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Background: Non-adherence or partial adherence is the main reason for poor therapeutic effect of hypertension. This paper aims to assess adherence behaviors and related factors among elderly hypertensive patients in China.Methods: Participants aged ≥ 60 years, with hypertension, and with complete data in 2018 interviews of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were included. The adherence behaviors included medication, blood pressure monitoring and the combined adherence behaviors. Referring to the social-ecological theory, correlates of adherence behaviors were divided into three layers, namely demographic characteristics, health behaviors, living environment and retirement. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were performed to identify factors of adherence behaviors.Results: The prevalence of medication adherence (76.58%) was higher than that of blood pressure monitoring adherence (20.08%), and the full adherence rate was 18.53%. Self-rated health status, smoking status, living area, and health education status were detected to be associated with medication adherence and blood pressure monitoring adherence (all p < 0.05). Gender, sleep duration, health examination, and physical exercise were also detected to be associated with blood pressure monitoring adherence (all p < 0.05). Self-rated health status and health education status were detected to be associated with partially and fully adherence, while age, living area, and life satisfaction were detected to be associated with partially adherence, smoking status, sleep duration, health examination, and pension reliance were detected to be associated with fully adherence (all p < 0.05).Conclusion: Our study reveals the poor adherence behaviors of elderly hypertensive patients in China. This is most evident among those who were male, 60– 69 years old, living in rural areas, self-reported being healthier, those without health examination and health education. Targeting these vulnerable populations, we suggest to strengthen health education, increase the publicity of basic public health services and enhance the self-management ability of hypertensive patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of smart community is the key to China's grassroots governance and also the general trend of China's urban modernization. In the supervision of the smart community, the optimization of the behavior of the regulatory subject cannot be separated. Previous studies have focused more on how subjects participate in supervision and less on the behavior of stakeholders in the game. This paper analyzes the game behavior of regulatory participants in the process of sustainable development of smart community and studies the optimization strategy of regulatory behavior according to the game behavior logic among participants. The results show the following. (i) Government behavior plays a leading role in supervision. (ii) When the government invests resources in the screening of third-party evaluation agencies and service purchase and mainly adopts policy punishment methods for stakeholders with rent-seeking behavior, the probability of regulatory participation stakeholders' positive behavior is the greatest. (iii) The improvements should be made from the aspects of information network construction, the refinement of reward and punishment measures, and the improvement of evaluation party access rules. This not only helps to enhance the good supervision situation of the supervision enthusiasm of the participants but also can realize the self-discipline operation of the smart community and enhance the responsibility consciousness of the evaluation institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Adults of stoneflies have diverse mating behaviors and complex signals for communication, but they are not always able to correctly recognize their mates. With the observations from several provinces of China, we provide the first study on the erroneous mating behaviors of stoneflies from this country. Three different categories of erroneous mating attempts involving 13 species belonging to three stonefly families are reported, and information on their physical competition, the sensorial mechanisms triggering the mating, the conditions favoring the mating mistakes, and the possible consequences of interspecific mating are discussed. Hitting and pushing with the head and abdomen could be the unique method employed in the male–male physical competition. Vibrational signals are considered not a prerequisite for triggering a mating behavior, while vision and/or touch could be a sufficient condition for triggering it, but they are not always efficient for species-specific recognition. Currently, information on the biology of Plecoptera from China is scarce, particularly on mating behavior. In this paper, the existence of mating mistakes (erroneous mating attempts) involving 13 Chinese stonefly species (belonging to nine genera and three families) is reported. These erroneous mating behaviors can be included into three different categories: mating attempts between conspecific males (including the formation of erroneous mating balls), mating attempts between different taxa (including displacement attempts during copulation), and mating-related behaviors with non-living objects. From these behaviors, some aspects of stoneflies during mating, such as the physical competition between males, the sensorial mechanisms implied in triggering a mating behavior, the conditions favoring the mating mistakes, and the possible consequences of interspecific mating in the hybrid production, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various construction accidents are proven to be caused by multiple unsafe behaviors (e.g., wrong use of PPE), but the risk transmission among different behaviors remains unclear. This paper provides insight into risk transmission through behavioral risk chain that leads to accidents from a system safety perspective. To better understand the coupling mechanism of various unsafe behaviors, integrate different behavioral risk chains and present the risk transmission process, a directed-weighted complex network (DWCN) method was adopted. Historical urban railway construction accidents in China are investigated to extract behavioral risk chain. A DW-BRCNA is applied to integrated behavioral risk chain and the behavioral risk transmission characteristics are explored and clarified by the five network properties, including degree and degree distribution, node strength and node strength distribution, average path length and diameter, weighted clustering coefficient and betweenness centrality. The results show that DW-BRCNA has the characteristics of a small-world, scale-free and hierarchical network, indicating that some unsafe behaviors are of greater importance in the process of risk transmission through behavioral risk chains. In addition, risk transmission in critical behavioral risk chains is more potentially to lead to accidents. This study proposed a new perspective of accident causation analysis from risk transmission among unsafe behaviors. It explains the risk transmission characteristics by a DWCN method based on behavioral risk chains. The findings also provide a practical guidance for developing control strategies on sites to prevent risk transmission and reduce accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is faced with a serve aging crisis, and the seniors’ long-distance travel is becoming more challenging with the rapid development of high-speed trains. This paper studies the transfer feasibility for elderly passengers passing through specific barriers at high-speed train stations. Questionnaires were distributed at Beijing High-Speed Train Station, with 716 valid samples involved. This paper divides the transfer procedure into seven phases, and proposes various points of interest at each phase with different barriers. These points of barriers are categorized into three major different types: Serious AND Common, Serious BUT NOT Common, and Common BUT NOT Serious. The quantitative relationships between each point of barriers and old travelers’ information have been explored using decision tree and binary logistics regression. As a conclusion, we suggest some recommendations for improving the transfer environment, long-distance mobility, as well as wellbeing of the older adults at high-speed train stations. