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Problem: Children with chronic conditions often have difficulties with emotions, concentration, and behaviors (ECB) and are not recognized and treated adequately. In this paper, long‐term medication use (LTM) was adopted as a proxy for chronic illness due to the lack of consistent and standardized diagnostic criteria for chronic illnesses in children. Methods: Children (8–12 years) were selected from the California Health Interview Survey (2017) based on: (1) households with children (<12 years), (2) parent/adult caregivers report about child's health indicating "yes" to, (3) "does your child require prescription medicine for a health condition that has lasted or is expected to last at least 12 months or more," and (4) "difficulties with ECB in past 6 months." Findings: A total of 1600 children were included by the CHIS data set, and children whose parental report had met the selection criteria were children with LTM (n = 144; 7.4 ± 2.9 years), ECB (n = 233; 8.16 ± 2.14), and both LTM + ECB (n = 62; 8.61 ± 1.81). Children with LTM+ ECB were Caucasian (56.4%), Hispanic (19.3%), and males (64.5%). Children with both LTM + ECB had two to three (33.87%) or at least four (53.2%) physician visits, and/or receiving special therapy (45.1%). Children with LTM had prescription delays (n = 144; 5.6%) and were not able to get medical care due to lack of insurance (n = 144; 6.9%). The majority of the children with LTM (54.2%) and LTM + ECB (43.5%) had parental employment‐based insurance. More children that have both LTM and ECB (48.4%) than children with LTM, No ECB (32.9%) were on Medi‐Cal/Medicaid. Conclusion: Children with LTM need further evaluation for difficulties with ECB. Future studies are required to examine health status, healthcare use, and access for children with LTM and ECB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis liberalization is a fascinating case study in moral-legal re-negotiation. From broad international examples of decriminalization to specific local legalization models, numerous criminological questions are emerging. This paper describes three significant challenges for cannabis liberalization. These include persistent inequalities associated with policing cannabis, the invisibility of coercive care and control within diversion, and the hazards associated with illusory policy reform. We present Cannabis Criminology as a multidisciplinary effort to understand the prohibition, decriminalization, legalization, and nascent regulation of cannabis in ways that acknowledge but transcend law-based paradigms. Consistent with criminology's multiple and sometimes contradictory dimensions, we outline five thematic areas that can inform the study of cannabis. These include law, society, and social control, police and policing cannabis, race, ethnicity and intrusion, the economics of cannabis use, and cannabis and criminal behavior. Finally, we conclude that privileging the views of people who use cannabis can provoke more inclusive, participatory, and otherwise imaginative efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure-based therapies are the gold standard treatment for anxiety disorders, and recent advancements in basic and clinical research point to the need to update the implementation of exposure. Recent research has highlighted the importance of transdiagnostic factors such as anxiety sensitivity (AS), or fear of anxiety-related sensations. Elevated AS is common among all anxiety disorders and contains three dimensions, or expectancies, that can be used to guide treatment. Recently, treatments directly targeting AS have shown potential in reducing symptoms of anxiety. In addition, inhibitory learning theory (ILT) provides an alternative explanation of exposure processes based on basic learning research. ILT extends the current framework by accounting for renewal of fear, which is important given the substantial number of individuals who experience a return of symptoms following treatment. The current paper will provide an overview of ILT and discuss several ILT techniques that can be used to target AS. These two converging bodies of research hold strong potential for optimizing treatment for anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of gender and masculinity studies allowed the formation of groups of men who seek to transform masculinity following principles of equity and equality between genders. In this paper, we analyze the interpretive repertoires on the transformation of masculinity present in the discourse of twelve of these men. The results identify and analyze two repertoires, one of tension and flight, that traces an ontological division and describes the transformation as a flight from the influence of a model external to men. The second, self-management repertoire, describes the transformation of masculinity as an exercise in self-knowledge to generate change and alternativity. We conclude that these repertoires are complementary and function as an axiological demarcation that guides the action of change, in addition, these repertoires lead us to think of the transformation of masculinity as an ethical-political issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assess the impact the force-plate actometer, invented by Stephen C. Fowler, has had on behavioral neuroscience so far and what may be possible for future progress. The web service Scopus was queried on April 28, 2021 for articles that cited the Journal of Neuroscience Methods paper titled "A force-plate actometer for quantitating rodent behaviors: illustrative data on locomotion, rotation, spatial patterning, stereotypies, and tremor" resulting in 134 articles. Articles were coded by the author for type (e.g., research, review, book chapter), phenomenon (e.g., stress, addiction), intervention (e.g., pharmacological), and measure (e.g., distance traveled, tremor). Of the 134 citations, 116 were research articles, 10 were review articles, 7 were book chapters and one was an advertisement. The force-plate actometer has been used to study a variety of phenomena and its measurement capabilities were expanded. While primarily used for rats and mice, other species have been used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consequences of a spinal cord injury (SCI) entail much more than damage to the spinal cord. The lives of people with SCI, along with those around them, experience profound long-lasting changes in nearly every life domain. SCI is a physical (biological) injury that is inextricably combined with various psychological and social consequences. The objective of this review is to present psychosocial challenges following SCI through the biopsychosocial model, beginning with acknowledgement of the larger societal effects of ableism and stigma before addressing the many unique psychosocial aspects of living with SCI. Included in this review are qualitative studies and systematic reviews on current psychosocial outcomes and consequences. This paper attempts to structure this information by dividing it into the following sections: relationships and family; changes in finances and employment; issues related to the person's living situation; community reintegration; factors associated with mood and coping (e.g., depression, anxiety, substance use, and PTSD); self-harm behaviors (ranging from nonadherence to suicide); effects of traumatic brain injury; considerations regarding sexual health; aging with SCI; and concludes with a brief discussion about post-traumatic growth. Cultivating an understanding of the unique and interrelated psychosocial consequences of people living with SCI may help mitigate the psychosocial aftermath and serve as a reminder to providers to maintain a person-centered approach to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socially anxious individuals may prefer social media platforms over in-person interactions. For those with high social anxiety (SA), Facebook-related tasks have been associated with anxiety, negative thoughts, and safety behaviours. However, Instagram-related research remains limited. The present study aimed to assess Instagram use alongside cognitive and behavioural processes among participants with low, medium, and high SA. We hypothesised that when using Instagram, individuals with higher SA would (1) experience more negative social cognitions, (2) report higher body image concerns, (3) endorse more safety behaviours when posting pictures, and (4) engage in more photo manipulation. A sample of 213 Instagram users completed an online survey and were divided into groups based on SA severity. The high SA group reported comparing themselves to others and being more anxious on Instagram than the low and medium SA groups. Four 3 (SA groups) x 2 (gender) ANOVAs revealed support for the first three hypotheses and that there was no interaction