speed of optical rewritable (ORW) e-paper was investigated in this paper. Azimuthal anchoring energy and rewriting time of ORW e-paper were measured at various conditions with different spin coating time and speed, different baking time and temperature of the azo-dye SD1 alignment film as well as different filling conditions of liquid crystal. It is demonstrated that filling LC in atmosphere condition could increase the changing rate of azimuthal anchoring energy at the initial stage and obtain the decreased final azimuthal anchoring energy, which would double the rewriting speed ORW e-paper. Meanwhile increasing the spin coating speed and time would cause non-continuous film formation of alignment layer, which gives rise to large writing speed variations for many samples, some with fast rewriting speed while others with low rewriting speed, which is not good for practical use. The results demonstrate that with proper fabrication condition of alignment layer for liquid crystal ORW e-paper, the changing rate of azimuthal anchoring energy could be changed and the final azimuthal anchoring energy could be modulated, which would give rise to different rewriting speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soil–anchor interface mechanical behavior is of practical importance for the bearing performance of ground anchors. Element-scale pullout test is a simple, reliable, and economical technique to investigate the interface shear stress–displacement response of anchors. However, the influence range of boundary effect for the anchoring element-scale pullout specimens is poorly understood, particularly under the actual stress and construction conditions. In addition, there is still a lack of study on the mechanical behavior of soil–anchor interface subjected to ground pressure via element-scale pullout test. In this paper, an element-scale pullout test setup that can simulate ground pressure and construction method of ground anchors was specially developed, with details introduced carefully. A response surface function-based soil dry density prediction model was proposed for the test design. Comparison with the soil consolidation test results indicates that this model equipped with high fitting and prediction accuracy. Twenty groups of element-scale pullout tests with different ground pressures and anchor diameters were conducted. Based on the test design of the proposed model, the soil density and moisture content were almost the same for all specimens after consolidation. The shrinkage of anchor hole, interface shear stress–displacement response, and interface shear strength were discussed adequately. It is shown that the soil–anchor interface shear strength is hardly dependent on ground pressure under the actual construction method of anchors. The influence of boundary effect for the element-scale pullout test can almost be eliminated when diameter ratio of specimen to anchor exceeds 5.0 ~ 6.7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnitude of pretension force serves as an important indicator of the effectiveness of anchor bolt active support and is one of the significant factors influencing the stability of tunnel surrounding rock. Therefore, in practical engineering, it is crucial to establish the relationship between pretension torque and pretension force. However, current research in this field has some limitations. With a specific mine in western China as the engineering background, this paper first analyzed the influence factors of surrounding rock deformation and failure, established a mechanical model for pretension structure of anchor bolt support, and derived the quantitative relationship between pretension torque and pretension force based on hypothetical conditions. Finally, it proposed the loss effect of anchor bolt support and modified the pretightening loss coefficient for engineering application. The research results show that the actual pretightening force of anchor support is lower due to the influence of deep soft coal seam, which leads to failure of coal pillar under mining stress. The loss effect of surrounding rock on pretightening force was represented by a coefficient k, and the modified value of the coefficient was calculated as 0.19∼0.43. By applying the modified relationship between pretightening torque and pretightening force, it was found that the actual pretightening torque of 300 Nm applied to 11307 return air roadway effectively controlled surrounding rock deformation and failure, with coal pillar displacement less than 120 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer privacy information is used to target persuasive advertising in E-commerce, which raises consumer privacy concern. Consumer privacy concern is relative to consumer's intrinsic privacy concern and social concern over the application of consumer privacy information, known as the anchoring effect of privacy. The anchoring effect of privacy influences targeted persuasive advertising competition. With a game-theoretical model, this paper studies how asymmetric duopolistic firms compete with targeted persuasive advertising considering the anchoring effect of privacy. The results indicate that when the advantageous firm increases its advertising level, the advantageous firm gets more profit, and the disadvantageous firm gets less profit only if the anchoring effect of privacy is greater than zero. Otherwise, the disadvantageous firm gets more profit, but the advantageous firm gets less profit. Then, in equilibrium, the increase in the expected anchoring effect of privacy, expected consumer's intrinsic privacy concern, and advertising influence power reinforce the competition asymmetry. Whereas, the increase in social concern over the application of consumer privacy information weakens the competition asymmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We plan to empirically study the assessment of scientific papers within the framework of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. This study is a follow-up study which is intended to answer open questions from the previous study with the same topic Bornmann (2021) and Bornmann (2023). The previous and follow-up studies address a central question in research evaluation: does bibliometrics create the social order in science it is designed to measure or does bibliometrics reflect the given social order (which is dependent on the intrinsic quality of research)? If bibliometrics creates the social order, it can be interpreted as an anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. In the planned study, we shall undertake a survey of corresponding authors with an available email address in the Web of Science database. The authors are asked to assess the quality of articles that they cited in previous papers. The authors are randomly assigned to different experimental settings in which they receive (or not) citation information or a numerical access code to enter the survey. The control group will not receive any further numerical information. In the statistical analyses, we estimate how (strongly) the quality assessments of the cited papers are adjusted by the respondents to the anchor value (citation counts or access code). Thus, we are interested in whether possible adjustments in the assessments can not only be produced by quality-related information (citation counts), but also by numbers that are not related to quality, i.e. the access code. Strong effects of the anchors would mean that bibliometrics (or any other number) create the social order they are supposed to measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer review is the backbone of academia and humans constitute a cornerstone of this process, being responsible for reviewing submissions and making the final acceptance/rejection decisions. Given that human decision-making is known to be susceptible to various cognitive biases, it is important to understand which (if any) biases are present in the peer-review process, and design the pipeline such that the impact of these biases is minimized. In this work, we focus on the dynamics of discussions between reviewers and investigate the presence of herding behaviour therein. Specifically, we aim to understand whether reviewers and discussion chairs get disproportionately influenced by the first argument presented in the discussion when (in case of reviewers) they form an independent opinion about the paper before discussing it with others. In conjunction with the review process of a large, top tier machine learning conference, we design and execute a randomized controlled trial that involves 1,544 papers and 2,797 reviewers with the goal of testing for the conditional causal effect of the discussion initiator's opinion on the outcome of a paper. Our experiment reveals no evidence of herding in peer-review discussions. This observation is in contrast with past work that has documented an undue influence of the first piece of information on the final