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to study the transfer feasibility at high speed train stations for seniors both qualitatively and quantitatively, especially dealing with the complicated transfer procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Flipped classroom has received much attention during the last few years in China, but inconsistent conclusions are made about the effectiveness this approach in health professions education. This review examined the findings of controlled studies published in Chinese in order to summarize the effects of the flipped classroom methodology. These studies focused specifically on undergraduate level of health professions students. Methods: A literature search was conducted using China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform in June 2019. No date restrictions were used. Peer-reviewed papers were reviewed and experimental studies were included if the study compared student outcomes using flipped classroom method versus traditional lectures. The revised version of the Kirkpatrick's model was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom approach. Results: In total, 934 articles were obtained. Among them, 235 articles were full text reviewed and 59 met the inclusion criteria. Most of the student agreed that flipped classroom strategy was very helpful improving their self-learning ability, problem solving ability, teamwork, and communication skills, but reported increased workload and less-efficiency compared with traditional lectures. However, the majority of studies (n = 52) showed positive findings of the flipped classroom on changes in knowledge and skills, and 3 in negative. Among these 59 studies, there was little evidence of changes in behavior, organizational practice and patient outcome. Conclusions: Better design with reduced content should be considered for instructors to promote learning effectiveness. Long-term effects of flipped classroom should be considered in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has paid little attention to the shear damage of discontinuities with different joint wall material (DDJM). In this paper, we present an investigation on the evolution of the shear behaviour and the damage of three typical types of natural DDJM in a sliding-prone stratum of China. Experimental direct shear tests were performed on 14 pairs of natural DDJM specimens to examine the changes in the shear strengths and surface damages of the DDJM with increasing normal stresses and an increasing number of shear cycles by evaluating surface damages via damage zone distribution, damage area percentage, and variation of joint roughness coefficient (JRC). The results indicate that the differences in the shear damage between the two halves are closely related to the difference in strength of the two joint walls of the DDJM specimens with similar initial JRC values of the two joint surfaces. Simultaneously, parallel numerical direct shear tests were conducted in PFC3D. The performance of the numerical modeling was examined by comparing the parameters of shear strength, damage area and damage depth of DDJM specimens with those obtained in the experimental direct shear tests. Then the validated models were used to explore the evolution of the damage depth of DDJM specimens during the shearing process. The results demonstrate that the proposed numerical approach has the ability to reproduce the shear behavior and damage of DDJM reasonably and could be used to examine the internal damage of DDJM which are not easy to investigate via laboratory experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public participation is playing an increasingly important role in the process of environmental protection, especially in some developing countries such as China. However, the studies that have focused on public participation in air pollution control, especially those that have used quantitative research, are comparatively insufficient in China. This paper investigated residents' participation intention and behavior in air pollution control in Beijing, China, and related the theory of planned behavior and the concepts of risk perception to analyze the formation mechanism of participation behavior. The results indicated a remarkable discrepancy between participation intention and behavior. Subjective norm was the major factor in predicting participation intention, followed by risk perception and attitude. Income was observed to have a negative effect on participation intention and a positive effect on participation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Flipped classroom has received much attention during the last few years in China, but inconsistent conclusions are made about the effectiveness this approach in health professions education. This review examined the findings of controlled studies published in Chinese in order to summarize the effects of the flipped classroom methodology. These studies focused specifically on undergraduate level of health professions students. Methods: A literature search was conducted using China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform in June 2019. No date restrictions were used. Peer-reviewed papers were reviewed and experimental studies were included if the study compared student outcomes using flipped classroom method versus traditional lectures. The revised version of the Kirkpatrick's model was applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom approach. Results: In total, 934 articles were obtained. Among them, 235 articles were full text reviewed and 59 met the inclusion criteria. Most of the student agreed that flipped classroom strategy was very helpful improving their self-learning ability, problem solving ability, teamwork, and communication skills, but reported increased workload and less-efficiency compared with traditional lectures. However, the majority of studies (n = 52) showed positive findings of the flipped classroom on changes in knowledge and skills, and 3 in negative. Among these 59 studies, there was little evidence of changes in behavior, organizational practice and patient outcome. Conclusions: Better design with reduced content should be considered for instructors to promote learning effectiveness. Long-term effects of flipped classroom should be considered in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When tunneling through deep-buried layered soft strata, asymmetric deformation of surrounding rock and asymmetric mechanical behavior of supporting structures are often encountered. This paper investigates the anisotropic mechanical properties of deep-buried carbonaceous phyllite and its influence on the asymmetrical mechanical behavior of supporting structures in the Zhegu mountain tunnel in Sichuan Province, China. It is a typical road tunnel that suffered from large asymmetrical deformation and cracking of the secondary lining due to layered strata and high geo-stresses. Firstly, experimental tests were conducted to investigate the influence of bedding angle on the mechanical properties and failure behavior of phyllite. Then, the UDEC numerical software was adopted to study the effects of the lateral pressure coefficient, rock layer inclination angle, bedding spacing and shear stress on the mechanical behavior of supporting structures. Moreover, a field test was conducted to measure the pressure between the surrounding rock and the primary support as well as the internal force of the steel arch and the secondary lining. Based on the field data and numerical simulation results, it can be concluded that the asymmetrical deformations of surrounding rock and the cracking of secondary lining in the Zhegu mountain tunnel were results of the coupling effect of layered soft rock and shearing action along the foliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent surge of interest towards the mechanical response of rock mass produced by tunnel-type anchorage (TTA) has generated a handful of theories and an array of empirical