effect between SA and gender for all outcomes. Results expand our understanding of how specific social media platforms may be aversive for individuals with high SA, which has important implications for conceptualising the role of safety behaviours in online interactions. KEY POINTS What is already known on this topic: Individuals with high social anxiety may prefer online social interactions. Clark and Wells' cognitive model of social anxiety can be extended to the online social media platforms. Social anxiety may be underpinned by body image concerns. What this paper adds: Instagram users with social anxiety experienced more negative social media cognitions and reported more safety behaviours. Instagram users with social anxiety also experienced more body image concerns. Despite gender differences in photo manipulation, an associated relationship with social anxiety was not supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological research has revealed that there is a strong tendency for people to believe that they have a 'true self', and to believe that this true self is inherently morally good. This would seemingly be very good news for virtue theorists, since this may help to promote virtue development. While there are some obvious benefits to people having morality intrinsically tied to their sense of self, in this paper I want to suggest instead that there may also be some significant drawbacks, especially when it comes to motivating virtue development and moral improvement. In part this stems from people's belief in their own inherent moral goodness being merely assumed (as part of one's core identity), rather than earned (say through reliably good moral behavior). This disconnection between identity and behavior can result in attempts to reinforce one's identity as morally good, at the expense of virtuous behavior or self-improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chilades pandava is a dangerous insect pest of Cycas spp., which seriously threatens the growth and development of Cycas plants. On the basis of previous studies, the paper summarized the behaviors of different insect states of C. pandava, such as feeding, flying, resting, mating, spawning, hatching, pupation, eclosion, etc., in order to provide a reference for effective prevention and control of C. pandava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms 'coexistence', 'tolerance,' and 'acceptance' appear frequently in conservation literature, but lack consistent characterization, making them difficult to apply across intervention frameworks. This review aims to describe the common characterizations of these three terms using Africa-based research as a case study. Through systematic lexical searches, we identified 392 papers containing one or more of the three terms. We assessed their usage, definition, and measurement (or lack thereof) in wildlife conservation. Coexistence was used in 46% of papers, but was defined in only 2% and measured in 4%. Tolerance and acceptance were used in 63% and 61% of the papers in which they appeared, respectively, defined in 4% and 2%, and measured in 19% and 5%. These results confirm the lack of clear understanding of these concepts and evidence the need for a precise lexicon. This would allow conservationists to cohesively describe their work and increase replicability of research across contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel-plate composite (SC) walls consist of two steel faceplates connected with tie bars and then filled with concrete. The tie bars provide stability to the empty modules and serve as out-of-plane shear reinforcement after the concrete sets. The tie bars used in SC wall design can vary significantly, for example, round bars, rectangular bars, channel sections, or diaphragm plates. This paper presents the results of experimental and computational investigations conducted to evaluate the out-of-plane shear behavior of SC walls with four different types of tie bars or shear reinforcement. The experimental program consisted of ten full-scale out-of-plane shear tests. The parameters included were the section depth, steel faceplate thickness, shear span-to-depth ratio, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and shear reinforcement ratio. The experimental results are presented in detail, including response plots pertaining to various displacements, rotations, and strain measurements, along with discussions of concrete cracking and shear reinforcement yielding behavior up to failure. The experimental strengths obtained from this study, combined with tests performed by researchers outside the US, indicated that the current AISC N690 code equations are appropriate for estimating the out-of-plane shear strength of SC wall designs that have different types of shear reinforcement. This paper also includes recommendations for improving and optimizing the strength calculations for special SC wall design cases that are not adequately addressed by the current code provisions. Observations from the experimental results were further supported by three-dimensional (3D) finite-element analyses conducted using benchmarked numerical models. This benchmarked numerical modeling approach is recommended for obtaining additional insight into the out-of-plane shear behavior and conducting numerical parametric studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bike sharing systems are becoming more and more common around the world. One of the main difficulties is to ensure the availability of bicycles in order to satisfy users. To achieve this objective, managers of these systems set up rebalancing vehicles that displace bicycles to stations that are likely to be in a situation of bike shortage. In order to determine which stations must be supplied on a priority basis and the number of bicycles to be supplied (named in this paper as rebalancing plan), the aim is generally to reduce the lost demand for each station, i.e., the gap between the demand for bicycles and the number of bicycles at a station. On the one hand, this paper proposes an algorithm that evaluates the lost demand in a more realistic way, by describing the behaviour of users faced with a bike-shortage station. It takes into account the possibility that a proportion of users who cannot find bicycles will move to a neighbouring station that is not empty. This proportion depends on the distance between stations and corresponds to the number of users willing to walk a given distance to a neighbouring station. On the other hand, this algorithm provides the value of the objective function to be minimized to a static rebalancing plan algorithm based on a Random Search metaheuristic. The quantities of bicycles to be picked up and dropped off at each station are calculated in a static rebalancing context. The calculation of lost demand based on this algorithm, which simulates user behaviour, was compared with that one obtained by the classical method on a real numerical example obtained from the open data of Parisian Vélibʼ (more than 1200 stations). In addition, the efficiency of the rebalancing algorithm coupled with the user behaviour simulation algorithm was evaluated on this numerical example and allowed to obtain very good results compared to the rebalancing performed by the system operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes related foot complications are increasing in complexity, frequency and cost. The application of self-management strategies can reduce the risk of individuals developing foot complications. The type, range and nature of the literature focusing on interventions that support patients with diabetic foot self-management is unknown. This scoping review aimed to i) identify self-management actions and risky behaviour avoidance strategies within interventions, ii) map the theoretical functions through which these behaviour change interventions have an effect, iii) display gaps in the research. Methodology: Arksey and Malley's (2003) 5 stage framework was followed to conduct the scoping study. This methodological framework was selected because it was developed specifically for scoping reviews and therefore offered clear methodological distinction from systematic review methodology.. Databases were searched from inception of the project until June 2020 supplemented by hand searching of reference lists. In total 988 papers were identified. These were independently screened by three reviewers, identifying 19 eligible papers. Data extraction and charting of data was independently conducted by three reviewers to identify study characteristics, self-management actions and risky behaviours. Data was charted against the COM-B (capability, opportunity, motivation, behaviour) model of behaviour to determine intervention function. Results: In total 25 different foot self-management actions and risk behaviours were classified