decision (e.g., anchoring effect) and analyzed herding behaviour in other applications (e.g., financial markets). Regarding policy implications, the absence of the herding effect suggests that the current status quo of the absence of a unified policy towards discussion initiation does not result in an increased arbitrariness of the resulting decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altruistic communication by non-profit organizations plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' perceptions and beliefs about altruism. One of the indicators of effective communication is the anchoring of the messages. Therefore, understanding the underlying determinants of anchoring in altruistic communication is essential. Despite the importance of anchoring in the communication of altruism, extant research has not done much to examine the determinants of anchoring in altruistic communication. This paper investigates the determinants of anchoring in non-profit organizations' altruistic communication through the lens of the dual process theory. It applies the Fuzzy Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (F-DEMATEL) method to analyze the causal and effect factors. Data were gathered from 12 social communication experts based in Taiwan. Out of the 12 proposed determinants, three factors, namely consistency, cultural consideration, and emotional anchoring, were established as significant causal factors. Consistency had causal effects on five other factors, namely, the use of metaphors, the use of antinomies, thematic anchoring, understanding the cognitive ability of the audience, and crafting engaging information. Cultural consideration had causal effects on feedback, naming, use of antinomies, thematic anchoring, emotional anchoring, and repetition. Emotional anchoring had causal effects on thematic anchoring, use of antinomies, use of metaphors, consistency, naming, feedback, understanding the cognitive ability of the audience, and repetition. On the other hand, feedback, naming, and use of antinomies were established as significant effect factors. The study's findings offer crucial contributions to the social communication literature and provide important insights for social communication practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to simulate the tension process of tension-type anchor cable and to explore the mechanical characteristics and tension-torsion coupling effect of anchor cable subjected to tension. Design/methodology/approach: ABAQUS numerical software is applied to construct the numerical models of tension-type anchor cables with different diameters. Through explicit contact, the characteristics of contact between grouting body-anchor cable and grouting body-rock mass are determined. Confining pressure is applied to the model through surface pressure, and drawing force is applied to the model by displacement loading so as to simulate the tension process of the anchor cable. Findings: The results show that the stress is transmitted in both axial and radial directions in the anchorage section and distributed in a cone. The shear stress in the grouting body is unevenly distributed, and its peak value increases with the rise in confining pressure and anchor cable diameter. The stress characteristics of torque and axial force are basically consistent and evenly distributed in the free section; they gradually decrease in the anchorage section. Due to the tension-torsion coupling effect, the internal stress characteristics of the anchor cable structure vary. On average, the anchorage performance of each anchor cable model is improved by 6.19%. Originality/value: The proposed method of numerical modelling is effective in addressing the interface contact between the anchor cable and the grouting body and in solving the problem with convergence of calculation. Compared with the indoor test, this method is more suited to collecting the internal mechanical data of the anchor body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the mechanical behavior of composite bridge plug anchoring casing, the mechanical properties of two types of slip are studied in this paper. The finite element method was adopted to simulate the mechanical behavior of the milled slip and the hard alloy slip, respectively. The results showed that the maximum stress of the casing was 780 MPa when the seating force of the milled slip reached 150 kN, and the deformation of the casing was relatively serious. The hard alloy slip can play an anchoring role when the seating force is about 150 kN. Moreover, the milled tooth slip could not effectively hold the casing. And the bite marks on the inner wall of the casing are deeper when the casing is fixed with hard alloy slip. It is concluded that the hard alloy slip can effectively achieve the anchoring effect. The conclusion has a certain guiding effect on the design and application of composite bridge plugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: this paper analyzes how framing, anchoring, and certainty effects may affect the behavior of the consumer of auto insurance. Methods: an experiment was carried out, with the face-to-face application of six versions of a questionnaire with 14 questions, for 163 respondents from an educational institution. Questions were prepared to analyze the existence of the framing effect, the anchoring effect, and the certainty effect, in addition to the deductible effect (present in several insurance products). The theoretical framework of the paper is the behavioral economics. Results: younger people, singles, and men are more prone to risk. Although the findings in general corroborate the evidence in the literature, the results of the certainty effect were contrary to expectations. The payment of the deductible increased the respondents' risk aversion. Conclusions: the existence of biases and heuristics can cause the purchase of insurance to occur in a non-optimal way. Knowledge of the decisionmaking process is important for insurers and consumers. It is also relevant for regulators, in order to subsidize measures aimed at market efficiency and consumer protection, through the design of an appropriate choice architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although both central and state governments in India took the decisions to impose hard paternalistic policies of lockdown/shutdown to manage the spread of COVID-19, new cases were rising even after the first and second waves. Reverse migration, lack of social distancing, and failure to adhere to appropriate covid behavior are attributed as the leading cause of COVID-19 spread. The policy measures like 'Pradhan Mantri Gareeb Kalyan Yojana,' financial assistance, and series of lockdowns and shutdowns by the government of India have not significantly controlledthe spread of disease owing to a lack of understanding of individual's reaction to the pandemic and their reactive behavior. This paper used daily COVID-19 positive cases data to show the overall picture of COVID-19 in India. It used the explorative method to review articles related to behavioral biases involved in the decision-making process of migrant workers and individuals during the pandemic. The paper's findings show that different behavioral biases like base rate neglect, herd behavior, anchoring effect, availability bias are responsible for creating chaos, trauma, and anxiety among the migrant workers and leading to reverse migration in India. Despite knowing that COVID-19 is a fatal disease, some individuals' reaction to it was casual mainly because of hyperbolic discounting bias, optimism bias, overconfidence bias, confirmation bias, status quo bias, and loss aversion. Taking behavioral economics lessons, the paper suggests different nudging techniques for guiding people to maintain social distancing during this pandemic. Nudging has been proved to be an inexpensive tool in bringing desired behavioral changes in health economics. The paper concludes that nudging techniques can influence human behavior to control the spread of the disease. In the end, it gives direction for future work in this area to explore how behavioral economics can help policymakers to tackle the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When cognitive load exceeds cognitive capacity, individuals may make poorer decisions, especially when substantial deliberation is required. Deck and Jahedi's (2015) influential work on cognitive load found that individuals whose arithmetic performance is most impacted by high cognitive load become more risk averse, less patient and more subject to the anchoring effect. Since results of cognitive load manipulation studies are mixed, replication of influential studies is essential to strengthen our understanding of the effects of cognitive load. In this paper, we attempt to closely replicate Experiment 1 in Deck and Jahedi (2015). Though we observe similar effects of cognitive load on arithmetic performance, we fail