explorations on the topic. However, none of these have attempted to arrange the existing achievements in a systematic way. The present work puts forward an integrative framework laid out over three levels of explanation and practical approach, mechanical behavior, and calculation method of the ultimate pullout force to compare and integrate the existing findings in a meaningful way. First, it reviews the application of TTA in China and analyzes its future development trend. Then, it summarizes the research results of TTA in terms of load transfer characteristics, deformation characteristics, failure modes, and calculation of ultimate uplift resistance. Finally, it introduces four field model tests in soft rock (mainly mudstone formations), and some research results are obtained. Furthermore, it compares the mechanical behavior of TTA in hard rock strata and soft rock strata, highlighting the main factors affecting the stability of TTA in soft rock formation. This paper proposes a series of focused topics for future investigation that would allow deconstruction of the drivers and constraints of the development of TTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the development and baseline data of a vignettes-based measure of gender equality. Methods: Vignettes were developed through 3-day long focus groups. After piloting in 13 sites and repiloting a revised version in 6 countries, responses were categorized by the construct tapped and a scoring system developed. Finalized vignettes were then tested in DR Congo, Ecuador and China. Results: Young adolescents can successfully respond to vignettes; and can differentiate self from hypothetical protagonists of same and opposite sex. Response differences by sex of respondent and protagonist were statistically significant across a range of scenarios and settings. Conclusion: This is the first vignettes-based measure for young adolescents assessing young adolescent perceptions of relationships differentiated by sex of the protagonist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Currently, there has been little research on peer drinking norms with non-English speaking college populations. Using a Chinese college student sample, the present study investigated perceived peer norms and their associations with individual alcohol-related behaviors.Methods: Past six-month drinkers (n = 436, 50% men, mean age = 20.49) recruited from one college in China took an anonymous paper-and-pencil survey. To examine the differences in alcohol-related behaviors among groups, one-way repeated measures analysis of variance and chi-square tests were conducted. To investigate the associations between perceived peer norms and individual alcohol-related behaviors, sequential linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted.Results: There were overall mean differences in alcohol use among participants, perceived best friends, and perceived average student for both men (F (1.98, 421.06) = 13.12, p < .001) and women (F (1.89, 399.70) = 5.79, p < .01). The proportion of best friends perceived as having had heavy episodic drinking was higher than that of participants who had had heavy episodic drinking (χ2 (1, N = 415) = 61.85, p < .001). So was the proportion of the average student perceived as having had heavy episodic drinking (χ2 (1, N = 414) = 68.17, p < .001). After controlling for demographic variables, perceived peer alcohol use explained 17% of the variance in individual alcohol use; perceived peer heavy episodic drinking contributed to 2.6 to 3.6 times higher odds of participants' reporting heavy episodic drinking.Conclusions: Replication research is needed to inform social norms interventions for Chinese college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores individual's role in the innovation process of firms by determining staff members' openness to engage in cooperative behaviors with their peers in the Chinese context, and subsequently, the impact of those interactions on the perceptions of trust among colleagues, and how those links influence the innovation capability of firms. Also, we size the extent to which employees' years of experience can moderate those relations. Questionnaire responses derived from employees in Chinese technology-driven firms were used to perform the statistical analysis and test the hypotheses drawn in this study. The individual's engagement in cooperative behaviors was proven to be rather unbiased among colleagues. Likewise, those dynamics led to positive perceptions of trust among them and added to the innovation capability of firms while an individual's years of experience didn't influence those dynamics. The present article examined two knowledge-sharing approaches used to ease cooperative behaviors among staff members. However, it is also necessary to examine the influence of other approaches in order to generate more precise comparisons of the frameworks that can yield better results. It is suggested that Chinese firms adopt a more reflexive learning approach that would facilitate individual's engagement in cooperative behavior that lead to innovation. These results can be useful for managers in industries such as software-engineering and product-design which depend heavily on the effective transmission of knowledge among staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retrofitting existing residential buildings has been claimed as one crucial way to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions within the Chinese residential sector. In China’s government-dominated retrofitting projects, the participation of residents is often neglected. The objective of this paper is to assess the influence level of public participation (before, during and after retrofit) on energy saving by comparing three Beijing neighborhoods with different retrofitting models: a central government-led model, a local government-led model, and an old neighborhood retrofit model. In the three cases data were collected through interviews with neighborhood workers and residents. The results show that residents’ involvement in pre-retrofit activities, in technology selection and in the use of technology differs greatly among the three cases. This study concludes that in order to improve the effectiveness of energy saving interventions, the motives, intentions and living habits of residents need to be given more consideration when designing and implementing retrofitting. By highlighting the importance of public participation this paper contributes to energy saving policy development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting and analyzing behaviors of investors is of great value to financial institutions. This paper uses survey data from about 9,000 individual investors across China to explore the predictability of decision behaviors by studying demographic characteristics that are relatively easy to obtain. After applying Pearson’s chi-squared test, Spearman rank correlation test, and several data mining methods, we verified that demographic characteristics are closely linked to decision behaviors, and it would be an economical and feasible solution for financial organizations to build initial behavioral prediction models especially when investors’ behavioral data are insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, food safety problems have occurred frequently in the past ten years, causing great concern for the public. Adolescents, with higher exposure to problematic food, represent a unique target for interventions aimed at risk reduction. To understand their food safety knowledge, attitude and practice, a cross-sectional survey using paper questionnaire was carried out among 4,220 students (median age of 14 years, 50.3% females) from nine secondary schools in 3 districts of Beijing. The findings showed that the majority of respondents (42.0%) had a high knowledge level. Significant association was found between food safety knowledge score (median = 11, IQR:9–13) and demographic characteristics of region, school type, residence type, habit of smoking and alcohol use, academic record and parents’ education background. In terms of attitude and practice, only 17% of those surveyed regarded China’s food safety situation as good, 53.6% regarded it as worrying; almost all students (96.5%) did pay attention to food safety; 95.3% of the students had worried about the safety of the food provided by the small restaurants and street peddlers, but in reality, as many as 69.4% often or occasionally bought food from peddlers around their campuses and nearly half continued the consumption of such food in spite of worrying about its safety problems. Overall, the food safety knowledge among Beijing secondary school students was relatively good. They did not show much confidence in the country’s food safety situation, but many aware of the safety issues did not bother to change or take action. The study suggests that more systematic and targeted education on food safety is necessary for this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundant generation of construction and demolition (C&D) waste presents a significant challenge to the sustainable development of the construction industry in Mainland China. As the implementer of construction activities, the contractor’s C&D waste management performance plays an important role in C&D waste minimization. This paper aims to investigate the determinants of the contractor’s C&D waste management behavior in Mainland China. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was selected as the basis of the theoretical model. In addition, three contextual constructs (i.e., economic viability, governmental supervision, and project constraints) were introduced, formulating the initial model. Based on the initial model, eight constructs were identified and seven hypotheses were proposed. A questionnaire survey was conducted to collect data and a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was employed to test the proposed hypotheses. Results showed that the C&D waste management intention is not a significant determinant of contractor’s C&D waste management behavior. The most important determinant is economic viability, followed by governmental supervision as the second most important determinant. Nevertheless, the construct of project constraints is an insignificant determinant for contractor’s adoption of C&D waste management behavior. The research findings imply that, in Mainland China, the government, at this stage, plays an important role in guiding and promoting the contractor to exhibit better C&D waste management behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors that influence the length of human life are complex and longevity remains a controversial topic, particularly in China. This paper demonstrates the spatial patterns and changes of the elderly group (65 years old and over), the oldest old (80 years old and over) and the centenarians in China in the last decade, analyzes the influence of economic development on aging, and in the end, using a case study, explores the characteristics of the centenarians’ behavior. The results indicate that high elderly and the oldest old proportions are more common in regions with higher socio-economic development and that have a favorable climate. Centenarian distribution pattern is less influenced by economic but only for few regions. Lifestyle factors, such as sufficient sleep, positive mental state and a light diet are also largely found among the centenarian group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effects task conflict has on agreement seeking behavior and interpersonal conflict. In addition, it seeks to examine the moderating role of trust on the effects of agreement seeking behavior and interpersonal conflict on the styles of handing conflict, namely, avoidance, collaboration, and third party intervention. Design/methodology/approach – Using a structured survey instrument, this paper gathered data from 252 senior executives from Mainland China and analyzed these using the regression technique to see how interpersonal trust between executives moderates the relationship between conflict and conflict response mechanisms. The study also investigates the relationship between task and relationship conflict as well as agreement-seeking behavior among Chinese executives in Mainland China. Findings – Results show that the presence of interpersonal trust among executives affects the conflict responses for the benefit of organization. The results show that task conflict in top management teams is positively related to relationship conflict and negatively related to agreement-seeking behavior. The data support the view that intra-group trust moderates the relationship between agreement-seeking behavior and collaborating responses such that high-trust groups will have greater collaboration than low-trusting teams. Results also support that intra-group trust moderates the relationship between agreement-seeking behavior and third party responses such that high-trust groups will have greater third-party responses than low-trusting teams. Research limitations/implications – Self-report measures may have some inherent social desirability bias. Despite this potential weakness, this study examines Chinese executives and therefore provides insights into top management team literature. Practical implications – This study contributes to both practicing managers as well as to strategic management literature. This study suggests that administrators need to focus on interpersonal trust while dealing with the outcomes of task and relationship conflict. Originality/value – Although the study is related to Chinese executives, the findings from the study, that task conflict has its affect on interpersonal conflict and agreement-seeking behavior, contribute to the strategic decision making literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have debated about whether a firm's low-carbon awareness promotes low-carbon behaviors. Such debates may be caused by, on the one hand, the heterogeneity of low-carbon behaviors, and on the other hand, the contingent factors which may also create disparate results. This paper conceptualizes the different types of low-carbon behaviors, i.e. soft and hard low-carbon behaviors, and examines the impact of low-carbon awareness on the two distinct behaviors. This paper further assesses how a firm's low-carbon behaviors are conditional on firm characteristics (i.e., ownership type) and external factors (i.e., environmental legitimacy). Based on a panel dataset (2011–2018) of 216 Chinese public listed firms from heavy-polluting industries (e.g., textiles, chemicals, leather, etc.), our empirical findings indicate that: (1) low-carbon awareness promotes only soft low-carbon behaviors; (2) environmental legitimacy positively moderates the relationship between low-carbon awareness and soft low-carbon behaviors; and (3) such moderating effect is strengthened when firms are non-state-owned. This paper enriches our understanding of the impact mechanism of low-carbon awareness on low-carbon behaviors and provides implications for policy making and managerial practices. • Low-carbon awareness (AWARE) could promote only soft low-carbon behaviors (SOFT_BEH) in China. • Environmental legitimacy (EL) positively moderates the relationship between AWARE and SOFT_BEH. • The moderating effect of EL on the relationship between AWARE and SOFT_BEH is strengthened when firms are non-state-owned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the increasingly serious ecological and environmental crisis, China has upgraded its national strategy from environmental protection to ecological civilization. China has carried out comprehensive publicity and education on ecological civilization. Many universities also arrange ecological civilization courses for students, or infuse ecological civilization into traditional courses. This paper investigates Chinese university students' ecological civilization cognition and behavior. Based on the 13404 questionnaires of 152 universities and using the multinomial logit regression model, the authors explored the relationship between Chinese university students' cognition and behavior. This paper divides the students' ecological civilization cognition into two parts, one being the common-sense cognition that comes from China's long-term public ecological and environmental education and the other one being the cognition of national