into three themes; routine self-management, trauma avoidance and warning signs and actions. Inspect feet daily received the most attention. The majority of interventions focused on knowledge and skills, but overlooked taking action and decision making. Intervention mapping identified four primary intervention functions (education, persuasion, training and enablement) used to address deficits in capability, opportunity and motivation that positively improved foot self-management behaviour. No studies targeted first ulcer prevention, and most either did not measure or improve foot health outcomes. Conclusion: This review charted the evidence for interventions promoting diabetic foot self-management through a theoretical behaviour change perspective. A core set of behaviour change activities and intervention functions associated with positive changes in behaviour were identified. This information will provide researchers with a useful basis for developing self-management interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments throughout the globe usually implement early warning systems to prevent health-related costs from exposure to extreme heat. In a warming world, this type of information-provision approach is believed to be an effective way to deal with this natural hazard, even when there is little evidence of its influence on individuals' behavior. Using detailed information from 1 million trips recorded by a bike-sharing system in Buenos Aires, Argentina, this paper investigates the direct behavioral impact of heat warnings on cycling trips. The results show substantial avoidance behavior for female cyclists and older users: the number of trips for those groups decreases following a heat warning. Alternative specifications for temperature and falsification tests suggest that the findings are robust. As in other studies, this paper also shows that the impact is diluted as time under alert increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings from an experimental investigation that was conducted to assess the shear behavior and the changes in the shear behavior and strength parameters for cemented paste backfill (CPB)–CPB interface as well as the effects of key influential factors (normal stress, curing time, interface roughness, and tailings) on the shear characteristics at the CPB–CPB interface. An extensive program of direct shear tests and microstructural analysis will be conducted to gain insights into the shear behavior at the CPB–CPB interface and the fundamental processes that are responsible for the observed behavior. The results show that the shear characteristics at the CPB–CPB interface are a function of the curing time (degree of cementation), the surface roughness of the CPB, normal stress, and chemical composition of the tailings. The shear behavior of a rough CPB–CPB interface is different from that of a smooth interface. A stress hysteresis loop was observed, and the prepeak linear phase of the shear stress–shear displacement response was an elastoplastic process. The shear failure at the CPB–CPB interface follows Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. In addition, it was found that the CPB–CPB interface was not necessarily a weak plane with respect to the shear failure of the CPB structure. The shear strength at the CPB–CPB interface could be higher than that of the control CPB material (backfill without an interface) and depends on the surface roughness of the CPB and the curing time. An index of the transition curing time for the CPB–CPB interface was proposed to evaluate when the backfill structure would fail first along the CPB–CPB interface. The results presented in this paper will contribute to a better understanding of the shear behavior and the changes in the shear strength parameters of the CPB–CPB interface and guide the development of a constitutive equation for backfill structures that have an interface as well as providing a more cost-effective design for CPB structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any serious challenge to car-dependency requires a better understanding of barriers to the uptake of alternative transport modes, including public transport. Such barriers will be complex and contextual. They may be major, such as the absence of a time competitive public transport option, or a collection of minor, seemingly peripheral inconsistencies between the needs of the user and the operation of the system. This paper provides a comprehensive examination of one such barrier – the restriction of pets on public transport. Typically, cities in Europe, and many in North America and the UK, permit dogs to ride public transport with their carers. Australian cities, in contrast, are more restrictive, deeming the popular practice of dog ownership in Australian cities a relatively car-dependent affair. Drawing from a survey of 1091 Sydney residents, we examine reactions to a hypothetical change in the city's pets on public transport policy to allow dogs to ride with their carers. Specifically, we examine the level of support for the policy change, explore who supports and who would be against the change, and unpick the potential impact of a policy change on user behaviour. We find a low level of opposition to policy change (23%), with only a small portion of respondents indicating that a policy to allow pets on public transport would discourage their use of public transport (21%). The key determinants of policy support relate to attitudes to dogs rather than transport related characteristics, highlighting the need for transport policy makers to look beyond transport issues when considering policy change. The paper concludes with reflections on the importance of investigating the smaller ways public transport policy might be able to encourage transition away from private car use. • Prohibitions on public transport can prevent the provision of an equitable and useful network. • Pets are prohibited on public transport in some cities, deeming pet ownership a car dependent practice. • Removal of this prohibition requires understanding peoples' attitudes to dogs, as well as transport. • A revised pets on public transport policy should be tailored to the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elasticity in cloud is essential to the effective management of computational resources as it enables readjustment at runtime to meet application demands. Over the years, researchers and practitioners have proposed many auto-scaling solutions using versatile techniques ranging from simple if-then-else based rules to sophisticated optimisation, control theory and machine learning based methods. However, despite an extensive range of existing elasticity research, the aim of implementing an efficient scaling technique that satisfies the actual demands is still a challenge to achieve. The existing methods suffer from issues like: (1) the lack of adaptability and static scaling behaviour whilst considering completely fixed approaches; (2) the burden of additional computational overhead, the inability to cope with the sudden changes in the workload behaviour and the preference of adaptability over reliability at runtime whilst considering the fully dynamic approaches; and (3) the lack of considering uncertainty aspects while designing auto-scaling solutions. In this paper, we aim to address these issues using a holistic biologically-inspired feedback switch controller. This method utilises multiple controllers and a switching mechanism, implemented using fuzzy system, that realises the selection of suitable controller at runtime. The fuzzy system also facilitates the design of qualitative elasticity rules. Furthermore, to improve the possibility of avoiding the oscillatory behaviour (a problem commonly associated with switch methodologies), this paper integrates a biologically-inspired computational model of action selection. Lastly, we identify seven different kinds of real workload patterns and utilise them to evaluate the performance of the proposed method against the state-of-the-art approaches. The obtained computational results demonstrate that the proposed method results in achieving better performance without incurring any additional cost in comparison to the state-of-the-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Health behaviors shape more than 30% of one's physical and mental health, as well as overall well-being. Yet, changing behavior is difficult. This paper aims first at operationalizing the concept of health behavior by focusing on its main components and determinants. Second, it gives insights into how to influence health behavior by providing an overview of some of the most commonly used approaches to the design of behavioral interventions.Methods: This is a position paper that presents a selection of evidence-based theories, models and approaches to understand and