to replicate their overall results on risky choice and impatience. While we are unable to clearly identify the reasons for this non-replication, the evidence points to subtle differences in the allocation of attention and effort across subject pools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sessile nematic droplets provide a possibility to study the combined effect of anchoring at solid and gas interfaces. The combination of various alignments at the two surfaces and external fields results in a variety of director distribution schemes, ranging from a defect-free, almost homogeneous state to configurations with point-, line- and wall defects. This paper reviews recent results obtained on sessile droplets of uniaxial nematic liquid crystals, such as temperature-controlled anchoring transitions, formation and dynamics of Néel wall type metastable inversion walls in magnetic and/or electric fields. The structures of the recently discovered twist-bend and ferroelectric nematic liquid crystals will also be briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instability of slope induced by earthquake seriously affects casualties and property losses and hinders earthquake rescue, so the study of slope displacement under earthquake is of great significance. For the slope reinforced by frame prestressed anchor rod structure under earthquake, the calculation method of slope displacement and axial force of anchor rod under seismic action were derived by combing Newmark method and limit analysis method. This method proposed in this paper comprehensively considers the amplification effect of earthquake acceleration on the slope surface, the inertial force of reinforce structure and the dynamic change of axial force of anchor rod. The solution program of this method was compiled in MATLAB and its rationality was proved by a numerical model in FLAC3D software. The results show the slope displacement calculated by the method proposed is consistent with the variation law of slope displacement obtained by traditional methods. Regardless of whether the anchoring force is considered or not, the slope yield acceleration obtained by this method is very close to the slope yield acceleration obtained by the Bishop method. The critical sliding surfaces obtained by the two methods are very close, and the sliding points are located at the foot of the slope. Compared with the Bishop method, this method can consider the amplification effect of seismic force on the free surface of the slope and the gravity of the supporting structure. Ignoring the change of the axial force of anchor rod will make the slope displacement larger, while not considering the amplification effect of the seismic acceleration on the slope surface and the gravity of the reinforce structure will make the slope displacement smaller. This method proposed in this paper comprehensively considers the above factors and is more accurate. In the process of landslide mass sliding, the axial force of the anchor rods increase gradually, and the growth rate of the axial force of the lower anchor rods are larger than that of the upper anchor rods. The increase of anchor rod prestress and elastic modulus will reduce the seismic displacement of the slope, and the increase of the dip angle of the anchor rod will increase the seismic displacement of the slope. The dip angle of the anchor rod should be minimized without affecting the grouting effect of the anchor rod. • Ignoring the change of the axial force of anchor rod will make the slope displacement larger. • The axial force of the lower anchor rod increases faster than that of the upper anchor rod during slope sliding. • The results are similar to those obtained by Bishop's method, which proves the rationality of this method. • The reduction of anchor rod dip angle is beneficial to improve the mechanical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a monolayer of TiX2 (X = S, Se) is used to suppress the shuttle effect of polysulfides, thereby accelerating the kinetic process of lower‐order polysulfides. The results show that the adsorption energies of the studied TiX2 for Na2Sn are all better than those of common electrolytes, and the effect of adsorption on the structure of Na2Sn is negligible. The calculated results show that the anchoring behavior of TiX2 to Na2Sn has no effect on the metallic properties of pristine TiX2. On the other hand, the introduction of this material can reduce the diffusion barrier energy of Na2S and improve the utilization rate of sulfur more effectively. In conclusion, TiX2 has suitable adsorption strength, enhances electrical conductivity, and promotes the oxidative decomposition process of polysulfides. It can be theoretically demonstrated that TiS2 is better than TiSe2 in improving the performance of sodium–sulfur batteries and is more suitable as an anchoring material (AM) for sodium–sulfur batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A horizontal anchor is a structural member designed to resist the vertical pullout forces and ensure the stability of structures like the tower foundations, masts and bridges. This paper focuses on the experimental study for the estimation of the ultimate pullout capacity of multi-plate horizontal anchors embedded in the sand. The tensile load of a structure is resisted by the multi-plate anchors using the many plates connected along the central shaft. The multi-plate anchors would be capable of generating higher pullout capacity in comparison with the single-plate anchors, for an embedment depth considered. The pullout capacity is generative of the inherent structure of the multiple plates encompassing multiple layers of sand. The paper presents a comparison of the multi-plate anchors with the existing studies of single-plate anchors. Results show the multi-plate anchor replacing the existing single-plate anchors efficiently. Few of the primary conclusions are (a) the increase in the pullout capacity of the double-plate and triple-plate anchors with the increase in the embedment ratio, (b) the critical embedment ratio being indicative of a transition of the failure mechanism developing for shallow and deep anchors, (c) a decreasing pullout capacity for shallow multi-plate anchors in comparison with the single-plate anchors, and (d) an increasing pullout capacity for deep multi-plate anchors in comparison with the single-plate anchors. The paper provides a brief discussion on the scale effect, the effect of spacing, the effect of the shape of the anchors on the pullout capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is a cement-based composite material that uses textile as a reinforcement material. The weft-direction fiber bundles in the traditional orthogonally arranged warp–weft textile hardly bear force, and its bonding strength with the weft fiber bundle is not ideal. Under the action of force, a small included angle between the stressed fiber bundle and the stressed direction can effectively increase the anchoring effect of their fibers in the matrix, resulting in higher bonding and reinforcement efficiency. To improve the utilization rate of fibers and the bonding strength between the textile and the concrete matrix, an arrangement along the diagonal of the grids was proposed in this paper. The flexural properties of basalt TRC plates with orthogonal grids (OG-BTRC) and plates with nonorthogonal grids (NOG-BTRC) with different grid angles and grid sizes with different laying methods, namely, a side layout (SL) and diagonal layout (DL), were studied through four-point bending tests. A comparative analysis was carried out with an ABAQUS simulation and the test results. The results showed that with a decrease in the grid angle, the BTRC specimens gradually showed a failure mode of multiple cracks, and most of the cracks appeared in the pure bending area; as the grid angle decreased, the BTRC specimens exhibited excellent flexural bearing capacity, good ductility, and high toughness. The total number of cracks on the specimen increased when it failed, while the spacing of the cracks decreased, and the fracture morphology appeared as fine and uniform features. The toughness of the specimen with a small grid angle using the DL laying method was greater than that using the SL laying method. The software simulation value matched the test data well, which proved that the test result was reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a paradigm shift from the classical thinking that CFRP strengthening increases ultimate capacity only. It addresses a new strengthening technique change that yields significant improvements in ductility and serviceability. A series of eight reinforced concrete beams were cast and tested under four-point bending until failure. The beams were divided into two groups: the control group comprising two beams without any strengthening, and one beam reinforced with one tension layer only. The examined group consisting of four beams having