47 results
Search Results
2. The political economy of US maritime strategy in the Indo-Pacific.
- Author
-
Furse, Thomas
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC elites , *NAVAL officers , *MILITARY strategy , *POLITICAL integration , *NATIONAL security , *CORPORATE giving - Abstract
Political economy impacts and influences a state's military strategy. This article focuses on how the integration of the US political economy in the Indo-Pacific drives US Navy officers and the broader national security state to establish the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP). Investigating the strategic thought of senior Naval officers shows that they think far beyond military threats and engage with the United States and the Indo-Pacific political economy. Even as the US Navy competes with China's military, its FOIP strategy benefits corporate elites in both China and the US, whose cooperation creates a mutually supportive economic relationship. This argument leads to the finding that the US hegemony in the region is a strategy that avoids a bipolar 'New Cold War' of an entirely de-coupled US and China. The FOIP supported by the US Navy continues to integrate China into regional and global economies, even as it attempts to push back against China by gathering allies and partners. The emphasis on international political economy highlights how the region is a network of 'patchwork' relations, where states rely on one another for economic prosperity. Through investigating speeches and strategic papers from US Naval officials, this paper demonstrates how the US competes and cooperates with China in the context of relations in the region that are in constant flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The PRC'S Military Strategies on the Security Architecture of East and South China Sea under President Xi Jinping.
- Author
-
Karadag, Lokman
- Subjects
- *
MILITARY strategy , *NATIONAL security , *GEOPOLITICS - Abstract
This paper analyses the four main military strategies of the People's Republic of China towards the security architecture of East and South China Sea under President Xi Jinping. These strategies cover a region that has been under the US alliance system's security umbrella since the Cold War. This paper demonstrates that the People's Republic of China, under the current leadership, seeks to reorder the regional security architecture to its favour by leveraging military modernisation, influence operations and diplomatic-economic power to remove the influence of the US and its allies over the East and South China Sea. The present study argues that the successful conclusion of the rising power's strategies over the East and South China Sea will translate the current geopolitical rivalry into a power transition to the detriment of the established power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
4. All geopolitics is local: the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor amidst overlapping centre–periphery relations.
- Author
-
Abb, Pascal
- Subjects
- *
TRANSPORTATION corridors , *GEOPOLITICS , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security ,SILK Road - Abstract
Pakistan occupies an elevated role in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and hosts its so-called flagship project, the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Existing literature has often interpreted this project from a geopolitical perspective, as a vehicle through which a rising China projects influence on a peripheral country and advances its own centrality in international affairs. While such motivations certainly played a major role in getting the project off the ground, they are not the sole determinant of its design, or the heated controversies it triggered within Pakistan. This paper seeks to capture both dimensions by analysing the development of CPEC, and the handling of the conflicts it sparked, through a lens of overlapping centre–periphery relations: one between China and Pakistan at the international level, and one between Islamabad and peripheral regions and groups within the country. I argue that this model best captures the pivotal position and resulting agency of national governments in shaping local BRI implementations. It also shows how the BRI is not a straight case of Chinese influence radiating outwards; rather, contestation by local actors in turn forces adaptations in Chinese foreign and security policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. From Non-Interference to Adaptative Pragmatism: China's Security Policy in Africa.
- Author
-
GAZIBO, MAMOUDOU and LEMA, ABDOU RAHIM
- Subjects
- *
PRAGMATISM , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *POLICE internal investigation , *AFRICAN peacekeeping forces - Abstract
China's growing focus on African peace and security has generated discussions on its longstanding foreign policy principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of African countries and most of that growing body of research have argued that China is doing away with its foreign policy principle. Drawing its conclusions from a careful analysis of China's security engagement with African countries, this paper argues that, forced to deal with various African crises, China has been pragmatically adaptive. This adaptive pragmatism has allowed Beijing to get involved in Africa's peace and security landscape without overtly compromising its traditional posture on non-interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Richard Nixon in Cina. Le ragioni di Pechino in una prospettiva di lungo periodo.
- Author
-
Congiu, Francesca
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *COMMUNIST parties , *NATIONAL security - Abstract
The paper aims at exploring the reasons behind China-US rapprochement giving priority to the Chinese perspective. This allows to deal with Nixon’s visit not as an isolated event but as an historical process that has been built over time in order to give international legitimacy to an ideological project. It will be noted, indeed, that the essential conditions that the Chinese communist party presupposes for the development of diplomatic relations with the United States, have been reproposed in various forms over t [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
7. The UK's Indo-Pacific Policy: A Comparative Perspective.
- Author
-
Jyun-Yi Lee
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL organization , *NATIONAL security , *GEOPOLITICS , *MILITARY policy , *BRITISH withdrawal from the European Union, 2016-2020 - Abstract
This paper explores the UK's future Indo-Pacific policy by looking into the newly published Integrated Review (IR) and comparing it with the French and German policy papers. The "Indo-Pacific tilt" is one of the most highlighted themes in the IR, but a reading of the review suggests that the UK remains Euro-Atlantic centered when it comes to defense and security policy. It is only after the internal and external security issues are addressed that the UK pursues its "global interest" through diplomacy and trade. Hence, while the geopolitical and economic importance of the Indo-Pacific is acknowledged, and the stance of the UK towards the region appears more ambitious and confident than that of France and Germany, it remains a question as to the degree to which the UK may commit to the Indo-Pacific. The UK defines China as a "systemic competitor" rather than a "threat," suggesting that while the challenges China poses may be comprehensive and profound, they are not taken as immediate and urgent. This designation is peculiar. On the one hand, it differs from the US policy, which sees China (and Russia) as threats to its national security. On the other hand, compared with the European counterparts, the UK is the only one that calls out China, expressing a stronger will to counter China when necessary. Therefore, it is suggested that the post-Brexit UK is likely to side with the US in the US-China-EU triangular relations. Being very much a middle power, however, the UK's space for maneuver is limited. It pledges to compete against China and seek the latter's cooperation simultaneously, but such a stance requires power and will that the country may be lacking. The deployment of HMS Queen Elizabeth to the Indo-Pacific, for instance, has been described as an expression of the UK's commitment to the rules-based international order. Yet Prime Minister Johnson's emphasis on not antagonizing anyone and the decision that the Carrier Strike Group will not sail through the Taiwan Strait indicates a concern about China and consequently difficulty implementing the "co-opetition" strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. China's new security concept: India, terrorism, China's geostrategic interests and domestic stability in Pakistan.