address behavior.Results: A health behavior broadly refers to every individual action affecting health, disease, disability, or mortality. Behavior is shaped by factors within the skin (biological, psychological) and outside the skin (interpersonal, environmental, policy). Behavior change has therefore to be addressed from an ecological perspective. Specifically, behavior change can be influenced by changing capability, opportunity and motivation. Depending on the specific determinants of the behavior at stake, there are numerous approaches that can be taken. The main steps to design interventions are: defining the problem, selecting and analyzing the target audience, setting objectives, designing the intervention, planning and implementing an evaluation.Conclusion: Behaviors should not be targeted in isolation but within a socio-ecological approach that accounts for both their individual and environmental determinants.Practice Implications: This paper provides practitioners with the bases of behavior change. It offers a road-map of the main factors to consider and shows how to address behavior by planning an intervention in all its main steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been long recognised that some of the fundamental and engineering properties of soils exhibit a certain degree of anisotropy that eventually dictates their directional geoengineering behaviours. Consideration of the importance of the volume change behaviour of soils during shrinkage and a critical review of the literature suggests scopes for further research for the development of a better understanding of the anisotropy in volume change encountered during soil shrinkage. In this paper, anisotropy in volumetric shrinkage behaviour of soil is depicted with the theory of geometry factor and shrinkage strains. A systematic investigation and analysis on the evolution of geometry factors and shrinkage strains of several geomaterial samples during evaporative dewatering is reported herein. A theoretical framework for evaluating shrinkage geometry factors of a cylindrical soil specimen undergoing volume change during progressive moisture loss is described in this paper. Furthermore, based on experimental and literature data, shrinkage geometry factors of several specimens differing in terms of gradational properties, specimen size, evaporative boundary condition and pore fluid salinity are evaluated and discussed in detail in accordance with the theoretical framework. Linkages between shrinkage process, shrinkages strains and geometry factor are also analysed to underpin the usage of geometry factor and shrinkage strains to characterise anisotropy during soil shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic will compel permanent transformation of the travel industry and its aviation sector. Key disruptors emerging from the pandemic will include: • Behavioural changes of the travelling public; • increased fear of contracting the virus during travel; • continued uncertainty as to when an effective vaccine will be available, if ever; • severe global economic downturn; and • revised procedures to be introduced at airports and onboard aircraft that increase the inconvenience of air travel. While the immediate effects of the pandemic may be temporary, interaction with more strategic factors, such as globalisation and the digital economy, could result in disruption of the air travel sector. Issues addressed in this paper include: • Aviation-industry recovery and changes to the business model; • need for regulatory change; • inherent uncertainty in forecasting; and • impact on airport operations and development. This paper explores the impact of these factors and how they could permanently transform the air travel industry, and how the trends of global digitalisation present a unique opportunity to reinvent the entire aviation sector business model as well as the end-to-end travel experience. To achieve this will require meaningful collaboration of the digital technology and air transport sectors to drive innovation and transformational change in response to this challenge for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this specialization article is to describe the state of the art for financial education in young people through a desk-based research that allows a more critical understanding of the phenomenon to be studied, compiling those works developed in this area. This will be done by reviewing the existing literature, knowing the major studies carried out, identifying the relevant actors both nationally and internationally, analyzing the concepts and ideas dominating the finance function and revealing the initiatives carried out to improve the financial education indicators within the young population. Most of the information collected comes from research projects implemented in various countries around the world, academic papers, specialized literature and websites of public and private institutions related to this subject. Since this is a topic of recent public interest, and of which there is no abundance of material, the validity and seriousness of the issuer of the information has been used as an inclusion or exclusion criterion, giving preference to the sources mentioned above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conductor temperature is a critical state variable that should be considered in power flow calculations to improve the calculation accuracy and reveal the potential thermal loadability of transmission components. This paper proposes a calculation method for time-process power flow considering the thermal behavior (TPPFCTB) of transmission components to calculate the temperature dynamics of overhead lines, power cables, and transformers under anticipated system operation scenarios. The TPPFCTB model is represented by differential-algebraic equations, which can be solved as a sequence of extended power flow problems at discretization time intervals. Based on the Newton method, incomplete and complete decoupling methods are proposed to decouple the correction equations into several independent groups with constant coefficient matrices, thus improving computational efficiency. The work presented in this paper provides an effective method for the detection of potential power transfer capability problems associated with transmission components, thus guiding operators to make more economical decisions. Numerical simulations were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing travel behaviour requires a precise understanding of the decision-making processes at work in households, in order to target public policies more effectively. The objective of this paper is to conduct a literature review to identify new research directions in the field of household demotorization, defined as the process of reducing car ownership at the individual household level. We identify three main contributions in the current literature, concerning firstly the quantification of household demotorization, secondly the influence of key events and travel socialisation on the decision to demotorize, and thirdly the role of certain transportation policies. The fourth, concluding section of the paper identifies policy implications and proposes new challenges for research in this field, which we believe deserves greater attention in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tangible progress to address climatic change remains painfully slow. As a result, practices to deliberately manipulate the Earth's carbon and energy cycles to counteract climate change have gained traction and they are increasingly incorporated into mainstream debate. This paper examines one of the less documented examples of climate geoengineering, namely the creation of 'super low carbon cows'. Driven by the public's desire for a low carbon pint of milk or beef burger, I show how a combination of bioengineering, technological fixes and management practices have resulted in, and are informing, everyday changes to the way in which animals are bred, cared for and eaten—and in turn, how it affects the food that we consume. Thus, the role of the cow within the Anthropocene now extends from meat machine and sentient being to climate change saviour. I seek to show that super low carbon cows represent part of a wider climate 'responsibilisation' in which business interests and corporate storytelling are governing and enacting everyday mundane practices of climate engineering as part of the corporate carbon economy. Yet, as with other climate 'fixes', this paper shows that the super low carbon cow provides, at best, an imperfect correction. Critical gaps in the evidence of the efficiency of the solutions being advanced remain whilst manipulating an animal to be more climate friendly evokes unease when considering the wider sustainability and ethical impacts. Perhaps most critically, reliance on climate engineering to provide cheap and easy ways to control our climate fails to question, far less address, the ever-increasing demand, production and wastage of food. It also potentially undermines the already weak political will for other essential and more radical responses to climate change. In doing so, I contrast the extensive efforts to change the everyday behaviours of a cow with the limited attempts to meaningfully challenge the everyday practices, consumption lifestyles and dietary choices of the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exercise maximum flexibility in scheduling to optimize data collection. • Secure a variety of contact methods to support successful communication. • Study eligibility requirements should be well thought out and clearly defined. • Driving exposure should be measured frequently to explain changes in driving behaviors. Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of mortality among teenagers. Teen driving research has a longstanding history; however, much of this work is cross-sectional. The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute for Child Health and Human Development funded a study, REACT (R oadway E xperiences and A ttentional C hange in T eens) which combined factorial and longitudinal designs to investigate the independent and joint effects of age and driving experience on driving attention over time among young drivers. Longitudinal methods offer important contributions to teen driving research by enabling characterization of driving trajectories. This paper describes methodological considerations for longitudinal studies of teen drivers. Such considerations are organized into overarching themes, including population, recruitment, enrollment, and retention, throughout this paper. These considerations were compiled as a combination of our own experiences in REACT and previous literature. We elaborate on these considerations below to illustrate the value of each consideration. Issues encountered are discussed and strategies for dealing with various issues are described. Transportation barriers, scheduling difficulties, and skipped study milestones were among the most frequent challenges; we outline these and other issues encountered in REACT and corresponding considerations for such issues in Table 2. Sharing these experiences should aid future longitudinal investigations of young drivers, which are critically needed to reduce teen MVCs. Studies similar to REACT are considerable undertakings due to the comprehensive nature of longitudinal design. Such investigations must maintain a delicate balance between appropriate amounts of rigor and flexibility in the development of thoroughly defined research questions and theoretically driven frameworks. Key considerations that have contributed to the success of REACT are outlined, challenges encountered throughout data collection are documented, and recommendations based on choices made and lessons learned to inform future longitudinal investigations on young drivers are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public consultations are used by regulatory agencies for input into their decisions and provide an opportunity for interest groups to voice their concerns. However, researchers emphasised that interest groups are also active before consultations, when drafting regulatory rules. Public consultations might be the tip of the iceberg, with influence during early rule drafting stages looming beneath the surface. This paper looks into interest group behaviour during rulemaking by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Combining datasets on interest group access to rule drafting workshops (N = 538) and interest group behaviour in consultations (N = 42,595), the paper assesses what those that help draft rules do during public consultations. Strikingly, only a minority of these groups participate in consultations afterwards. Those that do participate, however, make active attempts to change regulation. These findings do not differ for different interest group types or at different levels of salience. Public consultations are therefore actively used by insiders, emphasising their importance for providing input in the rulemaking process. However, as many of those that draft rules do not participate in public consultations, the impact of many vital interest groups exists beneath the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel chaotic new three-dimensional system has been studied by Zhang et al. in 2012. In the system, there are three control parameters and three different nonlinear terms which governed equations. Zhang et al. studied elementary (preliminary) dynamic properties of the chaotic new three-dimensional system by means of bifurcation diagram, maximum Lyapunov exponent, phase portraits, dynamics behaviors by changing some parameters etc., using all possible theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. In this paper, we have demonstrated its complete synchronization. The proposed results are verified by numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaled experimentation continues to play a significant role in process, product design and testing for metallic components and products but for hot forging in particular is recognized to suffer pronounced scale effects with physical behaviour changing with scale. This paper is concerned with an assessment of a new scaling approach called finite similitude that has appeared in the recent literature and a new methodology for exact and inexact experimentation involving scaled experiments. Finite similitude is founded on the scaling of space itself and on a formulation that ensures that the governing physics (in transport form) remain invariant up to proportionality. Unfortunately, proportionality breaks down with scale and to account for this careful experimental design is needed. A question of some importance, which is addressed in this paper, is whether it is possible that physically different materials can exhibit similar mechanical behaviour at certain conditions? These are termed "scaled-material twins" if they are able to match the required material response to some degree of accuracy for those ranges of temperature and strain rates that are representative of forging processes. Presented in the paper is a methodology for selecting scaled-material twins and the quantification of errors involved and its effect on scaled experimentation. Trials with hot disc forgings of different materials and sizes are performed to highlight the difficulties associated with scaling but also to demonstrate that scaled experimentation is possible and if correctly designed offers measurable advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the defects and shortcomings of the traditional target detection and tracking algorithm in accurately detecting targets and targets in different scenarios, based on the current research status and technical level of target detection and tracking at home and abroad, this paper proposes a target detection algorithm and tracking method using neural network algorithm, and applies it to the athlete training model. Based on the Alex-Net network structure, this paper designs a three-layer convolutional layer and two layers of fully connected layers. The last layer is used as the input of the SVM classifier, and the target classification result is obtained by the SVM classifier. In addition, this article adds SPP-Layer between the convolutional layer and the fully connected layer, enabling the same dimension of the Feature Map to be obtained before the fully connected layer for different sized input images. The research results show that the proposed method has certain recognition effect and can be applied to athlete training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we finish the proof of the Main Theorem on the L-surface, i.e., Theorem 2.1.4 in part (I) of this paper [1], to which the reader is also referred for basic notation. In Sections 3–5 we develop the basic form of the shortline method. In the subsequent papers this basic form will be be extended and modified in many different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stated choice analysis has been extensively applied to understand choice behavior with travel time variability. However, under a risk-neutral and belief-neutral assumption, the conventional approach to travel time variability has a number of behavioral limitations. In this review paper, we illustrate the violation of linear utility maximization under the traditional risk-neutral assumption and the violation of linear probability weighting under the belief-neutral assumption. This paper also reviews recent stated preference studies based on behaviorally superior theories (Expected Utility Theories, Rank-Dependent Utility Theory, Cumulative Prospect Theory) that have accommodated