double FRP layers in compression and a single layer in tension, with different anchorage configurations. Additionally, one beam in the examined group had a lower concrete strength. The results demonstrated that the doubly strengthened beams exhibited larger post-cracking stiffness and load capacity compared to the control beams. The anchoring of tension layers and incorporation of compression FRP layers significantly increased ductility of the beams. The utilization of U-wrap anchors successfully shifted the failure mode from sheet debonding to FRP rupture and FRP buckling in the compression zone, effectively maximizing the benefits of the FRP reinforcement. Moreover, the addition of compression FRP layers improved the load distribution and reduced the critical compressive stresses. • The use of CFRP in compression and flexural anchorage realizes significant improvements in ductility and serviceability. • Ductility enhancements are specifically increased in beams with lower concrete strength. • Serviceability limit state can be better accommodated when using compression CFRP and U-wrap anchorage. • Compression CFRP clearly increases the post-cracking stiffness prior to steel yielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐installed and cast‐in‐place anchors are widely used to connect structural or nonstructural elements using a steel baseplate at the concrete structure. Generally, concrete anchors must be qualified if their failure would compromise the safety or result in substantial economic damage. Concrete anchor qualification results in technical approvals forming the basis for a code‐compliant design. In Europe, anchor design is governed by the new standard EN 1992‐4, and in the United States by ACI 318. Qualification and design regulations are predominately similar between Europe and the United States; however, there are still some notable differences. To this end, this paper introduces the basics of anchor design and underlying product qualification. Then, it describes some of the boundary conditions with special attention to the baseplate as well as discusses the critical design parameters. Later, the paper provides a comprehensive overview of the complex design rules. This paper includes identification of the differences between EN 1992‐4 and ACI 318 and their resultant effect on anchor design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injection molded direct joining (IMDJ) is an efficient metal-plastic direct joining method. IMDJ injects melted plastic onto a pretreated metal surface and forms joints due to the plastic infiltration into surface structures. Unlike widely studied semicrystalline plastics, this study focused on the influence of injection parameters on the joining strength for two amorphous plastics. The anchoring effect was investigated by measuring the joining strength and the infiltration depth after joining. The results show that the interaction between packing pressure and injection speed obviously influenced the joining strength. Both high packing pressure and high injection speed were necessary for high joining strength. In addition, the results show that the joining strength positively correlated with the infiltration depth. Furthermore, a real-time plastic infiltration process was directly observed via mold visualization. A dynamic understanding of the infiltration was obtained. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the infiltration and the anchoring effect for amorphous plastics. • The injection molded direct joining of amorphous transparent plastics and aluminum was studied. • For amorphous plastics, there was a strong interaction between packing pressure and injection speed. • For amorphous plastics, both high packing pressure and high injection speed were necessary for the high joining strength. • The joining strength positively correlates with the infiltration depth. • Visualized understanding of the plastic infiltration was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchor plate is a necessary component of the prestressed rock bolt, which plays a decisive role in actively resisting the rock mass deformation and improving the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock. In this paper, in order to investigate the effect of anchor plate on the mechanical behavior of prestressed rock bolt used in squeezing large deformation tunnel, a series of numerical, field and laboratory tests were performed. The mechanical characteristics of anchor plate with different shapes and sizes were systematically analyzed. Based on the Muzhailing Tunnel in Gansu Province, China, which is a typical deep-buried soft rock tunnel and suffered from serious squeezing large deformation disaster, the field verification was carried out. Meanwhile, the influences of spherical washer on the mechanical behavior of bolt shaft and anchor plate were also investigated. The result shows that the bowl-shaped plate has much better performance than the flat one, while the rounded bowl plate performs slightly better than the squared bowl plate. With the increase of plate thickness or plane size, the anchor plate has the better bearing capacity, while the stress transfer effect will be worse. Furthermore, the non-uniform deformation will gradually increase with the decrease of plate thickness or increase of plane size. Therefore, it is advised to increase the plate thickness rather than the plane size under the condition of better bearing capacity. The bending-induced stress of the anchor plate increases rapidly with the increase of the inclination angle between bolt shaft and anchor plate. Whereas the installation angle is unavoidable in practice, the spherical washer which has great effects on reducing the bending-induced stress could be a necessary component of the prestressed rock bolt system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a limit equilibrium solution for calculating the ultimate pullout resistance of shallow vertical plate anchors in sand, considering the combined effects of anchor embedment ratio, sand shear strength, sand-anchor interface strength and anchor aspect ratio. The geometry of the failure mechanism in the solution reflects observations from model tests. The ultimate failure load of a strip plate anchor was then determined by global equilibrium analysis of the passive and active failure soil wedge. The two-dimensional limit equilibrium solution is extended for rectangular plate anchors by introducing the shape factors of Ovesen and Strømann. The solution is compared with a database of 102 pullout model tests of vertical plate anchors in sand assembled from the literature and some limit analysis results. The comparison results suggest that the proposed solution can provide a reliable analytical tool for the ultimate pullout capacity prediction of shallow vertical plate anchors buried in sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The localization of internet of things (IoT) nodes in indoor scenarios with strong multipath channel components is challenging. All methods using radio signals, such as received signal strength (RSS) or angle of arrival (AoA), are inherently prone to multipath fading. Especially for time of flight (ToF) measurements, the low available transmit bandwidth of the used transceiver hardware is problematic. In our previous work on this topic we showed that wideband signal generation on narrowband low-power transceiver chips is feasible without any changes to existing hardware. Together with a fixed wideband receiving anchor infrastructure, this facilitates time difference of arrival (TDoA) and AoA measurements and allows for localization of the fully asynchronously transmitting nodes. In this paper, we present a measurement campaign using a receiver infrastructure based on software-defined radio (SDR) platforms. This proves the actual usability of the proposed method within the limitations of the bandwidth available in the ISM band at 2.4   GHz . We use the results to analyze the effects of possible anchor placement schemes and scenario geometries. We further demonstrate how this node-to-infrastructure-based localization scheme can be supported by additional node-to-node RSS measurements using a simple clustering approach. In the considered scenario, an overall positioning root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 2.19   m is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional cavity reinforcement technology is difficult to effectively protect the cavity from damage caused by modern large-yield explosions, and the anti-explosion performance of prestressed anchor cables needs to be improved urgently. The design of a new prestressed high-elastic fully adhesive anchor cable for the enhancement of the anti-explosion effects of the anchor cable is presented in this paper. A constitutive model of the anchor cable is established in FLAC 3D and used to restore an equal scale field anti-explosion test. The reinforcement