- Author
-
Verma, Raj
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *SOCIOECONOMICS , *POLITICAL stability ,INDIA-Pakistan relations - Abstract
The paper seeks to provide an answer to the question which has hitherto not been significantly explored in the relevant academic scholarship: Why did China block India's (and other countries) attempts to designate Masood Azhar – head of Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM/Jaish) as terrorist under UN Security Council 1267 committee rules? According to the extant literature, China's actions are explained broadly by India-China rivalry and India-Pakistan rivalry resulting in a strategic and 'all weather partnership between China and Pakistan against their common enemy India. This study argues that China's actions are also explained by its New (Asian) Security Concept and the ensuing China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), domestic (in)stability in Pakistan and China's geo-strategic interests. China is deeply perturbed by the socio-economic-political instability in Pakistan. China was concerned that if Masood Azhar was designated as a terrorist under UNSC 1267 Committee rules, Jaish and other terrorist organizations would take up arms against the Pakistani state (as in the past) which will create further instability in Pakistan and undermine CPEC and China's geo-strategic interests. Thus, the paper provides a more comprehensive and nuanced grasp of China's reluctance to designate Masood Azhar as a terrorist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Indonesia's swift securitization of the Natuna Islands how Jakarta countered China's claims in the South China Sea.
- Author
-
Meyer, Patrik Kristhope, Nurmandi, Achmad, and Agustiyara, Agustiyara
- Subjects
- *
TERRITORIAL waters , *NATIONAL security , *SOCIAL media - Abstract
After being a neutral actor for decades in the complex South China Sea (SCS) territorial disputes, Indonesia has seen itself compelled by China's assertiveness to become firmer about protecting its territorial sovereignty around the Natuna Islands (NI). Jakarta is alarmed by China's claims that it has undeniable historical fishing rights in the NI territorial waters because they undermine Indonesia's territorial sovereignty. Our analysis loosely adopts the securitization conceptual framework proposed by the Copenhagen School to reveal that Jakarta swiftly securitized the NI issue between 2014 and 2016. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, this paper unpacks how the Indonesian printed mainstream media discussed the NI in recent years. By the end of 2016, the Indonesian media portrayed China's claims that it has historical fishing rights in the NI territorial waters as the most urgent national security threat to Indonesia, i.e. the NI issue was securitized. This analysis shows that the Indonesian people accepted Jakarta's security discourse, i.e. Jakarta had successfully securitized China's claims over the NI territorial waters. This paper makes a new contribution to the securitization literature by simultaneously analysing the Indonesian news and social media outlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. AFGHANISTAN IMBROGLIO: IMPACT ON THE CENTRAL ASIAN STATES.
- Author
-
Iqbal, Sajid and Rauf, Sarwat
- Subjects
- *
PEACEBUILDING , *GEOPOLITICS , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL mediation , *ENERGY industries - Abstract
This paper attempts to find the dynamism in Afghanistan's relations with Central Asian states. It is explained that prosperity without security is not possible and ongoing imbroglio in Afghanistan is directly affecting Central Asian states. The Central Asian states are surrounded by China, Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran. These states (with significant influence of India and Turkey) are the key regional players and their socioeconomic and political interests are converged on various issues. The political conditions in Afghanistan would directly impact the interests of Central Asian states. Drug trafficking, illegal migration, religious extremism, a ramified corrupt network, porous border and terrorism are subverting peace in Afghanistan and its spillover effects are dangerous for Central Asian states. The military and security situation in Afghanistan has a direct impact on the production and transport of energy from Central Asia to the rest of the world. The response of the regional organizations, particularly the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), with certain commonalities, towards these issues often contrasts with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). This paper focuses on the efforts of major powers (Russia, China, and the US) along with neighbouring countries in the peacebuilding in Afghanistan to avoid its spillover effects over Central Asian states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
11. China’s security policy in Africa: A new or false dawn for the evolution of the application of China’s non-interference principle?
- Author
-
Barton, Benjamin
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
This paper discusses the application of the non-interference principle in the context of China’s security policy in Africa, to determine the extent to which we are witnessing an evolution in the application of this principle. Indeed, as seen with the recent opening of the military base in Djibouti or with China’s contribution to peace talks in South Sudan, it would appear that the non-intervention principle is undergoing a course reversal. This paper will argue that, in spite of these apparent shifts, there has been no fundamental change to the application of this principle. To make this point, this article applies Ren’s typology, which characterises three levels of nuance in the forms that the application of non-interference has taken in practice. This typology is then applied in a comparative manner across the four following components of China’s security policy in Africa: peacekeeping operations; military cooperation; naval power projection; and crisis management mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Policy Analysis of China's Response to Climate Change.
- Author
-
Tsai Tung-Chieh and Hung Ming-Te
- Subjects
- *
GOVERNMENT policy on climate change , *CARBON & the environment , *CARBON cycle , *HUMAN ecology ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
In recent years, China has been under frequent attacks by nature. Due to high population, low economic development, wide climate range and vulnerable environment, China would adopt appropriate adaptive and reduction actions according to the basic situation of the country and under the framework of sustainable development. the PRC government released its first policy report on climate change in June 2007, China's National Plan for Climate Change. In 2008 and 2009, China followed up with the release of a white paper titled China's Policies and Actions on Climate Change, which points out that "as a responsible developing country, China is fully aware of the importance and urgency of addressing climate change and has adopted a series of policies and measures in this regard." This essay addresses China's policy responses towards climate change. This paper discusses China's policy response to climate change. The discussion begins with the influences of climate change on China's environment and then moves on to discuss China's concern, guiding principle, goal and policy action in reaction to the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
13. Globalization and Security: Security Implications of the Taiwanese Chip Industry Migration to China.
- Author
-
Ming-chin Monique Chu
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *NATIONAL security , *SEMICONDUCTOR industry , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *BALANCE of power - Abstract
This paper examines the various impacts of contemporary globalization on national security, with special reference to the migration of the Taiwanese semiconductor industry to China and its security challenges to the United States, Taiwan and China. The paper adheres to a sectoral approach to the study of globalization-security interconnections and adopts a broadly based definition of security pertaining to the case study in question that encompasses economic, technological and defense security. The analysis of the subject matter is grounded in evidence collected in more than 140 interviews with chip industry, defense sector and government insiders in the US and Asia, as well as English-language and Chinese-language secondary data. On sectoral migration, the paper argues that the scope of the migration is extensive, the direction complicated, the cause multiple, and the outcome significant in boosting the development of the indigenous Chinese chip industry. It has been discovered that some Taiwanese non-state chip actors have violated government regulations in the process of spearheading the migration, and some have even forged business ties with their PRC counterparts associated with the PLA. As for the ensuing security ramifications, it is argued that there is no immediate security risk involved, although long-term strategic repercussions are paramount. The depth and scope of the continuous sectoral migration in years to come will determine the level of economic security risks faced by the US and Taiwan. Long-term technological and defense security repercussions need to take into account two important elements at play: technological change in the sector (increasing commercial-to-military spin-on and dual-use nature of the chip technology), and the PRC dual-track (economic and defense) grand strategy behind its resolve to upgrade its indigenous chip capability. Four pertinent aspects are analyzed: (a) concerns over the PRC chip industrial base, its contribution to the PLA modernization and the ensuing shift in the balance of power in Beijing's favour; (b) technology-related misgivings over the trustworthy supplies of chips for the US and Taiwanese military end uses, as well as the shrinking "chip gap"; (c) fear of denial of chip supply due to foreign dependency; (d) dubious implementation of export control policies at the unilateral and the multilateral level that exacerbate some of the above security repercussions. The concluding section elucidates how the case study helps to show the impact of globalization on security as far as the agency and scope of security, the autonomy and capacity of the state, as well as the balance of power are concerned. To sum up, the study offers a fresh look at the complex security repercussions of the globalization of a strategic industry that occurs in a politically sensitive region in world politics today. It not only helps us disentangle an important policy issue, but also advances our theoretical understanding of the globalization-security interconnections in international relations today. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