ecological civilization strategy that comes from the recent intensive and comprehensive political publicity. This paper finds that university students with the latter cognition show a stronger willingness to implement ecological civilization behavior. This result reveals the role of China's political publicity on ecological civilization in terms of influencing its citizens' behavior, and provides inspiration for other countries to publicize environmental politics and promote public environmental protection via mass media. • The multinomial logit regression model is used to analyze the factors of ECB. • ECC is divided into common-sense and national strategy cognition. • China's political publicity has played a certain role in influencing ECB. • Courses involving ecological civilization knowledge can promote ECB. • Personal characteristics should be taken into account for educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a culturally sensitive nurse‐led structured education programme for patients with type 2 diabetes. Background: A nurse‐led satisfactory diabetes education programme might be feasible. The structured education programme is considered a potential model that helps patients manage diabetes. Design A mixed‐method design. Methods: A convenience sample of 44 participants received the programme. Feasibility was assessed using the recruitment rate and the retention rate. Acceptability was assessed by interviews to obtain the perception and experience of participants. Also, preliminary efficacy on diabetes knowledge, self‐efficacy, self‐management behaviours, and clinical outcomes was assessed. Finally, data were collected from April to December 2015. Results: The recruitment rate and the retention rate were acceptable. Participants thought that the programme contributed to their positive changes. They enjoyed and accepted the programme, and they wanted to gain the ongoing support. Significant improvements in diabetes knowledge, self‐efficacy, self‐management behaviours, A1C, fasting blood glucose, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, weight, body mass index, and waist circumference were reported in 12‐week follow‐up. Conclusions: This programme is feasible and acceptable, and its preliminary efficacy is promising. Ongoing support, a control group, and long‐term follow‐up are required in future studies to assess its effectiveness. SUMMARY STATEMENT: What is already known about this topic? Unsatisfactory diabetes education and a shortage of general practitioners may promote the poor management of patients with type 2 diabetes.Structured education programmes for patients with type 2 diabetes could improve biomedical, psychological, and lifestyle outcomes.A structured education programme for patients with type 2 diabetes without receiving insulin therapy was developed in mainland China. What this paper adds? The structured education programme is feasible and exhibits high preliminary efficacy.Participants received the structured education programme and experienced positive change.Participants hope to gain the ongoing support to maintain self‐management behaviours. The implications of this paper: The study indicates that nurses can use this programme to help patients manage diabetes.The programme can be applied in regular clinic care and generalized to other community health service centres.The results can provide some guidance for the further assessment of the effectiveness of the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the tremendous economic and health costs imposed on China by tobacco use, China lacks a proactive and systematic tobacco control surveillance and evaluation system, hampering research progress on tobacco-focused surveillance and evaluation studies. Methods: This paper uses online search query analyses to investigate changes in online search behavior among Chinese Internet users in response to the adoption of the national indoor public place smoking ban. Baidu Index and Google Trends were used to examine the volume of search queries containing three key search terms “Smoking Ban(s),” “Quit Smoking,” and “Electronic Cigarette(s),” along with the news coverage on the smoking ban, for the period 2009–2011. Findings: Our results show that the announcement and adoption of the indoor public place smoking ban in China generated significant increases in news coverage on smoking bans. There was a strong positive correlation between the media coverage of smoking bans and the volume of “Smoking Ban(s)” and “Quit Smoking” related search queries. The volume of search queries related to “Electronic Cigarette(s)” was also correlated with the smoking ban news coverage. Interpretation: To the extent it altered smoking-related online searches, our analyses suggest that the smoking ban had a significant effect, at least in the short run, on Chinese Internet users’ smoking-related behaviors. This research introduces a novel analytic tool, which could serve as an alternative tobacco control evaluation and behavior surveillance tool in the absence of timely or comprehensive population surveillance system. This research also highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to tobacco control in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explain how individuals’ self-perceived long-term mate value influences their mate preference and mate choice, two hypotheses have been presented, which are “potentials-attract” and “likes-attract”, respectively. The potentials-attract means that people choose mates matched with their sex-specific traits indicating reproductive potentials; and the likes-attract means that people choose mates matched with their own conditions. However, the debate about these two hypotheses still remains unsolved. In this paper, we tested these two hypotheses using a human’s actual mate choice data from a Chinese online dating system (called the Baihe website), where 27,183 users of Baihe website are included, in which there are 590 paired couples (1180 individuals) who met each other via the website. Our main results show that not only the relationship between individuals’ own attributes and their self-stated mate preference but also that between individuals’ own attributes and their actual mate choice are more consistent with the likes-attract hypothesis, i.e., people tend to choose mates who are similar to themselves in a variety of attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Any analysis of how changing environmental hazards impact on public health is fundamentally constrained unless it recognizes the centrality of the social and behavioral dimensions of risk. This paper reports on a research project conducted among low-income peri-urban households in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The research was based on cross-disciplinary inputs to develop a multi-layered understanding of the implications of a dynamic seasonal environment for diarrheal disease risk. It is a widely held assumption that the major changes in the abundance of surface water between the flood and dry seasons in the Mekong Delta are likely to be reflected in the changing patterns of disease risk, especially for poorer households that tend to rely heavily on river water for domestic water use. Therefore, this study investigated seasonal patterns in the contamination of environmental water, incidences of diarrheal illnesses, water use and hygiene behavior, together with perceptions of health risks and seasonality. During the period of October 2007 to October 2008, the UK and Vietnamese research team worked with a total of 120 households in four low-income sites around the city of Long Xuyen to conduct water testing; administer questionnaires on self-reported health, risk perceptions and behavior; and conduct semi-structured interviews. The research team found no overall evidence of a systematic seasonal risk pattern. At the population level, marginal temporal variations in water quality in the environment failed to translate into health outcomes. A complex risk narrative emerged from the interweaving data elements, demonstrating major inter- and intra-household variations in risk perceptions, hygiene behavior, seasonal behavior and other risk factors. It is suggested that these