the role of risk attitude and/or belief in understanding risky travel choice behavior, including their behavioral contributions and major advancements over previous studies. We also highlight several common errors in the majority of the existing studies including the interpretation of risk attitude, the specification of nonlinear utility and the t-test for nonlinear probability weighting, and suggest ways to avoid these problems. Several avenues for future research are set out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To ascertain the diffusion and influence of Savolainen's ELIS model and its use as a theoretical and/or methodological basis for research. Design/methodology/approach: A context citation analysis was made of the work where this researcher published his model. Analysis covered the year of publication, the type of work and the subject matter of the citing documents concerned. In-context citations were analysed for their frequency in each citing text, style, location and content cited. Findings: The ELIS model received 18.5 cites/year. 20.2 per cent of them corresponded to papers published in journals in other areas, mainly computer science. The average of cites per paper was 1.8; 64.5 percent of the citing works cited them only once. 60 per cent of the cites were considered essential. Only 13.7 per cent of these cites appear in theory or methods. 37 per cent of the citing documents contained no concept relating to the model. Research limitations/implications: The method used focuses on the most direct context of a cite (sentence or paragraph), but isolates it from the general context (full document, other documents by the author or their social capital). It has, however, allowed this research issue to be dealt with under laboratory conditions and revealed nuances hidden by the absolute number of cites. Originality/value: It has become evident that the dissemination and influence of the ELIS model are less than what the total number of cites indicates and that it has scarcely been incorporated into research design. Despite its popularity, it is not being validated and/or refuted by way of empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a framework of alternative underlying explanations and hypotheses related to the value of travel time changes caused by the widespread adoption of autonomous vehicles (AVs). This framework supports a scenario-based approach for infrastructure planning based on various assumptions about the value of AV travel time. The main focus of this paper is on how the value of time may remain unchanged or even increase with the advent of AVs. This is in sharp contrast to existing views about how meaningful positive utility will be associated with traveling in AVs. In future, as field data reveals behavioral changes related to AV adoption, the most appropriate hypothesis within the framework will be validated and refined for future planning and system management. The framework proposed in this paper is supported by justifications from existing and emerging theoretical concepts and hypotheses, as well as a meta-analysis extracted from contemporary but isolated reports in the literature about the possibility that AV use will increase the value of travel time. • Empirical analysis of possible way to explain an increase in VoT of AVs. • Theoretical discussion of ways to explain an increase in VoT of AVs. • Answering the question on why the literature is more dominated by discussions justifying a reduction in VoT of AVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy pile groups generally show different behavior than single energy piles because of the presence of rafts and the thermomechanical interaction between piles. This paper presents the results from a series of full-scale field tests to investigate the thermomechanical behavior of an energy pile–raft foundation. The energy pile group was nonsymmetrically operated to analyze the thermally induced group effects. A nonuniform temperature increase may induce a significant change in the distributions of the thermal stress and mobilized shaft resistance. This paper demonstrates that group effects between energy piles can trigger effects in the pile-raft foundation. The nonsymmetrical thermal loading induces a differential displacement in the foundation. When the number of operating piles increases, a lower thermal stress develops along the operating pile and the differential displacement decreases. In addition, because of the indirect heating of the surrounding piles, the differential displacement will continuously decrease during long-term operation, and the thermal stress on the surrounding, nonoperating piles gradually becomes crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide and suicidal behaviour are global health concerns with complex aetiologies. Given the recent research and policy focus on loneliness, this systematic review aimed to determine the extent to which loneliness predicts suicidal ideation and/or behaviour (SIB) over time.Methods: A keyword search of five major databases (CINHAL, Medline, PsychArticles, PsychInfo and Web of Knowledge) was conducted. Papers for inclusion were limited to those using a prospective longitudinal design, written in English and which measured loneliness at baseline and SIB at a later time-point.Results: After duplicates were removed, 947 original potential papers were identified, with 22 studies meeting the review criteria. Meta-analysis revealed loneliness was a significant predictor of both suicidal ideation and behaviour and there was evidence that depression acted as a mediator. Furthermore, studies which consisted of predominantly female participants were more likely to report a significant relationship, as were studies where participants were aged 16-20 or >55 years at baseline.Limitations: There was considerable variability in measures, samples and methodologies used across the studies. Middle-aged adults were under-represented, as were individuals from minority ethnic backgrounds. All studies were conducted in countries where self-reliance and independence (i.e. individualism) are the cultural norm.Conclusions: Loneliness predicts later SIB in select populations. However, due to the heterogeneity of the studies further research is needed to draw more robust conclusions. Suicide death also needs to be included as an outcome measure. A focus on more collectivist countries is also required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Festivals are large scale events that can have profound impacts on the host communities. Using the sustainable consumption framework to assess the sociodemographic characteristics of sustainably-minded event attendees, this paper determines the relationship between both at home and while-travelling sustainability practices by gender, socioeconomic status, and family status. Using a factorial repeated-measures ANOVA from 424 renaissance festival attendee surveys, this study shows that Faire attendees are more engaged in sustainable behaviours at home than while travelling, and that women outscored men on 11 of the 14 behaviours analysed. This paper also provides practical applications of the study findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, the educational system was taken by surprise by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the educational institutions were delivering face-to-face classes and were forced to switch to online teaching in a very short period of time due to lockdown measures and the health and safety measures put in place by public authorities. In addition to universities, professional courses were also forced to be delivered online. Most of the time, these professional courses are important because they are directly linked to keeping the right to practice. The present paper focuses on the changing pattern in behavior of professionals and their acceptance of online courses. By applying over 1000 questionnaires in a timespan of more than one year, we have studied the impact of digitalization on the behavior and perception of professionals. We measured if the change towards online courses could be sustainable in the long run. The results of our study show that the behavior of professionals is different than those of students and that the online courses can be a long-term solution for education in professional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of nervous system effects of glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, have not been critically examined. The aim of this paper was to systematically review glyphosate-induced neurotoxicity literature to determine its usefulness in regulatory decision-making. The review was restricted to mammalian studies of behavior, neuropathology, and neuropharmacology; in vitro and other biochemical studies were considered supplementary information. Glyphosate formulation