14. Chinese Doctrine as Strategic Culture: Assessing its (or their) Effect(s).
- Author
-
Twomey, Christopher P.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *MILITARY doctrine , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *SENSORY perception , *CULTURE ,CHINA-United States relations - Abstract
This paper contends that one can apply a cultural lens to the study of Chinese security policy through examination of the perceptual effects of military doctrine. Through the development of two brief historical cases, this paper shows the importance of PLA doctrine in shaping the way China viewed its interaction with the United States in the past. The paper also lays out the relevance of this today by probing the way in which modern Chinese doctrine might shape perceptions. I argue that this (relatively narrow) approach to strategic culture has significant advantages in terms of objectivity and clarity of causal statements that can enhance the utility of the study of strategic culture to policymakers and scholars alike. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
15. Japan's security cooperation with the Philippines and Vietnam.
- Author
-
Grønning, Bjørn Elias Mikalsen
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security ,JAPAN-United States relations - Abstract
Japan is abandoning its once unidirectional foreign security policy towards the USA, two notable examples of which are its increasingly comprehensive and substantial security relations with the Philippines and Vietnam. Putting these burgeoning Japanese security partnerships front and center, this paper asks the following questions: What are the characteristics of Japan's maturing security partnerships with the Philippines and Vietnam? What factors have driven and enabled their recent emergence? What promotes and constrains their future development? What do these maturing Japanese non-US security partnerships reveal about Japan's direction as a security actor in and beyond East Asia? The paper finds that these two Japanese security bilaterals, which have six basic characteristics in common, are fundamentally driven by the contemporary shift in the balance of power and the strategic challenge that China's emerging maritime power and ambitions present Japan. It moreover argues that the substantiation of these security partnerships have been pursued under American auspices and further invited by Japanese nationalism and security legislative reforms. Notwithstanding these encouraging factors, however, domestic and geo-strategic constraints and counter incentives lead this paper to expect further substantiation, but limited military significance in the future of these security partnerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. CHINA'S ROLE IN WAR ON TERROR: AN ANALYSIS OF XINJIANG REGION.
- Author
-
Khan, Hashmat Ullah and Rehman, Gohar
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *ECONOMICS , *COUNTERTERRORISM , *GOVERNMENT policy , *TERROR - Abstract
Terrorism being the primary threat to China's national security therefore counter terrorism has turned out to be the main point of China's domestic and foreign policy. The major terrorist threat that China faces is posed by Uyghur separatist fighters of Xinjiang. They claim and fight for a separate independent state called "East Turkistan". The Xinjiang issue is the major anxiety and the focal point of China's war on terror. To stop extremism and terrorism in Xinjiang China has adopted a multi-dimensional approach i.e. Strike Hard Campaign, diplomatic actions to isolate terrorists and get the help of other countries, religious, economic and social antiterrorist policies to eradicate the roots of terrorism from society. China is also cooperating with the countries including US, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asian Republics, and many others in fighting against terrorism. From the platform of Shanghai Cooperation Organization China is also playing important role in counterterrorism. China major interest in war on terror is to stop the spread of extremism and terrorism within her borders particularly in Xinjiang province, as well as to make sure that neighbouring countries not become safe haven and base camp for the Uyghur militants. The main objective of this paper is to analyses the phenomena of terrorism in Xinjiang and China's role in war on terror. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The more the merrier? Sino-Japanese security relations in the context of complex interstate rivalry in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Author
-
Sinkkonen, Elina
- Subjects
- *
BOUNDARY disputes , *NATIONAL security , *INVESTMENT policy , *INTERNATIONAL trade - Abstract
This paper analyses the evolution of Sino-Japanese rivalry in the security sphere concentrating on the Chinese perspective, and placing it within the wider context of complex interstate rivalry between China, Japan and the United States. From a theoretical viewpoint, this research contributes to the literature on interstate rivalry from multiparty perspective, which has been overlooked in existing research. China–Japan–US complex interstate rivalry includes elements of positional, spatial and ideological rivalry simultaneously. When rivalries mix two or more rivalry types, they become more difficult to resolve. The two broad trends of China's military build-up and deepening US–Japan alliance evolve in tandem intensifying rivalry dynamics and increasing positional elements of rivalry. There are many indications on various levels that for China, controlling Japan's international ambitions has become less important and more attention is paid to ways in which Japan helps the United States in reaching its objectives in Asia through their alliance agreement. The cases analysed to display complex interstate rivalry include the Taiwan question, territorial disputes in the East and South China Seas, and the North Korean nuclear issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Concluding the Complex Learning Process: Chinese Elites' Acceptance of Outwardly-Oriented Development.
- Author
-
Reardon, Lawrence
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN investments , *SELF-reliance , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *ECONOMIC zoning , *NATIONAL security ,ECONOMIC conditions in China, 2000- - Abstract
During the complex learning process that occurred between 1979 and 1987, elites confronted anomalies in the long-term revolutionary development paradigm, which sought to establish a strong independent China by achieving three interrelated goals: security, prosperity, and self-reliance. Based on the perceived success of the SEZs and the nascent coastal development strategy, elites reached a consensus over replacing the long-term goal of self-reliance with a state-managed embrace of the international economy. The concept of self-reliance thus became obsolete as elites were no longer tethered to the Nativist beliefs of Mao Zedong and had incrementally learned of the limitations of import substitution. This paper hypothesizes that by 1987, Chinese elites agreed that China should join the rest of the East Asian economies in formally adopting outwardly oriented development regime, which regarded foreign capital, technology, and markets as tools to empower China. Elites thus initiated the GATT accession process, established the fifth special economic zone on Hainan, and announced the coastal development strategy. A new generation of technocratic elites would take over the countryâs leadership to institute the new technocratic regime. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