complexities of human behavior and transmission routes challenge simplistic assumptions about change in health outcomes as a result of seasonal environmental changes. These findings demonstrate the key role social science can play in a holistic and critical analysis of environment and health interactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Previous studies in the world reported inconsistent results about the relationship of medical professional education with medical students' smoking behaviors, and no similar research had been published in China. Purpose: This paper aims to explore whether the differences of smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors existed between medical and non-medical undergraduate students. Methods: Eight thousand one hundred thirty-eight undergraduate students sampled from a university in Guangzhou were investigated with a self-administered structured questionnaire about their smoking-related knowledge, attitude and behaviors, and other relevant factors. General linear model and multinomial logistic regression were conducted to test the differences in smoking-related knowledge, attitude, and behaviors between medical and non-medical students while controlling for potential confounding variables. Results: There was no difference in smoking-related knowledge scores between medical and non-medical freshmen, but medical sophomores and juniors had higher scores of smoking-related knowledge than their non-medical counterparts. The medical sophomores had higher mean score of attitudes towards smoking than non-medical ones. Before entering university, the difference in the prevalence of experimental and regular smoking between medical and non-medical college students was not significant. After entering university, in contrast, the overall prevalence of regular smoking was significantly higher among male non-medical college students than among male medical students. Stratified by current academic year, this difference was significant only among male sophomores. Conclusions: Medical students have higher smoking-related knowledge, stronger anti-smoking attitude, and lower prevalence of regular smoking than non-medical college students of similar age, which may be associated with medical professional education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: Health promotion agencies advocate use of mountain climbing goals to encourage regular stair climbing, a current public health target. This paper tests effects of a mountain climbing campaign on objective measures of stair use for the first time. Design: Field interview and quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series study. Method: In field interviews, a convenience sample (n = 1350) responded to questions about different goals, i.e., heights of climb, to encourage stair use in buildings. Subsequently, a point-of-choice intervention with the main message ‘Take the stairs to the top of this building once a day and in a year, you would have climbed Mount Everest almost twice’ was tested in a 12-floor worksite. A no-message baseline was followed by installation of the intervention. Results: Stair ascent (n = 62,716) and descent (n = 61,218) at the ground floor was measured with automated counters at baseline (11 days) and during the intervention (18 days). The majority of interviewees (60%) chose a message based on climbing Mt. Everest as the most motivating, with only 5% of interviewees not motivated by any climbing goal. Nonetheless, the subsequent intervention using the mountain climbing goal had no effect on stair climbing (OR = 0.96). As the campaign specifically targeted stair ascent, it failed to influence the behaviour with the greater public health dividend. Conclusion: The discrepancy between pre-testing and the campaign may reflect the fact that performance goals can only be achieved at the end of the task and may not be continually rewarded during accumulation of behaviour towards the goal. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Trust, trustworthiness and cooperation are crucial in achieving social goals, and are thus essential components of social capital. This paper reports the results of a series of lab and artefactual field experiments carried out in Shanghai to evaluate some of the key indicators of social capital in China. The groups selected for the study are middle school and undergraduate university students and community residents. The experiments comprise two public goods games, a gambling game and a trust game. The overall level of trust is negatively related to age, although trusting behavior is also affected by other factors, such as risk-taking. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the findings of a survey on the use of e-books at the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) during a 6-week period in January/February 2010. The purpose of the survey was to obtain a snapshot of users' behaviour in using e-books so as to assist the Library in providing a more effective service for e-book provision. The survey questions were designed to reveal useful information about users' behavior, from their level of awareness of e-books to their preference for print and electronic formats. Information about how they access the current collection, the features they desired, the frequency and intensity of use, what and how they read and their main purpose for using e-books could also provide useful comparative data for other libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug use (DU) and addictive internet use (AIU) are two increasing risk behaviors among youth in China. However, little information is available on the relationship between addictive internet use and DU. Therefore, we investigate the role of AIU on DU behavior and its impact on the variables such as pro-drug attitude (PDA), anti-drug attitude (ADA), social norm of drugs and intentions on DU. Method: A total of 3018 students (47% boys, 53% girls), who were from 15 secondary schools (five middle schools, five academic high schools, and five vocational high schools) and one university in Wuhan, China, completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires during class-time. A conceptual model was developed based on Reasoned Behavior Theory. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model. Results: The prevalence rate of internet addiction and DU are 5 and 4%, respectively. In the SEM model (GFI = 0.920, AGFI = 0.907, RMSEA = 0.047), adolescent DU and intention of DU were significantly predicted by AIU, which is mediated by PDA, ADA, and perceived social norm of DU. Conclusions: These findings contribute to the theoretical and managerial understanding of the role of AIU behaviors on adolescent DU. It suggests that prevention education of DU should be strengthened among young internet users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reports 13 species of shrimp from Dongtou Island, Zhejiang Province, in the East China Sea. Among these, a species of alpheid, Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897, which is very similar to the typical subspecies, is recorded for the first time from Chinese waters; one species of penaeid, Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), is recorded for the first time from Zhejiang; and six other species are recorded for the first time from Dongtou Island with certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws on the thought of the early twentieth century Chinese intellectual Zhang Shizhao to re-examine the foundations of effective political action. Writing during the critical historical juncture that spanned the fall of China's last imperial dynasty and the establishment of a republican government, Zhang reflects upon the possibilities for political action in contexts where the communities that might underwrite its meaning are no longer—or not yet—accessible. These reflections culminate in Zhang's vision of self-rule as an individualized process of "self-awareness." I sketch out the model of political action his account implies to explain how he can render such individualized activity politically relevant. Contrasting with accounts of democratic action like Hanna Pitkin's that privilege "action in concert," Zhang's