effects of the new anchor cable are compared with the conventional one's. Results show that the stresses of the anchor cables differ at different locations: the anchor cable at the arch crown of the cavern is the one mainly under pressure with the compressive strain of the new anchor cable reduced by 25 %; while the anchor cable at the arch foot of the cavern is the one mainly under tension and the tensile strain of the new anchor cable is reduced by 26.3 %. The vertical displacement of the arch crown is reduced by 16.2 % with the reinforcement of the new anchor cable. The new anchor cable performs much better on the reinforcement of the cavern than the conventional one in the aspects of stress, strain and displacement, which provides a basis for the design of new anchor cables and their applications in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soft and hard composite rock strata are frequently encountered in transportation, geotechnical, and underground engineering. However, most of the current support is designed for homogeneous rock masses, which ignores the different anchoring effect in soft and hard composite rock strata. A numerical study is presented in this paper on the pull-out behavior of fully grouted rock bolts in soft and hard composite rock strata. The nonlinear bond-slip relationship of bolt-grout interface that is anchored in soft rock and hard rock is obtained from laboratory test, respectively. Then, the nonlinear bond-slip relationship is put into the numerical model. The numerical result shows a close match with the experiment tests and the proposed model. Lithological sequence, layer thickness ratio, and layer numbers are taken into consideration in numerical simulation models. Under the same layer number, the shallower-soft and deeper-hard composite rock strata (SHCRS) have a higher bearing capacity and deformation resistance than the shallower-hard and deeper-soft composite rock strata (HSCRS). As the soft-to-hard thickness ratio in SHCRS increases, the initial stiffness of the load-displacement curve and peak load decreases continuously. The load-displacement curve shows the same initial stiffness for different hard to soft thickness ratios in HSCRS. As the hard to soft thickness ratio increases, the load peak and the displacement at the peak load increase. Therefore, the closer the hard rock is to the loading end, the greater the initial stiffness of the load-displacement curve is. The greater the hard rock thickness, the larger the peak load. Under the same anchor length, the peak load and the displacement at the peak load decrease with the increase of layer numbers, but the reduction magnitude decreases. This paper leads to a better understanding of the load transfer mechanism for the anchoring system in soft and hard composite strata and provides a reference for scientific support design and evaluation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The improved adsorption, diffusion and reaction kinetics of TiC(0 0 1) cathode materials for Li-S batteries are obtained by strain engineering. • The p-band center of carbon atoms was proposed as the an effective descriptor to evaluate the properties of TiC(0 0 1) surfaces for Li-S batteries under different strain condition. • The correlation between strain and the performance for anchoring and catalysis of LiPSs has been unveiled. Developing efficient cathode materials and strategies to suppress the shuttle effect and promote the reaction kinetics were the key scientific issues for the development of high performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Modify the properties of a material through strain engineering is an effective strategy to enhance the performance of adsorption and catalysis ability for special species. In this paper, first-principles calculations were carried out to investigate the anchoring effect and electrochemical performance of TiC (0 0 1) subjected to biaxial symmetric mechanical (compressive and tensile) strains. The results demonstrate that the adsorption energies of the lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) were enhanced monotonically and the metallic properties were also remaining along with the strain from compressive to tensile. In addition, an appropriate strain could reduce the migration barrier of Li ions, the dissociation barrier of Li 2 S and the Gibbs free energy of the sulfur reduction reaction (SRR) to realize the rapid charge/discharge processes. Especially, the p-band center of carbon atoms in TiC was proposed as an effective descriptor to identify the adsorption and catalysis ability of the anchoring materials under biaxial strain. Our results indicate that strain engineering is a promising strategy to improve the comprehensive performance of anchoring materials in Li − S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report a simple and effective technique to improve the electro-optical performance of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films via the implantation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) microstructure into the polymer matrix. The measurement results of the electro-optical properties indicated that the electro-optical performances of PDLC films have been regulated successfully via the implantation of POSS microstructure into the polymer matrix. SEM results suggested that the size of polymer meshes was broadened with the increase in the content of POSS microstructure, while the static water contact angles of the polymers increased after the implantation of POSS microstructure. Because of the lower surface energy as well as the increased steric repulsions between liquid crystal molecules and polymer surfaces, the anchoring effect of the polymer matrix containing POSS microstructure was concluded to be weakened, which was the dominant factor in achieving the dramatic regulation effect of the electro-optical properties of the PDLC films. This work could provide a creative approach for the fabrication of low voltage-driven PDLC films for their practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effectiveness of bonding carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) with additional wraps or anchors to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) arches resisting blast loads, which is of great significance to optimize the CFRP strengthening methods. To improve the anti‐explosion behavior, RC arches are bonded with CFRP sheets in longitudinal and transverse directions, and anti‐explosion behaviors were investigated through experiments. The performance of strengthened arches is discussed in terms of damage degrees in contrast to the un‐strengthened arch. Under explosive loading, the resistance of composite arches to spalling, shearing, and bending is much better than that of control arch. The results show that the anti‐explosion effect of wrapping or anchoring, which can prevent CFRP debonding or peeling‐off, is much better than only bonding CFRP in the longitudinal direction. Besides, simplified analysis models are proposed to assess the blast‐resistant capacity of CFRP strengthened RC arches, which show good agreement with the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pull-out testing was carried out to evaluate the effects of shape, size and concentration of steel aggregates on anchorage performance. Steel grit with particle sizes of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.8 mm and steel shot diameters of 1.4, 2.0, and 2.5 mm were used as steel aggregates and were added into the resin anchoring agent. For each kind of steel aggregate, either 30, 40 or 50 aggregates were used to evaluate the effects of different steel aggregate densities. Anchorage specimens were prepared using ϕ20mm rebar bolts and steel sleeves. Compressive and shear strengths of resin containing steel aggregates, the pullout curve, and the circumferential strain of the sleeves were measured, and the energy consumption was calculated. Results show that compressive and shear strengths of resin containing steel grit and steel shot are increased by 8.4%-17.0% compared to pure resin. For the aggregate numbers of 30, 40 and 50, the anchoring force is increased by 7.9%, 7.5% and 6.5%; energy consumption is increased by 19.2%, 15.0% and 18.6%; and the circumferential strain of the specimen is increased by 28.4%, 25.1% and 39.5%, respectively. The effect of aggregate size on anchoring performance is significant; that is, the aggregate sizes of 1.4~1.5, 2.0 and 2.5~2.8 mm increase the anchoring force, energy consumption and sleeve circumferential strain by 8.5%, 4.6% and 8.7%, 16.0%, 8.4% and 28.4%, and 17.9%, 23.3% and 51.9%, respectively. The relationships of the anchoring force, energy consumption, and circumferential strain with steel aggregate quantity and size are formulated. Results show that the addition of steel aggregates increases the compressive and shear strengths of the resin, and steel aggregate quantity and size have significant