19. Living with the Dragon: Americans and the Rise of China.
- Author
-
Page, Benjamin and Xie, Tao
- Subjects
- *
POWER (Social sciences) , *NATIONAL security , *NEOLIBERALISM , *AMERICANS ,ECONOMIC conditions in China, 2000- - Abstract
As China has grown economically it has gained in world influence and military power as well. Some realist IR theorists believe that rising powers in general - and China in particular - pose serious dangers of conflict with the older great powers they seek to join or displace. Other scholars see China as acting cautiously and responsibly, like a status-quo-power. Neo-liberal theorists tend to believe that China can be integrated into a peaceful world system and constrained by a web of normative and legal obligations. Chinese leaders themselves speak of seeking a "harmonious world" and disclaim any intention to threaten anyone. What does the American public think about the rise of China as a world power? In this paper we use a variety of data collected by the Chicago Council on Global Affairs and others to explore the nature and causes of Americans' views.It turns out that most Americans are well aware of the rise of China. Some are apprehensive about that rise, chiefly for national security (rather than economic) reasons, and many favor a degree of off-shore "balancing" of the sort that realists recommend. But few Americans want to actively work to limit the rise of China. Very few favor the use of troops to defend Taiwan. Very few favor a nuclear-armed Japan. Large majorities of Americans take stands more akin to those of neo-liberal than realist theorists, favoring cooperation and peaceful engagement with China. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
20. "Chindia" or Rivalry? Indian Perspectives on the Rise of China.
- Author
-
Wang, Vincent Wei-cheng and Dubey, Priyanka
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security , *CIVILIZATION , *EQUALITY of states , *GREAT powers (International relations) - Abstract
While the implications for the rise of China have been debated in the global or systemic contexts, as well as regional or bilateral contexts, thin scholarly attention has been devoted to the rise of the other great power - India, and how these two Asian great powers - India and China - perceive the ascendancy of the other state. Yet how these two very different Asian giants with a complex relationship view each other and consequently negotiate their paths in substantially changed international milieus will be important for scholarly interest and policy making. This paper examines how Indian elites - in political, security, and economic arenas - perceive the rise of China and their assessment of the feasibility of Indo-Chinese partnership ("Chindia") or rivalry by employing a mixed-method research strategy, combining secondary literature research, elite interviewing, and direct observation conducted over the summer of 2008. It analyzes the Indo-Chinese relationship through three paradigms - geopolitical, geoeconomic, and geocivilizational. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
21. International Role and Commitments: International Legal Agreements as Tools of Foreign Policy.
- Author
-
White, Jennifer
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *DECISION making , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL law , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Scholarship in foreign policy (FP) often examines the decision-making process or outcomes of states at a single level of analysis, and frequently the study is of a single case over a short period of time. By incorporating multiple levels of analysis within a comparative framework, more robust findings may be gleaned, yielding greater insight into the FP decisions that states make and which decisions can be anticipated under certain conditions.I attempt such a comparative analysis in FP by performing case studies of several countries over time, unpacking to how the domestic, state, and international levels of analysis combine causally to influence FP decisions. My paper will confine its scope to the issue area of international environmental commitments and the ways in which perceived national role in the international system and concomitant state priorities interact with domestic-level support, giving rise to predictable outcomes.I expect that those states that perceive their international roles as increasing will look to carve out a niche in the international system in a given issue area (such as environmental protection) while promoting domestic support for this area, which serves to signal a strong level of commitment to international audiences. States in decline will likely look to make any number of international commitments in an effort to âsave face,â yet will fail to promote or allow domestic support for these commitments to grow. Finally, status-quo states will focus on issue areas directly related to security and power, sidelining issues that do not have direct bearing on the stateâs ability to maintain its present level of power in the international system; domestic support for non-security-related issues will be minimal and stagnant over time. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
22. Guam and the American Presence in East Asia.
- Author
-
Erickson, Andrew S., Mikolay, Justin D., Henry, Ryan, Bloomfield Jr., Lincoln P., and Work, Robert O.
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL science , *ARMED Forces , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
Despite increasing challenges to American interests in East Asia, the prospects for U.S. foreign basing and access rights are declining throughout the region. In response to domestic political pressures in their host nations, facilities and forces in Japan and South Korea are already being consolidated and reduced. Despite efforts to focus on "places, not bases," Washington seems unlikely to acquire further footholds in East Asia. A recipient of some of forces currently being moved from America's East Asian allies, a potential fallback as the process continues in the future, and a domestic location of inherent strategic value for the United States, is the island of Guam, a sovereign anchor of U.S. presence in the Western Pacific.For all these reasons, Guam's capabilities and infrastructure have been built up significantly over the past decade. Improvements continue to this day. To some extent, this is returning Guam to its historical status as a strategic support and communications hub in the Western Pacific. Yet foreign powers, particularly China, are already closely following developments on Guam and apparently planning strategic countermeasures in the event of conflict (e.g., over Taiwan). This paper will therefore use original language sources to survey these emerging viewpoints, in addition to providing an analysis of these developments in the context of the overall American force posture in East Asia. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
23. DEPENDENT STATE SECURITY: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PAKISTANI TERRORISM THREAT AND CHINESE STATE SECURITY.
- Author
-
Khan, Irfan Ullah, Kateryna, Shumilina, Nte, Ngboawaji Daniel, and Sandano, Imran Ali
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *TERRORISM , *THREATS of violence , *COUNTERTERRORISM , *EMERGENCY management ,PAKISTANI foreign relations ,CHINESE foreign relations, 1949- - Abstract
The centrality of conceptual analysis has been underlined and acknowledged by scientists worldwide. This research discusses a new concept of security, identifying the relationship between state security and threats, labelled state security relation. The main emphasis is on a novel notion in the security paradigm, dependent state security, which is grounded by the case study of Chinese state security relationship with the Pakistani terrorism threat. The paper also highlights some of the practices that led to the development of the concept and the threat response strategies implied in the case of dependent state security relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 2 (Quad 2.0) - a credible strategic construct or mere "foam in the ocean"?
- Author
-
Rai, Ashok
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *NAVAL strategy , *SEA control , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations , *NATIONAL interest , *GLOBALIZATION - Abstract
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD, hereinafter referred to as Quad), which had come into existence in 2007, ceased following the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the withdrawal of Australia during Kevin Rudd's tenure as Prime Minister. However, on the side lines of the 2017 ASEAN Summit, the subject of a structure that would facilitate peace, stability and development in the Indo-Pacific region which, is supposedly under threat due to China's assertive behaviour, came up for discussions once again between leaders of US, Japan, Australia and India. The revival of the Quad (colloquially termed as "Quad 2.0"), after a hiatus of nearly a decade was viewed with concern by the Chinese media, which termed the grouping as a possible first step towards the formation of an "Asian NATO". The Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wang Yi, however was more dismissive, comparing the idea of reviving the Quad to "foam in the ocean, destined to dissipate soon". Against the backdrop of a globalised and intertwined economy, where economic interdependence appears to be the norm in deciding national interests, this paper examines the likely future trajectory of this grouping and attempts to determine which of the two assessments is more plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Analyzing Japan's Role in Korean Security within the Framework of the Quasi-Alliance Model.