self-awareness reorients the focus of political activity toward disparate—though cumulative—efforts to render shared problems incrementally and personally tractable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was designed to explore the differences in behaviour, cognition and emotion between college students in Beijing and Suzhou, who were under different external stresses during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) prevalence time in China from 22 April to 23 June, 2003. A ‘Psychological responses questionnaire on SARS’ designed by the authors was filled out by subjects. A total of 268 valid cases were collected in Beijing through e-mails or websites, and 397 valid copies were collected in Suzhou through pencil-and-paper tests. The two groups differed in their behaviours, cognitions and emotions. Cognitive and behavioural responses of the Beijing sample changed along with the time and the epidemic situation, and so did the negative emotions of the Suzhou sample. Path analysis of the Beijing sample found support for the mediating effects of the cognition on the relationships of stress and the emotional and behavioural responses, while the results of the Suzhou sample did not. Differences between the two samples are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the countries with the greatest diversity of nonhuman primate species: 22 species with 30 subspecies, in 6 genera and 3 families. Primatology in China started in 1862, but fruitful study began only in the 1950s. More than 2,000 academic papers have been published, covering systematics, evolution, ecology, etho-ecology, conservation, reproduction and neuroscience. We review primatology in China over the past century, concentrating mostly on systematics, etho-ecology, conservation and reproduction. We aim to share this information with international colleagues and to seek possibilities for collaboration in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to special circumstances, this decade has been a significant era for the political development in Hong Kong. For instance, Hong Kong had its first direct election in the legislature in 1991 and the continued change towards a more democratic society is expected in the coming years. The issue of elderly's political participation and their voting behavior have become keen discussion topics among the local social work practitioners. This paper describes the political attitudes and behaviors of the elderly in Hong Kong. Furthermore, the implications to the gerontological social workers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Characterization of the mechanical behaviour of grey clay brick (GCB) masonry. • Numerical models based on experimental result are setup. • Safety level of a traditional Chinese building is obtained. Grey clay bricks (GCBs) are a traditional and unique masonry material for Chinese buildings, and their application is especially prevalent in traditional Chinese architectures. Despite that structural analyses of historical constructions have been a popular area of focus in recent studies, information on the behaviour of GCB masonry structures is still lacking. In this paper, a comprehensive characterization of the mechanical behaviour of GCB masonry by using experimental and numerical methods is presented and discussed. Characterization tests were primarily carried out to determine the mechanical strengths of GCB, cement-based and lime-based mortar, and the bond behaviour between them. Then, a series of tests was performed on GCB masonry prisms and panels to evaluate the compressive, flexure and shear behaviours of GCB masonry, respectively. Finally, numerical models based on the experimental results were setup and further implemented for analysing the nonlinear response of a historical unreinforced masonry building in Macau to obtain the safety level. The combined experimental and numerical investigation evaluates important parameters for the mechanical behaviour of GCB masonry and delivers updated understandings of the structural behaviour of existing GCB masonry buildings in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influencing factors of the low-carbon consumption behavior of urban residents have become popular. This paper explored the factors of consumers' low-carbon behavior through a questionnaire survey. Using Hangzhou as a case study city, which yields 786 valid responses, the results indicated that urban consumers generally had a high perception of low-carbon behavior. At the same time, low-carbon cognition and low-carbon intention had a positive impact on residents' low-carbon behavior. In particular, the level of awareness of global warming adjusted residents' understanding of low-carbon behavior. From a policy point of view, this research contributes to insights into the promotion of guiding residents' low-carbon behavior and improving the response to global warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fulfil a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promoting renewable energy accommodation is a major goal in establishing a spot market in light of China's 2015 electricity market reform. Eight representative provinces with different power supply structures and generation portfolios carry out simulated operations as initial pilot spot markets. The balancing market, a significant section of the spot market that addresses fair transaction settlements to eliminate system imbalance in real time, is diverse among these pilot spot markets. Therefore, effective methodological support is needed to analyse the interaction between balancing market design and participant behaviour considering the market environment in China. Based on the incentive compatibility of the market design with the actual situation in China, this paper assigns wind power producers as market participants, since wind power integration aggravates real-time imbalances due to its natural uncertainty and fluctuation. This study first summarizes the key elements of balancing market design in China that exert great influence on wind power producers; then, an offering strategy model of wind power producers is proposed embedding into the balancing market clearing model to reveal the interactive effect between balancing market design and the behavioural decisions of market participants and to investigate the adequacy of the entire market. Using an example, the effects of key factors on market adequacy and wind power revenue are discussed, including the tolerance margin, programme time unit (PTU) duration, and imbalance pricing mechanism. Finally, corresponding recommendations for balancing market design in China are put forward. • A balancing market design evaluation model referring the reform in China is proposed. • Interaction between balancing market design and behaviour of BRPs is analysed. • A tolerance margin can lead to strategic offering of BRPs. • The penalty factor is recommended to be higher on negative imbalances. • The Programme Time Unit should be gradually shortened from 30 min to 5 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deng, Q. and Yan, X., 2020. Information sharing mechanism of marine environmental management in China. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 544–548. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The 21st century is the era of information sharing, which is the future trend of development. The marine environment is a kind of public resource and involves the interests of the marine sector and the public. Therefore, we must build the information-sharing mechanism of marine environment management, which will deliver marine environment information timely and accurately. The information-sharing mechanism of marine environmental management involves the interests of multiple social groups, including government departments and marine-related industries. The sharing of marine environmental management information is facing the huge test of the change in the behavior logic of the sharing subject. At present, the information-sharing mechanism of marine environmental management has made some achievements, such as platform construction and database and information system improvement. This paper constructs the information-sharing mechanism of China's marine environmental management, which will affect the formulation and implementation of marine environmental management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the accepted paper, the authors' affiliation has been wrongly typeset as People's Republic of China, but this should read Taiwan. The correct affiliations are shown below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adopting a large panel of Chinese manufacturing firms together with the data of listed firms for the period 1998–2007, this paper aims to examine whether Asker et al.'s (2015) argument on the short-termism demonstrated in the investment behavior of listed firms holds for China. We document that listed firms engage in more investments and respond more to changes in investment opportunities as compared to unlisted ones with similar size and age in the same industries, and Asker et al.'s (2015) short-termism argument only holds for firms facing sufficiently low financing constraints. • Chinese listed firms invest and respond more to investment opportunity changes. • Short-termism only exists for firms facing low financing constraints. • State-owned listed firms respond more to investment opportunities. • Listed firms in competitive industries respond more to investment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, a large number of men are being squeezed out of the marriage market due to a shortage of marriageable women. Previous research has largely discussed the consequences of gender imbalances and focused on the behavior of marriage-squeezed men that threatens public safety. No empirical studies explored the impact of the social environment on risky behaviors of marriage-squeezed men. The main objective of this paper is to examine whether social discrimination is associated with marriage-squeezed men's engagement in the behaviors that threaten their own wellbeing and community safety. Using individual-level data collected in Chaohu City, Anhui, this study employed binary logistic regression and linear regression to examine the impacts of discrimination on alcohol use disorder and suicidal ideation, respectively. Ordinary least squares regression was performed to predict the effects of discrimination on gambling and verbal conflict based on village-level data collected in 380 villages across 18 provinces in China. The results showed that self-reported discrimination was positively associated with incidence of alcohol use disorder and suicidal ideation among marriage-squeezed men; villagers' discrimination was also positively associated with the number of marriage-squeezed men in the village who often gambled or were in conflict with others. Evidence suggests that social discrimination is one important mechanism that triggers marriage-squeezed men to engage in risky behaviors that threaten self- and community safety. Commonly held stereotypes about rural bachelors is one of the reasons that causes marriage-squeezed men to pose a threat to public safety. It is necessary to develop and implement policies aimed at creating a friendly and tolerant social environment for marriage-squeezed men. • Defines bachelors' risky behaviors at two levels; self- and community safety. • Highlights impact of social environment on risky behaviors. • Marriage-squeezed men suffer discrimination, especially in central and western China. • Marriage-squeezed men experience a higher incidence of certain risky behaviors. • Social discrimination is positively related to risky behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, a new green behavior mobile application named Ant Forest was lunched, in which users can plant trees to protect the environment. Ant Forest offers an information technology based way that enables people to engage in green behavior. The application has attracted a large number of users, and millions of trees have been planted. However, the users' participation in this new kind of green behavior has been rarely studied in current literature. To fill this gap, we built a research model to study antecedents of user's continue intention to use Ant Forest. Survey data were collected from Ant Forest users and 278 valid questionnaires were received. Partial least squares path modeling method was used to analyze the data. Results show that satisfaction influence users' intention to continue using Ant Forest. Environmental concern, perceived enjoyment, and game interaction have positive influence on satisfaction, while perceived cost has negative influence on satisfaction. This paper contributes to researchers' understanding of green and low-carbon behaviors. In addition, suggestions on promoting new forms of green and low-carbon behavior were proposed for policy makers, and management suggestions on how to promote Ant Forest were also proposed which may benefit Ant Forest managers. • We studied a new kind of green behavior—planting trees in Ant Forest. • Satisfaction with Ant Forest positively influence intention to continue using. • Environmental concern, enjoyment, and game interaction positively influence satisfaction. • Perceived cost negatively influences satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Predicting mobile users' future traffic usage plays an important role for mobile operators to optimize their services. Although a variety of prediction methods have been proposed and applied to this issue, none of them could answer whether the users' traffic behaviors can be predicted. By employing the entropy theory, this paper analyzes the predictability of users' behaviors on traffic types and accounts. Moreover, the mobile network traffic data collected from a major city in China is utilized to test the entropy theory and reveal the accuracy levels. Furthermore, by comparing the prediction results between the years 2012 and 2014, a conclusion is drawn that a large portion of users' behaviors can be predicted, but their traffic usage habits become more difficult to predict in 2014 than in 2012. The results also imply that different entropies achieve more similar predictability in 2014 than in 2012, which indicates the consistency of users' behaviors. Overall, this study reveals the predictability and consistency of users' behavior, which is of great significance for mobile operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) has demonstrated potential to expand HIV testing among key populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM) in China who have low testing rates. However, due to the autonomous nature of self-testing, people who undergo HIVST may lack access to relevant information and counseling support typically provided by in-person HIV testing counselors. WeChat, a popular smartphone application in China, offers a potential source of mobile health (mHealth) information and support for individuals using HIVST. This paper aimed to explore the opinions of MSM in China about the feasibility and potential concerns of using WeChat to support HIVST and reduce risk for HIV infection.Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with 36 MSM about their mobile smartphone usage and the use of WeChat for helping MSM self-administer HIVST kits in Hefei, China. Each interview was digitally recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed used content analysis method according to Elo and Kyngas.Results: MSM described their use of WeChat and expressed cautious endorsement about using this platform to promote HIVST and disseminate HIV-related information. They described their preferences about the implementation features of an mHealth intervention to promote HIVST, including the delivery source of intervention messages, as well as message timing, frequency, form, tone, and content. Participants also described privacy-related concerns about receiving messages via WeChat and offered potential solutions.Conclusions: Findings from this study show the potential utility of WeChat app-based messaging for engaging MSM in HIV self-testing and prevention. Future research is needed to integrate the concerns expressed in this analysis and evaluate a WeChat-based intervention to promote oral HIV self-testing, risk reduction, and health promotion among MSM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]