impact on anchoring performance. This paper provides the basis for optimization of resin anchoring agents used in the mining industry. The impact of anchoring agent shear strength and residual shear strength on the anchoring effect were also discussed based on the failure analysis of the anchoring section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this paper is to study under which circumstances wearable and health app users would accept a compensation payment, namely a digital dividend, to share their self-tracked health data. Methods: We conducted a discrete choice experiment alternative, a separated adaptive dual response. We chose this approach to reduce extreme response behavior, considering the emotionally-charged topic of health data sales, and to measure willingness to accept. Previous experiments in lab settings led to demands for high monetary compensation. After a first online survey and two pre-studies, we validated four attributes for the final online study: monthly bonus payment, stakeholder handling the data (e.g., health insurer, pharmaceutical or medical device companies, universities), type of data, and data sales to third parties. We used a random utility framework to evaluate individual choice preferences. To test the expected prices of the main study for robustness, we assigned respondents randomly to one of two identical questionnaires with varying price ranges. Results: Over a period of three weeks, 842 respondents participated in the main survey, and 272 respondents participated in the second survey. The participants considered transparency about data processing and no further data sales to third parties as very important to the decision to share data with different stakeholders, as well as adequate monetary compensation. Price expectations resulting from the experiment were high; pharmaceutical and medical device companies would have to pay an average digital dividend of 237.30€/month for patient generated health data of all types. We also observed an anchor effect, which means that people formed price expectations during the process and not ex ante. We found a bimodal distribution between relatively low price expectations and relatively high price expectations, which shows that personal data selling is a divisive societal issue. However, the results indicate that a digital dividend could be an accepted economic incentive system to gather large-scale, self-tracked data for research and development purposes. After the COVID-19 crisis, price expectations might change due to public sensitization to the need for big data research on patient generated health data. Conclusion: A continuing success of existing data donation models is highly unlikely. The health care sector needs to develop transparency and trust in data processing. An adequate digital dividend could be an effective long-term measure to convince a diverse and large group of people to share high-quality, continuous data for research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Water diplomacy needs institutional anchoring; RBOs can provide such institutional anchors. • RBOs have been examined in detail, but their legal dimensions have so far received limited attention – in spite of their great importance for water diplomacy. • The paper reviews key legal aspects of RBOs, providing a sound understanding of such in order for RBOs to fulfil their particular role in water diplomacy. Abstract Water diplomacy needs institutional anchoring. International River Basin Organizations (RBOs) – being the result of diplomatic efforts by riparian states intending to create a framework for cooperation between themselves over shared water bodies – can provide such institutional anchors. RBOs ensure that agreements to cooperate are turned into a long-term commitment by riparian states to jointly manage shared water resources and, in turn, foster mutually beneficial cooperation over time. RBOs have been the subject of detailed examinations of their conceptual core, of their manifold functions, of their effectiveness in achieving their goals and so forth. However, the legal nature of these entities has so far received limited attention notwithstanding its significance in empowering RBOs to act as institutional anchors for water diplomacy. Legitimate questions arise, for instance, in relation to their legal personality, or lack thereof, or to matters such as immunities and privileges. This paper will review key legal aspects of RBOs and illustrate them with examples. A sound understanding of such issues is crucial to supporting fruitful discussions between state members about the legal design of an RBO in order to fulfill their particular needs in the context of water diplomacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the second of three papers that propose and study a new concept of mooring turbine generators with the aim of resolving key difficulties in realizing ocean current power generation. The concept of Cross-stream Active Mooring (CSAM) features a hydro sail system that allows deployment of generator turbines, from anchoring points on shore or on shallow seafloors, across current stream to access current core flowing over deep seas or over seabed not suitable for anchoring construction. The CSAM can increase system power capacity by changing horizontal positions of generator turbines to track meandering current core, and can also change system depth to avoid storms. New anchoring designs of improved efficiency and implementation methods for resolving seafloor geological issues in the Kuroshio off southeast Taiwan are also included. This second paper discusses conceptual design and construction of the tethers, mooring implementations and reduction of flow drag, mooring of power cable and design of linear array and 2D formation. Model tests were conducted to demonstrate and observe the feasibility of the basic concept and its stability. Formation stability under the influences of waves and other possible perturbations was analyzed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon foam loaded Co and Ni single atoms are directly used as HER working electrode. • Co and Ni atoms produce synergistic effect to accelerate H* adsorption and desorption. • CoNi-N/CMF with non-bonding configuration shows excellent HER performance in both acidic and alkaline media. Developing a new type of high-loaded single atom catalysts to further improve the performance of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is still a major challenge. However, multiple single atom sites with synergistic effect between different atoms can promote catalytic activity. In this work, we develop a strategy based on inkjet printing-pyrolysis to anchor Co and Ni single atom sites on carbon foam substrate to form CoNi-N/CMF self-supporting electrode, which shows outstanding electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy revealed the coexistence of well dispersed Co and Ni single atoms with atomic distance of 5.3 Å, indicating part of Co and Ni single atoms are indirect bonding between the two atoms. CoNi-N/CMF showed impressive overpotential of 32.6 and 36.6 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2 under acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively, which is lower than that of Co or Ni single atoms. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the non-bonding configuration between the two metal atoms forms a synergistic effect to accelerate H* adsorption and desorption, thus optimizing the HER process. This paper provides a new method for the development of single atom catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precast concrete segments of wind turbine hybrid towers are usually lifted and installed using the pre-installed lifting anchors with supplementary reinforcements. The lifting anchors are made of steel plate and the supplementary reinforcements are often arranged near the lifting anchors to enhance their anchoring performance. This lifting system including the reinforcement configuration is presented in existing design codes, but the design recommendation and calculation method of ultimate capacity are not provided. It is necessary to explore the pull-out behavior of the lifting anchor considering the effects of reinforcements. Therefore, a comprehensive investigation on the pull-out behavior of the lifting anchor is conducted in this paper, by using the precast concrete segments of hybrid tower as a carrier. Four specimens based on the actual dimension of precast concrete segment of hybrid tower were tested under cyclic pull-out loading, and the failure modes as well as the ultimate capacity were analyzed. The verified finite element (FE) models were established based on the test results, and mechanical analysis were performed to reveal the pull-out mechanism of the lifting anchor. Subsequently, the parametric analysis was conducted to explore the sensitive parameters of the lifting anchor's pull-out