- Author
-
Durand, James F
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL alliances - Abstract
This paper assesses Japan's role in Korean security using the quasi-alliance model. Developed by Professor Victor Cha, the quasi-alliance model to analyze the security relationship between Japan and the Republic of Korea, two states that remain unallied despite sharing a common ally. Cha defined the quasi-alliance model as the triangular relationship between two states that are not allied, but share a third party as a common ally. A key assumption is that the third state serves as the great-power protector of the two states, and therefore exit opportunities for the two are limited. While historical issues affected relations between Tokyo and Seoul, American security policies were the primary determinant of cooperation between Japan and Korea. American policy changes produced distinct abandonment or entrapment responses within the U.S.-Japan and U.S.-ROK security alliances: shared perceptions yielded cooperation, while differing views produced friction. This paper analyzes America's East Asia policies during the Bush and Obama administrations to assess Japanese and Korean reactions. Analyzed through the quasi-alliance model, American policies produced asymmetric responses in Japan and Korea, inhibiting security cooperation between Tokyo and Seoul. Diverging views of China exacerbated inherent friction between Korea and Japan. Thus, Japan will play a limited role in Korean security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
26. Trading in Paranoia: Exploring Singapore's Security-Trade Linkages in the Twenty-first Century.
- Author
-
Magcamit, Michael Intal
- Subjects
- *
COMMERCIAL treaties , *FREE trade , *NATIONAL security , *POPULATION density , *ECONOMIC policy , *ECONOMIC history ,SINGAPOREAN politics & government - Abstract
Singapore's rude awakening to independence has led to the creation of one of the most important and strategic entrepôts in the Asia-Pacific. The country's limited territorial lands and natural resources, combined with huge per capita income, high population density and sensitive racial mix, make Singapore the quintessential pragmatic trading state of the twenty-first century. This paper examines how Singapore has embedded itself at the centre of regional and global trade systems by exploiting various forms of free trade activities including multilateral, regional and bilateral FTAs that underpin its security and survival. It argues that in order to maintain the city-state's geo-economic and geo-political viability, the Singaporean government has progressively linked its security interests with its multilevel free trade activities. Given the ‘vulnerability fetish’ and siege mentality that confront Singaporean leaders and policymakers, the pursuit of economic development via free trade has become the heart of its national security policy and strategy. The paper concludes by arguing that the enhancement and preservation of Singapore's survival as a sovereign nation-state demands a strategic utilization of FTAs with different trade partners, especially with regional and trans-regional powers such as the United States and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. China’s contradictory role(s) in world politics: decrypting China’s North Korea strategy.
- Author
-
Noesselt, Nele
- Subjects
- *
GEOPOLITICS , *GREAT powers (International relations) , *NATIONALISM , *NATIONAL security , *SOCIALISM , *ROLE theory , *HISTORY , *INTERNATIONAL relations ,CHINA-Korea relations - Abstract
This paper starts from the assumption that geostrategic and security interests alone are not sufficient to explain China’s foreign policy choices. It argues that ideas about what China’s role as an actor in the increasingly globalised international system should be, and about world order in general, have a deep influence on China’s foreign policy decision-making process. Taking the North Korean issue as a case study, the paper postulates that China is currently engaged in a search for a ‘new’ identity as a global player. China’s actor identity is composed of various partly contradictory role conceptions. National roles derived from China’s internal system structures and its historical past lead to continuity in foreign policy, while the ‘new’ roles resultant from China’s rise to global power require an adaptation of its foreign policy principles. In the case of its relationship with North Korea, China’s foreign policy is oscillating between the two roles of ‘socialist power’ – as thus comrade-in-arms with its socialist neighbour – and ‘responsible great power’, which leads to it being expected to comply with international norms, and thus to condemn North Korea’s nuclear provocations and related actions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. THE NEXUS BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND NONTRADITIONAL SECURITY POLICY OF CHINA.
- Author
-
Khan, Muhammad and Zahra, Nargis
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *GLOBALIZATION , *WAR on Terrorism, 2001-2009 , *BALANCE of power - Abstract
The security relations of states have always been conducted and observed through a realist lens, i.e. power politics, military alliances or competitions. The last two decades have changed dimensions of state politics in a profound way. The phenomena of globalization and war on terror with subsequent shifts in economic relations among states of different region are bound to have effect on Chinese security policy as well. This paper aims to understand the nexus between questions of traditional and non-traditional security in Chinese policy of cooperation. The regional relationship of China with its neighbours has been contentious and reserve in past. However, since the 1990s, the dynamics of socio-economic and political environment in East Asia is also changing. It is thus necessary to analyze regional and bilateral security cooperation of China comprehensively. This paper therefore explains it evaluates policy coordination through bilateral and multilateral channels against the background of overall security-political relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
29. Trump’s New National-Security Policy: Paper Tiger or Hidden Dragon?
- Author
-
Browne, Andrew
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *ECONOMIC security , *INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,UNITED States economic policy, 2017-2021 ,CHINA-United States relations - Published
- 2017
30. The Communist Party of China's Approach to Human Rights and the Death Penalty.
- Author
-
Huang Gui
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN rights , *CAPITAL punishment , *NATIONAL security , *CRIME prevention ,CHINESE politics & government, 2002- - Abstract
Under the Constitution of China, the Communist Party (CPC) does not merely play a leadership role in the political field, but also in the legal arena. Legislation must reflect the Party's outlook and achieve its policies, including any legal provisions governing particular systems, such as arrangements for the death penalty. After introducing the relationship between the CPC and legislation, this article will discuss the shift in the CPC's approach to human rights and changes to the death penalty system in the Maoist, Deng Xiaoping and post-Deng eras. In the Maoist era, the government rejected human rights, but its policy on execution – at least on paper – was cautious and even stricter than during the other eras; the cpc recognised and accepted human rights in the Deng era, but emphasised national security and stability. As a result, individual human rights were not fully taken into account. Execution was considered an important measure to control crime and the scope of the relevant legislation was expanded. Post-Deng, human rights have developed gradually. Human rights protection has been incorporated into the Constitution and individual human rights have become more valued, but the CPC still focuses on state security, development and stability, and has not valued the right to life to the same extent as the right to subsistence. Although steps to reform the death penalty are being taken, 46 crimes are still punishable by death. The CPC should change its outlook and focus on the right to life, and abolish the death penalty de facto and de jure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Economic interest or security concerns? Which affected how individuals in five Asian countries—Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea—viewed China in 2013?
- Author
-
Chung, Alec
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *ECONOMIC expansion , *STATE, The - Abstract
With rapid economic growth, China has become its neighbours’ largest trade partner in the twenty-first century. At the same time, the growth of China’s military and its assertiveness are raising concerns among its neighbours that China’s rise will pose a threat to them. In this context, will China’s neighbours—Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea—view China positively or negatively? By using statistical analysis, this paper aims to explore whether individuals are more affected by their economic position or national security concerns when they view China. The findings in this article suggest that individuals’ security concerns have stronger associations with their attitudes toward China than economic conditions. Specifically, individuals’ views on China’s military growth and territorial disputes had negative effects on their attitudes toward China. On the other hand, economic interests had weaker associations with individuals’ views of China than security concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Explaining United States–China relations: neoclassical realism and the nexus of threat–interest perceptions.