studies were also considered, despite uncertainties regarding toxicities of the formulated products; no studies used a formulation vehicle as the control. Inclusion criteria were developed a priori to ensure consistent evaluation of studies, and in vivo investigations were also ranked using ToxRTool software to determine reliability. There were 27 in vivo studies (open literature and available regulatory reports), but 11 studies were considered unreliable (mostly due to critical methodological deficiencies). There were only seven acceptable investigations on glyphosate alone. Studies differed in terms of dosing scenarios, experimental designs, test species, and commercial product. Limitations included using only one dose and/or one test time, small sample sizes, limited data presentation, and/or overtly toxic doses. While motor activity was the most consistently affected endpoint (10 of 12 studies), there were considerable differences in outcomes. In six investigations, there were no marked neuropathological changes in the central or peripheral nervous system. Other neurological effects were less consistent, and some outcomes were less convincing due to influences including high variability and small effect sizes. Taken together, these studies do not demonstrate a consistent impact of glyphosate on the structure or function of the mammalian nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networking sites and apps (SNSAs) are being used more frequently across the world and yet the nature of this online environment and associated interactions are not fully understood. With no restrictions for SNSAs use related to specific geographical regions, language, age, gender, educational level, or any other factors, it is important to find a concept to describe and explain the components of this online environment and their relationships. This paper describes the environment of SNSAs use by Saudi postgraduate students from the perspective of second-generation activity theory (AT). The findings supported the theoretical framework of AT as a useful lens in understanding SNSAs use from the perspective of students, particularly in a cultural environment where physical communication has restrictions based on gender. A similar AT model can be drawn for the use of SNSAs, taking the perspective of different groups of academic users. The flexibility of the AT model appears at the level of SNSAs as technical and physical tools, and at the level of users' community, which was managed by the explicit and implicit rules relating to communication. This feature reveals the way in which this extended framework can be used to indicate pertinent features of SNSAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a method for user interface (UI) behaviour prediction in commercial applications. The proposed method predicts appropriate UI behaviours for an application by learning repeated UI behaviour sequences from users. To this end, we adopted the long short-term memory algorithm based on the evaluation of a keystroke-level model. Our prediction model takes up to seven consecutive actions as inputs to predict the final UI actions that a user is likely to perform. We verified the effectiveness of the proposed method for both PC applications and mobile game environments. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can predict user UI behaviours in an application on the client side and provide useful behavioural information for optimising UI layouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between exposure to a transmedia entertainment-education (EE) social and behavior change communication (SBCC) initiative with shifting child marriage-related social norms. Districts were selected purposively, whereas households were selected randomly. A total of 1102 households (n = 3905) with fathers, mothers, adolescent boys, and girls completed the baseline and endline survey. Logistic regression using panel data was conducted. There was a decline in the perceived prevalence of child marriage and dowry exchange within respondents' communities at endline. For injunctive norms, fathers reported significantly higher levels of disapproval for child marriage at endline. However, the reverse was true for mothers and adolescent girls. Almost all respondents had a significantly lower odds of identifying rewards/benefits and punishments/consequences associated with rejecting child marriage at endline. Most respondents with exposure to Icchedana were more likely to report the importance of injunctive norms or expectations of others on their behaviors, than those who were not exposed. Exposure to EE contributes to improved articulation of and shifts in social norms and engenders normative changes at the population level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article showcases the adaptability of existing mobility devices for the Algerian disabled population. It aims to develop a behavior model of disabled Algerian persons through (1) development of a theoretical model based on literature review and (2) improvement of this model by using local collected data from our developed questionnaire. The majority of existing mobility devices for disabled persons are adapted developed countries context. The Algerian context (people and environment) has its own specifications and needs. Researchers does not address the disabled people behavior modelling in Algeria, due to the unavailability of data and the difficulty of their collection. In order to overcome this problem and develop adapted mobility devices for this particular population, the deployment of a questionnaire to collect local data, becomes necessary. First, a behavior model is deduced from the literature review then a questionnaire is developed and deployed to complete the missing field of this model. The deployment questionnaire panel is composed of 260 persons including users, their families and staff working in disabled person's aid organization. The main result of this paper consist in a specific behavior model of Algerian disabled persons. This population are looking for reliable and smart wheelchair (97%) to be able to overcome their daily mobility difficulties due to the infrastructure and the global economic context. The proposed model can generate adapted wheelchair for Algerian context. The results of the questionnaire are an important step to understand disabilities in Algeria and developing countries. Development of a behavior model for the disabled persons displacement. Development and deployment of questionnaire for disabled persons in Algeria. Review of disabled person situation and existing wheelchair in Algeria. Identification of Algerian disabled persons requirement and demonstrate that are different from European one. Definition of recommendation set for the design of wheelchair adapted to Algerian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely admitted that the repeated passage of heavy goods vehicles as well as environmental conditions are the main causes of damage to road structures. This sometimes requires the use of rehabilitation techniques to maintain the road in operational and safe condition and extend its life. The current trend in the world is to find new low cost materials that are able to guarantee the best performance of pavements; the Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is a good example. This work is mainly concerned with the use of more rigid local materials in the construction of roads and their placement by compaction instead of flexible asphalt concrete wearing courses which have been shown several drawbacks. Indeed, flexible asphalt concrete wearing courses become softer under heavy traffic and require a very expensive bituminous material supply. It is therefore urgent today to find cost-efficient road construction techniques that can combine durability and hardness. The strategy used in this research consists, on the one hand, in making a roller compacted concrete made of recycled aggregates using materials from local deposits with a low dosage of cement, and on the other hand, to validate this study numerically by evaluating the maximum compressive strength and then to model the cracked sections of roller compacted concrete containing recycled aggregates in order to develop a new method that allow minimizing the degradation of pavements. This would certainly make the present research paper more original. The results obtained allowed to find that it is quite possible to manufacture roller compacted concrete with partial incorporation of recycled aggregates with compressive strength acceptable and approximately equal to 34 MPa at 28 days. This type of RCC is more resistant and less dangerous because recycled aggregates improve the behavior of pavements, especially in the presence of cracks where we found that the stress intensity factor for RCC with natural aggregates (− 1.1631 MPa√m) is greater than in RCC with recycled aggregates (− 0.4989 Mpa√m). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) and behavior (SB) among people suffering from psychotic disorders is a public health issue. Most suicide attempts (SAs) occur before or during the early phases of first-episode psychosis (FEP). Improving knowledge about the suicide risk in the early stages is essential to develop therapeutic and prevention strategies. We conducted a systematic review to investigate an association between neurocognitive impairments or a history of impulsive behavior and SI or SB among patients with FEP.Method: PRISMA guidelines were followed. Ten databases were searched using MeSH terms or key-words related to FEP, impulsivity or cognitive functioning measures and SI or SB, without restrictions for study design or length of follow-up. Included studies evaluated at least one cognitive function with neuropsychological tests or validated questionnaires, or provided records of impulsive behavior.Results: Twenty one research papers were included from databases, bibliographic references or expert opinions. Among patients with FEP, seven studies showed more pronounced neuropsychological impairments, especially regarding attention, processing speed, executive functioning and theory of mind in patients that had attempted suicide. No association was found between cognitive impairments on neuropsychological tests and SI. Previous non-suicidal impulsive behaviors were associated with SAs and suicide.Conclusion: Our review suggests an association between neurocognitive impairments and SAs among patients with FEP. Records of impulsive behavior are also associated with SB in that population. Further research on the neuropsychology of FEP is necessary to identify how these impairments facilitate SB and evaluate their potential utility as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologist Clifford Scott compares psychoanalysis and analytical psychology in relation to the detailed behaviour of analysts. This is essential because behaviour determines, to a large extent, both the data produced and the field of study in which analysts are engaged. Among the changes in behaviour is one not sufficiently appreciated in his paper. A good many analytical psychologists have found out that there are advantages to be gained by using the couch, and, while not making it conditional for analysis to take place, they use it more often than the chair. Again, though it still is current practice to `ask patients to concentrate on an image and see what happens', or, for that matter, to concentrate on dreams by writing them down and reporting them in the session, a growing number of analytical psychologists follow a practice nearer to the one Scott indicates as characteristic of psychoanalysis: they do this because the dialectic between them and their patients is furthered and made more alive.

With the rapid progress of digital technology and new business models' development, the platform ecosystem has not only penetrated every sector in society but also revealed various problems. Platform governance researchers have highlighted its significance, but failed to adequately consider ecosystem participants' behaviour. This paper aims to explore platform governance's effects on enterprises' behaviour in a multiorganisational platform ecosystem context. The tripartite evolutionary game is chosen to construct a mathematical model that integrates the government, platform organisation, and internal enterprises to analyse formal and informal governance's influence on enterprises' behaviour in the platform ecosystem. It was discovered that both formal and informal governance can decrease internal enterprises' opportunistic behaviours. Furthermore, formal governance has stronger effects than informal governance, although informal governance's effects are more stable. Additionally, self-organisation in the platform ecosystem is another important area of focus. This paper enriches an understanding of platform ecosystems while formulating insights relevant in using platform governance to develop small and medium-sized enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design effort is a key resource for product design projects. Environments where design effort is scarce, and therefore valuable, include hackathons and other time-limited design challenges. Predicting design effort needs is key to successful project planning; therefore, understanding design effort-influencing factors (objective considerations that are universally accepted to exert influence on a subject, that is, types of phenomena, constraints, characteristics, or stimulus) will aid in planning success, offering an improved organizational understanding of product design, characterizing the design space and providing a perspective to assess project briefs from the outset. This paper presents the Collaborative Factor Identification for Design Effort (CoFIDE) Method based on Hird's (2012) method for developing resource forecasting tools for new product development teams. CoFIDE enables the collection of novel data of, and insight into, the collaborative understanding and perceptions of the most influential factors of design effort levels in design projects and how their behavior changes over the course of design projects. CoFIDE also enables design teams, hackathon teams, and makerspace collaborators to characterize their creative spaces, to quickly enable mutual understanding, without the need for complex software and large bodies of past project data. This insight offers design teams, hackathon teams, and makerspace collaborators opportunities to capitalize on positive influences while minimizing negative influences. This paper demonstrates the use of CoFIDE through a case study with a UK-based product design agency, which enabled the design team to identify and model the behavior of four influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued failure to put transport on a robust low carbon transition pathway calls for new approaches in policy and research. In studies of transport systems and patterns of mobility, established approaches to data collection, analysis and subsequent policy design have focused on capturing 'typical' conditions rather than identifying the potential for substantive change. This focus on the apparent aggregate stability of the transport regime has reproduced a belief in policy circles that our current travel patterns are largely fixed and therefore very difficult to alter, which in turn has resulted in an over reliance on implausible assumptions about the carbon reductions that can be achieved through technological improvements such as low emission vehicles. This paper argues that there is potentially much greater adaptive capacity in the mobility system than currently allowed for. It illustrates this potential through the investigation of actual adaptations made during a set of specific 'disruptive' events. The paper concludes by suggesting that we can go further in reducing the demand for travel if we broaden the scope of intervention to take a wider view of when and how mobility matters to participation in activities across the population. This could enable an acceleration of existing trends which suggest the potential for less mobility and therefore less carbon intensive lives. • Data collected during episodes of transport 'disruption' offer novel insights on behavioural adaptations. • The learnings from responses to 'disruptions' are important for understanding the potential for policy change. • Transport patterns are not as difficult to change as is commonly understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an original approach to the study of the seismic behaviour of bridge abutments. The proposed method incorporates a simplified description of the dynamic response of the bridge structure into a finite-element model of the soil–abutment system. Specifically, the dynamic behaviour of the bridge structure is described by a macro-element that simulates the loads transferred to the abutment during the seismic event. The macro-element is identified using a structural model of the bridge as a reference. This approach improves the current analysis methods based on sub-structuring, limiting at the same time the computational demand needed for a complete study of the soil–structure interaction. In the paper, the validity of the procedure is demonstrated comparing the results of the simplified approach with the results obtained from full three-dimensional dynamic analyses of idealised soil–bridge systems, using non-linear advanced constitutive models to describe the soil behaviour. Based on these results, a strategy is devised for the calibration of the bridge macro-element, making use of a limited number of input parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]