performance. The accuracy and applicability of the calculation methods for ultimate pull-out capacity in existing design codes and literatures were evaluated based on the test results. Lastly, a practical calculation method for the ultimate pull-out capacity of lifting anchor was proposed based on theoretical model and regression analysis. The proposed method can provide a reference for the lifting design of precast concrete segments of wind turbine hybrid towers. • 4 specimens with the specialized lifting anchor based on the actual size of precast concrete segment were tested under cyclic pull-out loading. • The verified FE models were established, and mechanical analysis were performed to reveal the pull-out mechanism of the lifting anchor. • The parametric analysis was conducted to explore the sensitive parameters of the lifting anchor's pull-out performance. • The accuracy and applicability of the existing calculation methods for ultimate pull-out capacity were evaluated based on the test results. • A practical calculation method for the pull-out capacity of lifting anchor was proposed based on theoretical model and regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the impact of the resonant cavity and lateral acoustic edge reflector on the performance of the S0 mode Lamb-wave resonators based on Aluminum nitride film doped with scandium concentration of 9.5 % (AlSc 0.095 N) were systematically studied. Through the theoretical analysis and experimental verification, we found that the Q value of the resonator can be improved by defining a miniaturized resonant cavity due to the enhanced acoustic reflection effect at the anchor boundary. The effect of lateral reflection boundary width on the spurious modes, Q values, and electromechanical coupling coefficient (k 2 eff) of the resonators was analyzed. In addition, the k 2 eff and Q values of the interdigitated transducer (IDT)-IDT resonators are higher than those of the IDT-Floating resonators, due to the larger electromechanical conversion efficiency and smaller interface loss. The experimental results show that the Q and k 2 eff values of the optimized IDT-Floating and IDT-IDT resonators reach 853, 1.70 % and 1362, 2.69 %, respectively, meanwhile, they have clean spectrums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reliability assessment method for STMR-SA considering round dependencies is proposed • The round dependencies of STMR-SA due to AE and CB are investigated • RDM is developed based on Anchoring Adjustment Model and ACT-R theory • A DBN-based method is proposed to model dynamic STMR-SA and assess its reliability • The method obtains more rational results validated by Boeing 737-8 (MAX) accident During abnormal situations, the perception, comprehension, and projection of elements related to abnormality, i.e., situation awareness (SA), is one of the critical factors to guarantee system safety, and dynamically achieved in short-term multi-round interactions. The short-term multi-round SA (STMR-SA) experiences round dependencies due to anchoring effect (AE) and confirmation bias (CB). For SA in current round, AE biases judgement of system states towards previous cognition, and CB leads to neglect of information disproving previous opinion. Therefore, AE and CB mutually promote and impede the correction of STMR-SA errors. The effects of AE and CB on STMR-SA have been verified in qualitative research but disregarded in quantitative STMR-SA reliability assessments. This paper aims to propose a novel STMR-SA reliability assessment method considering AE-caused and CB-caused round dependencies. First, a round dependency model (RDM) is developed to quantify above-mentioned round dependencies. Subsequently, STMR-SA evolution is modeled with dynamic Bayesian network, where round dependencies are represented by connections between adjacent time slices and quantified by RDM. Case study on Boeing 737-8 (MAX) accident demonstrates the effectiveness of this method. Results indicates that improvement measures including adding angle of attack (AOA) disagree warning and training enhancement, could improve the STMR-SA reliability and system safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaphragm walls are the ideal solution for productive utilisation of underground space to meet modern-day demands of infrastructural developments. Selection of appropriate wall and support configurations has substantial impact on economy, time and performance of diaphragm wall projects. Unsatisfactory implementation of such retaining systems during or after construction may cause heavy causalities such as loss of life and damage to adjacent infrastructures. Practical significance of excavation induced deformations is large due to its potential damage to adjacent structures. Hence, reliable estimates of excavation related responses are vital for construction and implementation of embedded diaphragm walls. This paper presents results of parametric analysis performed on anchored diaphragm walls evaluating the effects of anchor configurations and field characteristics. Numerical studies are carried out to comprehend the influence of factors like ground conditions, excavation geometry and anchor characteristics. Walls embedded in cohesive and non-cohesive soils with varying ground water locations are considered for analysis. Anchor features including length, inclination and axial prestress are varied in combination with the above parameters. The effects of these factors and their combined influence on the deformation, flexural strength and axial capacity of diaphragm walls are determined and evaluated. Numerical analyses are carried out using finite element simulations with Plaxis 2d. Comparative charts are drawn to demonstrate the variations of wall responses with different combinations of influencing factors. Optimal configurations of diaphragm wall and anchor system for different ground conditions can be perceived from the result charts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helical piles are used mainly to resist tension forces generated by uplift and overturning moments of various structures, therefore they have been suggested as a potential alternative to driven piles as offshore pile because they provide a large uplift capacity due to the anchor effect of the helix. To date no standards are available for the assessment of the use of helical piles in the offshore environment. State-of-the art installation and uplift capacity assessment is based on field onshore tests on small helical piles. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the current knowledge on helical piles considering uplift capacity, cyclic load, installation torque models and the parameters affecting the installation torque, to understand whether they can be considered for potential offshore applications. The paper could be of valuable interest for engineers and contractors involved in the offshore installation of piles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a study is conducted to determine the influences of perforated anchors on heat transfer intensification of turbulence nanofluid flow in a pipe. Six different turbulence models are used, and the results obtained by these models are benchmarked with the existing theoretical data to select the best turbulence model. The outputs showed that the k–ε–RNG–scalable wall function model has higher accuracy and so it is selected to simulate this problem. The influences of various parameters including the addition of perforation on the anchors, the perforation diameter (in the range of 1–5 mm), the Re number (in the range of 5000–25,000), and the volumetric concentration of nanoparticles (in the range of 1–5%) on the friction factor, convective heat transfer rate, and thermal enhancement factor of Al2O3/water nanofluid flow inside the enhanced pipe with anchors are studied. The outputs indicate that the friction factor associated with the anchors decreases with creating the perforations on the anchors. The usage of nanofluid is proper from both viewpoints of the heat transfer improvement and the pressure loss penalty because all thermal enhancement factors of the system are larger than unity. At Re = 5000, the thermal enhancement factor enhances about 12.28% by boosting the volumetric concentration of nanoparticles in the range of 1–5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the surrounding rocks of offshore liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) reservoirs occur in jointed rock mass. This paper is aimed at the reinforcement of the layered composite rock masses. First, the structural mechanical model of the elastic deformation and completely plastic deformation for the bolt was constructed. Then, the equations of axial force, shear force, and bending moment in the cross section of the bolt were obtained by the force‐method canonical equation. The shear‐slip resistance effect of the bolt was decomposed into the friction effect and the