- Author
-
He, Kai
- Subjects
- *
BILATERAL treaties , *POLITICAL realism , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *NATIONAL security , *HISTORY ,HISTORY of China-United States relations - Abstract
How to understand and explain the evolutions as well as predict the future directions of bilateral relations between the United States and China has become an imperative task for both policy makers and academic scholars. Borrowing insights from neoclassical realism, this paper suggests a three-stage, perceptual model of ‘threat–interest’ to explore the dynamics of Sino–US relations from 1949 to 2015. It argues that the nature of US–China relations, either cooperation or competition, is mainly shaped by the perceptions of leaders regarding security threats and economic interests between the two nations. How to manage their perceptions regarding each other and how to find a balance between cooperation and competition are the key issues for leaders in both the United States and China to manage bilateral relations in the future. The next decade or two may be the best or the worst times for US–China relations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Hegemonic Stability and Northeast Asia: What Hegemon? What Stability?
- Author
-
Tony Tai-Ting Liu and Hung Ming-Te
- Subjects
- *
HEGEMONY , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *DOMINANT ideologies , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL mediation ,20TH century Asian history ,ASIAN politics & government, 1945- - Abstract
Northeast Asia has traditionally been a region rife with historical and political conflicts that display characteristics that seem to follow a path of development different from other regions. As one goes through the massive inventory of international relations theory, it is still uneasy to find an explanation that befits developments in the region. This paper examines the hegemonic stability and evaluates its effectiveness in explaining developments in Northeast Asia, particularly the rise of China. In addition, this paper seeks to test the hegemonic stability theory by readdressing US role in the region and challenges to the regional status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
34. An "army of bachelors"? China's Male Population as a World Threat.
- Author
-
Ross, Kaz
- Subjects
- *
DEMOGRAPHIC surveys , *POPULATION , *SECURITY management , *NATIONAL security , *GENDER , *SOCIOLOGY , *HUMAN ecology - Abstract
The recent formation of the field of security demographics has drawn attention to the importance of population as a security issue. For example, Hudson and den Boer argue that the populations of Asia's largest countries are a threat not because of size but because of as unusual composition - excess males. Their argument is based on the observation that, after thirty years of population limitation policies, the Chinese population has a distinct gender bias. There are millions more males than females, creating what has been dubbed a 'bachelor army.' Hudson and den Boer posit that the problems caused by this 'bachelor army' may lead to war. This paper argues that fear about China's population is not new but has shaped the way China has been portrayed since the foundation of the PRC. The large size of the Chinese population was originally seen as a weakness likely to bring down the government. However during the 1950s and 60s the industrious and organized nature of the Chinese population earned the Chinese people the moniker 'blue ants.' It seems more than coincidental that the development of recent fears about China's population coincides with the emergence of China as a major economic power. After analyzing the development of the gender ratio imbalance, this paper concludes that the re-surfacing of fear about China's male population continues a tradition of Orientalist stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
35. Conceptualizing economic security and governance: China confronts globalization.
- Author
-
Zhengyi, Wang
- Subjects
- *
ECONOMIC security , *GLOBALIZATION , *ECONOMIC development , *NATIONAL security , *ECONOMIC policy , *WELFARE economics - Abstract
With the expansion and deepening of globalization, as well as China's entry into the World Trade Organization, the nexus between economic growth and national security has gained prominence in China since the mid-1990s. How to ensure socio-economic security while maintaining its robust economic growth is now the most serious concern of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Chinese government. This paper addresses three questions: first, it explores why and how the transformation of economic growth and national security as two separate logics to a single domain evolved conceptually over the past two decades in China; second, what kinds of insecurities are generated by China's robust economic growth coupled with the expansion and deepening of globalization, and in which way and to what extent do they challenge China's government: third, what kinds of mechanisms or policy instruments have been adopted by China's government to address emerging economic insecurities while maintaining robust economic growth. The paper concludes that in the case of China, globalization has posed new challenges to economic security, but given that economic insecurity has its particular salience in individual countries, national institutional adjustment or adaptation becomes increasingly important for each country to govern in the interests of economic security while maintaining economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Securitization and De-securitization in the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands Territorial Dispute.
- Author
-
Danner, Lukas K.
- Subjects
- *
CONFLICT management , *NATIONAL security , *POLITICS & war - Abstract
Recently, the territorial dispute over the Diaoyu, or Senkaku, Islands in the East China Sea has flamed up between China and Japan. This conflict deserves further attention because of its potential of being the spark to unleash a Sino-Japanese firefight. However, this was not the first time the two Northeast Asian great power rivals have at least verbally fought over who is the rightful owner to the resource-rich archipelago and surrounding waters. The controversy can be traced from post-World War II, over the 1970s and 1990s, to today. The entire process of this largely verbal fistfight can be best understood through the Copenhagen School's securitization and de-securitization concepts. Japan, being in the role of the administrator, naturally more often desecuritized the issue in the past than did China, while China mostly strategically securitized the dispute. For the current round of escalation over the dispute, interestingly, Japan acted as initial securitizing actor. This paper aims to contextualize the instances in which the territorial dispute over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands has been either securitized or desecuritized by either party. The analysis adds nuances to securitization theory, especially concerning the role of societal uprisings in securitizing a dispute such as the one at hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
37. Half Circle: China's Maturing 'New Security Thinking' and the Role of Track II Regimes.
- Author
-
Lanteigne, Marc
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *GOVERNMENT agencies , *ECONOMIC development , *FREE trade - Abstract
China's grand strategy, reflected in recent years by its "New Security Concept", is becoming more dependent on governmental and sub-governmental institutional cooperation. The development of sub-governmental dialogues (Track II) on regional security issues in the Pacific Rim has accelerated since the 1990s and is now widely seen as an optimal method of promoting both discourse and confidence-building in the region. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
38. China's Participation in the International System and Its Impact on Domestic Political and Social Order.
- Author
-
Hongying Wang
- Subjects
- *
SOCIAL order , *NATIONAL security , *POLITICAL science ,ECONOMIC conditions in China ,CHINESE politics & government ,SOCIAL conditions in China - Abstract
Until the late 1970s China was relatively isolated and alienated from the international system. Since then the Chinese government has gradually opened the country to the rest of the world. In the last three decades China has become increasingly integrated into the international system along various dimensions, such as security, economy, and politics. I argue that this development has had a major impact on the domestic political and social order in China. It has created new actors, altered the balance of power among new and old actors, and modified the institutional context in which they operate. In this process, China's participation in the international system has indirectly shaped the patterns of Chinese politics. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
39. The Domestic Anchors of Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies:The liberal-realist U.S. policy towards China as a focal case.
- Author
-
Hiwatari, Nobuhiro
- Subjects
- *
DEMOCRACY , *NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL trade ,CHINA-United States relations - Abstract
The United Statesâa liberal democracyâresponded to the communist regimes' transition to market economies but not necessarily democratic politics by separating trade from security policy: opening trade to reforming economies but maintaining military superiority over non-democratizing military powers. Congressional attempts to use trade sanctions against market opening economies accused of human rights violations or weapons proliferation failed, while heavy investment continued in developing weapons to deter such countries. In Congress, this "liberal-realist" foreign policy emerged by "ends-meet-the-center" voting, in which bipartisan centrists prevail over extremists of both parties, or by "ideological bipartisan" voting, in which lawmakers on the same ideological side of both parties coalesce. Such patterns persisted in spite of majority party changes, divided governments, or economic downturns. The requirements for such voting patterns: an exogenous agenda setter, issue compartmentalization, inter-party politics, and ideological overlap between the two parties, strongly suggest the existence of a bipartisan, centrist, and pro-business group of lawmakers who serve as the domestic anchors of U.S. trade and security policy. Empirical evidence corroborates this claim, implying that to further understand foreign policymaking, it is necessary to tailor the standard models of Congressional lawmaking, incorporate empirically established policy preferences, and to go beyond the unitary actor-single preference models. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
40. Asia's New Strategic Triangle: US-China-India Relations in Eclectic Perspective.
- Author
-
Rudolph, Matthew C. J.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security - Abstract
Today everyone knows that in the coming century India, like the Medici, has the intention and potential to enhance its wealth, prestige, and power.In this context, observers of world politics are wondering: How will India pursue those intentions? What will it do to realize its potential and assure its security? In the last year and half since the proposed Indo-US nuclear deal was announced, numerous experts have tried to induce answers to these questions from what is still a small universe of cases including India's attitude toward Iranian nuclear policy and energy (particularly pipeline) policy, toward US missile defense initiatives, toward the enlargement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, toward Chinese activity in South Asia (particularly vis-à-vis Pakistan and Nepal). But, above all, observers have focused on a proposed deal between the US and India on nuclear cooperation.The dimensions and general features of the arena in which India will act are clear. It is a triangular space with China, India, and the US at the corners. The view that a rising India will be the fulcrum of balance in Asia is now increasingly common. A 2004 editorial in the Chinese People's Daily is a good example. "Steadily warming India-US relations have resulted in widespread attention to the geopolitics of Asia. It is difficult to predict whether or not India will become a strategic ally of the US or of China, but the sudden attractiveness of India will sooner or later alter the regional balance of power between the three countries" (Joseph, 2004). The 2005 Indo-US deal was interpreted by many observers to be an obvious American effort to draw India onto the US bandwagon.In the real world, of course, actors are motivated and constrained by power, wealth, and prestige. Syncretic approaches such as the currently fashionable "analytic eclecticism" draw selectively on all three international relations traditions in rendering "explanatory sketches" of important international security questions such as the durability of US-South Korean alliance, the possible revisionist aspiration of a rising China, or whether it is international institutions rather than balance of power dynamics that are shaping strategy in South East Asia. Explaining the future direction of Indian strategy within the China-India-US triangle is as analytically demanding a problem as one is likely to find in contemporary international relations.The conclusion I draw from what follows is that India is very unlikely to balance or to get on the bandwagon. Equipoise is the policy dictated by India's geography, power capabilities, identity, and potential to be a robust actor in global and regional politics. Like the old and now discredited Indian grand strategy of nonalignment, equipoise shuns formal alliances. The term draws on the realist balance of power idiom to identify an alternative stance - neither balancing nor bandwagoning - that is in dynamic equilibrium. That equilibrium is struck between domestic and international dynamics; balancing contradictory domestic cultural and political forces (such as nationalism/cosmopolitanism, anti-Americanism/pro-Americanism, self-sufficiency/trade-optimism) and international appeals and threats (such as American democratic/technological/commercial affinity, American unilateral neo-Imperialism, Chinese commercial appeal, and Chinese threatening intrusion/pressure). ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
41. Australia’s Engagement with Asia: Strategic or Transactional?
- Author
-
Thakur, Ramesh
- Subjects
- *
SCHOLARSHIPS , *HUMAN settlements , *NATIONAL security , *NUCLEAR warfare , *INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The ebb and flow of coping with Australia’s identity dilemma as a European settler society located on the geographical edge of Asia leads to bouts of agonising, excitement and temporising. This has been given particular cogency with the power shift underway from the trans-Atlantic to the Asia-Pacific. The 2012 White Paper set 25 national objectives to be met by 2025, with targets ranging from improving trade links and increasing scholarships to teaching priority Asian languages. But in this transactional embrace of Asia that highlights economic and trade links, gaps might open up between ambition and delivery, especially amidst continuing evidence of insensitivity to how Asians forge lasting relationships. Ties with China are dominated by trade but security concerns remain. Relations with India should improve with the removal of the nuclear issue as an irritant and growing trade and tourist numbers. Japan remains an important trade and diplomatic partner. And geography and demography ensure that Indonesia is no less important to Australia than Asia’s big three. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. The reluctant pretender: China's evolving presence in the Indian Ocean.
- Author
-
Holslag, Jonathan
- Subjects
- *
DETERRENCE (Military strategy) , *NATIONAL security , *SEA power (Military science) , *MARITIME boundaries , *NATIONALISM - Abstract
This paper takes stock of China's evolving presence in the Indian Ocean. It posits that despite various traditional and non-traditional threats, the Indian Ocean is not the foremost concern in China's quest for maritime security. As a result, China's efforts to make foray beyond the Strait of Malacca remain limited. Three patterns in its posturing can be distinguished. First, it seeks to deter India – its main counterweight in South Asia – where it is the weakest, that is along the continental border. Second, it explores ways to reduce its reliance on the long maritime lifelines in the Indian Ocean. Third, it is gradually and modestly increasing its presence in a way that can be described asdiffuse pervasion. There is thus no reason to be overly alarmed. Yet, important uncertainties remain over China's future intentions and the degree to which problems with lesser powers can prompt it to use military means to defend its interests. Future Chinese naval assertiveness in the region will more likely be the outcome of contingency than strategic provision. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Security Implications of the Taiwanese Chip Industry Migration to China.