dowel effect. In addition, the quantitative relationship between shear resistance and the characteristic angles (anchoring angle, friction angle, dilatancy angle, and deflection angle) and the geometrical and physical parameters of the bolt were derived. Finally, the influence of each characteristic angle on the mechanical properties of the bolt was analyzed in details and the model was verified. The analysis results showed that the laterally constrained load of the rock stratum on the bolt can be characterized by a power function, but the optimal power should be no less than 10. The dominant position of either the friction effect or the dowel effect was changed with the matching of different characteristic angles. The increase of the friction angle and dilatancy angle of the joint surface of the rock is beneficial to improve the lateral shear resistance of the bolt. The effect of the deflection angle on the lateral shear resistance of the bolt was affected by the anchoring angle. The optimal anchoring angle of the bolt should be in the range of 50°‐60°. The results in this study have important theoretical significance to guide the offshore anchoring engineering of layered composite rock masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giving more to those who need more has an intuitive appeal for determining the just allocation of resources. The need principle is considered one of the three major principles of distributive justice. In contrast to equality or equity, however, evidence on the adherence to the needs principle rests mainly on stated instead of revealed preferences. In this paper we present an experimental design that exogenously assigns objective, heterogeneous need thresholds to individuals in small laboratory societies structured by a three-line network. The data reveal that a large proportion of individuals respond to others' need thresholds, but at a declining rate as thresholds increase. The equal distribution marks a discrete drop in the need satisfaction rate: Need thresholds above the equal distribution are less frequently satisfied. We conclude that others' needs are weighed against self-interest and equality. Our results provide evidence that distributions may be socially justified on grounds of the need principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation into the effect of particle accumulation on an amorphous halloysite nanotube (A-HNT)/Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminate, fabricated through Vacuum-assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VaRTM). Resin blending and Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) methods were impeded to incorporate the A-HNTs. Bending, short beam shear (SBS), and end-notched flexure (ENF) tests were individually conducted on three sections, which were divided from an integral CFRP laminate. The anchoring effect of the carbon fibers and the scouring effect of the resin flow together lead to the different A-HNT accumulation patterns in both incorporation methods, and thus caused the observed distinctions in the properties of each separated section. Extensively incorporated A-HNTs showed a tendency to aggregate, resulting in the degradation of the material's properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the details of an experimental investigation using large-scale inclined pullout apparatus on sheet geosynthetic and geogrid embedded in run-out, I-type, and L-type anchors. The influence of the type of sand on the behaviour of the sheet and the geogrid is also investigated. The results show that in both the sheet and the geogrid, I-type anchor provides approximately 50% and L-type anchor provides 90% higher pullout force than the run-out anchor. The maximum pullout force increases by more than 20% as the inclination of pullout force increases from 0° to 30° for both the sheet and the geogrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel integrated approach incorporating grey relational analysis, corresponding correlation test, with vector autoregression and panel vector autoregression models to examine the representativeness heuristic and anchoring effects in carbon markets. The grey relational analysis and corresponding correlation test measure the representativeness heuristic in eight pilot carbon markets. The vector autoregression and panel vector autoregression models detect the anchoring effects in eight pilot carbon markets and the overall carbon market. The study first explores the representativeness heuristic and anchoring effects in China's carbon markets. Taking the 2014–2021 United Nations Climate Change Conferences (COP20–COP26) as an event, the proposal of China's carbon emissions peak and carbon-natural targets, as well as the establishment of China's national carbon market as three events, the empirical results demonstrate that Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai, and Chongqing six pilot carbon markets were found to exhibit the representativeness heuristics for the COP21. Hubei, Shenzhen, Beijing, and Chongqing carbon markets were found to exhibit the representativeness heuristics for the proposal of China's carbon emissions peak and carbon-natural targets, and the establishment of China's national carbon market. Anchoring effects were found to exist in Guangdong, Tianjin, and Chongqing carbon markets, while no anchoring effect has been found to exist in the overall carbon market. Investor sentiment is one of the crucial factors affecting carbon prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper is structurally innovative to proposes a new expanding shell bolt. • The influence of several factors on the characteristics of the bolt is considered. • The group anchor effect is considered and the group anchor factor is formulated. • Comparison of the ultimate pull-out bearing capacity of bolt field and specification. Rock bolt foundation is becoming increasingly popular for transmission line engineering in mountainous areas due to the ability to maximize rock foundation bearing performance, reduce foundation size and burial depth, and save investment. However, failure modes such as pull-out of bolt can lead to insufficient utilization of bearing capacity of rock bolt. To overcome this problem, a new form of expanding shell bolt is proposed and the effect of several variables including grouting materials, bolt diameter, site weathering degree, and anchoring depth are investigated in this study. The results indicate that the new expanding shell bolt may significantly increase the pull-out bearing capacity compared to common rock bolts, due to the built-in effect between the bottom part of bolt and the rock on the hole wall. The effect of grouting material and anchoring length on the shell anchor's uplift bearing capacity is minimal. Considering that the ultimate tensile strength when the anchor bar breaks depends on the diameter of the steel bar, increasing the diameter of the anchor bar will effectively improve the pull-out characteristics of the bolt. The failure mode of anchor rods is also influenced by the rock layers. Rock layers with lower weathering levels have stronger embedding force, and the expansion head can effectively play a role. Due to the group anchor effect, the ultimate uplift bearing capacity of group anchor foundation in rocks is not simply the sum of the bearing capacity of each one, but must be multiplied by the group anchor coefficient. This coefficient is close to 0.9 in moderately weathered and strong-medium weathering sites. Finally, the calculation method for ultimate pullout force of expanding shell bolt is established. The feasibility of this method is verified by comparing on-site test values and calculated values. Author keywords : Rock bolt; Expanding shell bolt; Pull-out bearing capacity; Failure mode; Group anchor effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchoring has been shown to influence numeric judgments in various domains, including preferential judgment tasks. Whereas many studies and a recent Many Labs project have shown robust effects in classic anchoring tasks, studies of anchoring effects on preferential judgments have had inconsistent results. In this paper, we investigate the replicability and robustness of anchoring on willingness-to-pay, which is a widely used measure for consumer preference. We employ a combination of approaches, aggregating data from previous studies and also contributing additional replication studies designed to reconcile inconsistent previous results. We examine the effect of differing experimental procedures used in prior studies, and test whether publication bias could contribute to the inconsistent findings. We find that different experimental procedures used in previous studies do not explain the divergent results, and that anchoring effects are generally robust to differences in procedures, participant populations, and experimental settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]