- Author
-
Chu, Ming-chin Monique
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *NATIONAL security , *SEMICONDUCTOR industry , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *BUSINESS relocation - Abstract
This paper summarizes preliminary findings of a sectoral empirical case study that explores the impacts of contemporary globalization on national security. The case focuses on the Taiwanese semiconductor industry migration to China, as part of the continuous globalization of the chip sector, and the extent to which such a globalization process, under certain conditions, may pose security challenges to the United States, Taiwan and China. The paper is composed of four sections. The introductory section explains why it matters to adopt a sectoral approach to the study of globalization's impacts on security and why it matters to focus on the chip industry in the proposed study. The section further defines key concepts of globalization and security as used in the paper, identifies inadequacies in the existing literature, and highlights the significance of the proposed research undertakings. The second section explains rationale behind the methodological choice for the study, and summarizes strategies used to ensure interview access, data representativeness and data reliability. Using evidence collected in more than 140 in-depth interviews with a wide range of chip industry, defense sector and government insiders in the US and Asia, as well as English-language and Chinese-language secondary data, the next two sections dissect the empirical data in two major areas: the sectoral migration and the security implications. On sectoral migration, it is argued that the scope of the migration is extensive, the direction complicated, the cause multiple, and the outcome significant in boosting the indigenous Chinese chip industry development. The ways in which non-state actors of Taiwanese firms and individuals have violated government regulations in order to migrate to China are also identified. As for the ensuing technological and defense security ramifications, it is argued that there is no immediate security risk involved; long-term security challenges, however, may emerge taking into account two intervening factors. They involve the technological change in the sector concerning spin-on prevalence and dual-use nature of the chip technology, as well as the PRC grand strategy behind its resolve to establish a solid indigenous chip industry. These long-term security challenges are chiefly linked with three conduits of influence: the defense industrial base and the PLA modernization, technological security risks, and the dubious export control policy implementations. The concluding section argues how and why empirical findings presented in the previous sections deepen our understanding of globalization's impacts on security as far as the agency and scope of security, the autonomy and capacity of the state, as well as the balance of power are concerned. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
44. The Chinese Military and the "Taiwan Issue": How China Assesses Its Security Environment.
- Author
-
Wei-cheng Wang, Vincent
- Subjects
- *
ARMED Forces , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security , *REALISM , *CULTURE , *MILITARY budgets - Abstract
This paper studies the strategic outlook of the world's largest yet understudied armed force ? China's People's Liberation Army (PLA). With its sheer size, rapidly increasing capabilities, and uncertain intentions, the PLA's assessment of the country's external security environment entails profound implications for international relations. China has the world's largest military (with a manpower of over 2.3 million), second highest defense spending ($90 billion in 2004, by Pentagon's estimates; or $25.6 billion, by China's Defense White Paper), and one of the fastest-growing economies serving as the resource base for double-digit increases in defense spending for each of the past 15 years and for rapidly expanding its military capabilities. Yet, studying China's strategic intentions faces methodological challenges. China's decision-making process is opaque; its top leadership is not accountable to the electorate. A peculiar "civilian control of the military" ensures that the military will protect the party's interests. Access is guarded. Top generals rarely give interviews and their public statements echo top party leaders' statements. Discussions with "think tanks" affiliated with PLA tend to be formalistic. Moreover, a "strategic culture" of realism and a "cult of defense" combine to give Chinese an edge in deception and asymmetry. For a question crucial to U.S. national security, these problems have confounded scholars and policy-makers.The PLA's stated raison d'être is to "safeguard China's sovereignty and territorial integrity" and preventing Taiwan's formal independence for now (or, in the future, incorporating Taiwan through force) has provided the impetus for the modernization of this armed force. But will China's aspirations increase with growing capabilities? The "Taiwan issue" thus provides a good angle to understand and evaluate China's perception and assessment of its security environment in the first decade of the 21st century.This paper tackles four questions: (1) How to disentangle the PLA's worldviews from those of China's civilian party leaders? (2) Compared to civilian leaders, is the military more hardline on issues perceived to pertain to sovereignty and territorial integrity but also more cautious on the use of force? (3) Are there subtle differences within the PLA -- by services, cohorts, doctrines -- on key strategic issues? (4) How does China's military development coalesce with the current leadership's stated strategy of "peaceful rise"? ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
45. China: the possibility of a "peaceful development"? The construction of a contingent realist argument.
- Author
-
Soerensen, Camilla T. N.
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *GOVERNMENT policy , *CRISES - Abstract
Most analyses of the development in post-Cold War Chinese security policy presume or picture the Chinese security policy as reflecting a coherent security strategy being either revisionist or status quo oriented. In contrast, my departure point is that the development in the Chinese post-Cold War security policy shows both revisionist and status quo oriented characteristics, and that the development in the policy has a highly reactive character. I argue that it is possible to identify a pattern in what the Chinese post-Cold War security policy is reacting to, and how the policy develops as a reaction to these factors. Thus, my overall objective is to identify the most important factors that influence the development in post-Cold War Chinese security policy and in which way. For achieving this objective, I construct and apply a so-called contingent realist argument about the development in a rising power's security policy under unipolarity. In this paper, I present the theoretical argument and conduct a preliminary case study of the Taiwan Strait Crisis 1995-96. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
46. China's Energy Geo-Strategy and the 'Malacca Dilemma'.
- Author
-
Lanteigne, Marc
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *ENERGY industries - Abstract
As China continues its shift from being an energy exporter to one of the greatest importers in the world, Beijing's foreign policy is becoming increasingly sensitive not only to the international energy market, but also to the security of its energy trade routes. Since 2003, there has been increased talk within the Chinese government of a "Malacca Dilemma", the problem of potential trade bottlenecks in the South China Sea region which could conceivably be blocked, creating a potential political and economic crisis for China. This thinking has greatly affected China's diplomacy in Southeast Asia but also with other energy producing regions in the developing world. This paper will examine the geo-strategic question of the Malacca Dilemma and its effects on Chinese energy policy and its 'new diplomacy', including whether its policies will bring it into greater opposition with the West as it too seeks to secure energy sources from the Middle East and beyond. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
47. When Uncle Sam Meets Vacillating David and Confident Goliath: The United States and Its "Mediation" in Cross-Taiwan Strait Relations after 2000.
- Author
-
Huang, Kwei-Bo
- Subjects
- *
MEDIATION , *DISPUTE resolution , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *NATIONAL security , *GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper overviews sophisticated triangular relations among Taipei, Beijing and Washington after 2000. Then, it scrutinizes the development of US mediation as a form of third-party intervention in such complicated dynamics in the Taiwan Strait. The pattern of contemporary US mediation is studied in an analytical way. Then, it analyzes the role and approaches (strategies) of the US in mediating between the ROC and the PRC, as well as evaluates preliminarily the future of US mediation. Some key findings include, for example: the US is gradually moving towards the role of real mediator in the cross-strait dispute, the characteristics of the US itself and the environment are positive forces driving further effective US mediation, as well as the US will continue to play a mediating role throughout the George W. BushÂ’s presidency but has to be cautious of the effectiveness of its mediation and the differences between Taipei and Beijing in order to find a useful way to enhance the understandability and acceptability of its official position on the peaceful resolution of the cross-strait sovereignty dispute. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.