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We construct infinite-dimensional analogues of finite-dimensional simple modules of the nonstandard q -deformed enveloping algebra U q ′ (so n) defined by Gavrilik and Klimyk, and we do the same for the classical universal enveloping algebra U (so n). In this paper we only consider the case when q is not a root of unity, and q → 1 for the classical case. Extending work by Mazorchuk on so n , we provide rational matrix coefficients for these infinite-dimensional modules of both U q ′ (so n) and U (so n). We use these modules with rationalized formulas to embed the respective algebras into skew group algebras of shift operators. Casimir elements of U q ′ (so n) were given by Gavrilik and Iorgov, and we consider the commutative subalgebra Γ ⊂ U q ′ (so n) generated by these elements and the corresponding subalgebra Γ 1 ⊂ U (so n). The images of Γ and Γ 1 under their respective embeddings into skew group algebras are equal to invariant algebras under certain group actions. We use these facts to show that Γ is a Harish-Chandra subalgebra of U q ′ (so n) and Γ 1 is a Harish-Chandra subalgebra of U (so n). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undesirable companion dog behaviours negatively impact the lives of both owners and dogs. Therefore, it is imperative that behaviour modification interventions are researched to establish effectiveness. Counterconditioning is commonly recommended for modification of a broad range of undesirable dog behaviours, however, to date, no comprehensive review has investigated the effectiveness of this technique. This study aimed to evaluate the existing literature on counterconditioning interventions for dog behaviour modification, adopting broad inclusion criteria. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 12 peer-reviewed papers and 2 dissertations were identified. A review of these 14 studies found that there were discrepancies in the definitions and applications of counterconditioning-based interventions. These discrepancies were based on the contingency with which dogs received reinforcement and could be categorised into classical and operant counterconditioning methodologies. The majority of the studies resulted in positive outcomes, particularly when addressing undesirable kennel behaviours and aggressive behaviours towards other dogs or household visitors. However, separation-related behaviours were found to be more resistant to change. Furthermore, heterogeneity in intervention techniques, reliance on expert implementation or instruction, and small sample sizes, limit the generalisability of the results. Our review confirms the effectiveness of counterconditioning in reducing undesirable dog behaviours, however it is essential that future studies clearly detail all aspects of the intervention, such that methodologies can be accurately understood, applied, and compared. Future research should also focus on increasing sample sizes and including physiological measures of stress of participating dogs. • Research investigating counterconditioning for dog behaviour modification was reviewed. • There was marked variation in the definitions and applications of counterconditioning. • These applications can be categorised as classical or operant counterconditioning. • Heterogeneity in interventions makes conclusions on effectiveness of techniques difficult. • Semantic clarity is essential in further dog behavioural intervention research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music has the ability to cure wounds that medicine cannot, to explain what words cannot, and to soothe the souls of all people." It's tough to think what our life would be like if we didn't have music. For the vast majority of people, it is impossible to envisage a world without all of the amazing songs and musical masterpieces. Music is vital to the life of some people. Music is a permanent companion who is with you throughout your life, in both happy and terrible times. As a result, as makers of such works of art, musicians and composers play a significant role in our daily lives. A musician invests his whole heart and soul into his work. Each such invention, from words to song tunes, needs his or her cerebral labour. This paper provides a concept of music industry and its problems. It begins with an outline of the music industry, contemporary music industry, its characteristics and making tradition contemporary. It then provides a comprehensive overview of the colonial rule and commercialization with a focus on the role of radio, media and technology in commercialization. The overall music industry have been analyzed, including Structure of the Indian Music Industry, Size And Growth, India's Digital Revolution By The Numbers In Music industry, Indian Music Industry Analysis: The Streaming Market's Prospects And Problems of contemporary musical industry, local streaming services vs. International heavyweights are asses through graphs further 5 Ways Music Industry Players Can Look at Commercialization will also be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper looks at the circulation of music in new spaces produced by technologies of recording, amplification, and transmission. It argues for the making of new categories that go beyond 'classical' and 'popular' especially in the context of southern India and the tradition that is identified as Carnatic music. It looks at Radio and televisual broadcasting to capture new listening communities and their acoustic aspirations. It argues for new radio geographies that reinforced identity of regions and their practices and gave them greater leverage in relation to the nation and national pool of resources. In contrast the television as a medium of spectacle and entertainment impacted listening experiences quite differently even as it expanded the viewership beyond the confines of the nation space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the dark side of capitalism as an economic system, as identified and highlighted in orthodox, laissez-faire, including classical and neoclassical, economics. While orthodox economics is widely regarded as apologetic with respect to capitalism, still it to some extent recognizes or implies the latter's dark side and therefore its duality and complexity in terms of its economic and other outcomes. The paper identifies and considers certain salient manifestations of this face of capitalism such as those in the market, in economic welfare, in economic structure and the distribution of wealth, and others. The overall finding is that even orthodox economics does not consider capitalism to be an absolute good and an immutable, eternal, and perfect economic system, and instead acknowledges and emphasizes its relative character in societal and historical terms and its various adverse dimensions and imperfections. The paper contributes to a better understanding of classical and neoclassical economics' treatment of capitalism in relation to its conception within classical sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have played a major role in applications such as tracking and monitoring in remote environments. Designing energy efficient protocols for routing of data events is a major challenge due to the dynamic topology and distributed nature of WSNs. Main aim of the paper is to discuss hierarchical routing protocols in order to improve the energy efficiency and network lifetime. This paper provides a discussion about hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols based on classical and swarm intelligence approach. The routing protocols belonging to both categories can be summarized according to energy efficiency, data aggregation, location awareness, QoS, scalability, load balancing, fault tolerance, query based and multipath. A systematic literature review has been conducted for hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols reported from 2012 to 2017. This survey provides a technical direction for researchers on how to develop routing protocols. Finally, research gaps in the reviewed protocols and the potential future aspects have been discussed.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uli is the body and wall painting tradition of the Igbo of Southeastern Nigeria. It was popular and common across Igbo villages until recently. The decline of uli like many other such cultural resources results from nescience and devaluation of autochthonous cultural expressions that do not measure up to prescribed Western ideas of art in the postcolonial experience. As part of efforts to save uli from possible extinction, artists of Nsukka School have researched the uli creative idiom and also appropriated it in their work. However, this appropriation, while trying to prolong the tradition, has also subtly added to the shadow of primitivism cast on the work of uli classical women painters in scholarship as the two paradigms have existed along the lines of the traditional–contemporary binary championed by Western scholars of African art in the early 1990s and beyond. This paper studies the uli revivalist painting sessions organized by Obiora Udechukwu and Krydz Ikwuemesi in 2003 and 2004 and uses the process and outcome of the paintings to argue that the women are not primitives, but classicists, if classicism is to be seen as a multi-versal experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dating back to the ancient Greek poets and artists, and sustained through later European art and literature, the winged horse Pegasus is linked with heroic deeds and with poetry and creativity through his association with the Muses. The reception of Pegasus since antiquity divides into two main strands: his role in the Perseus and Bellerophon myths, connecting the winged horse with heroic deeds and battles with monsters; and an allegorical-symbolical interpretation, based on Pegasus' association with the fountain of the Muses. This article traces the literary sources of Pegasus, providing English translations of the relevant ancient Greek and Latin texts, and sampling early modern and modern Italian, German, and English works. Demonstrating the development of the heroic and the allegorical-symbolical avenues of interpretation, the paper also summarizes the satirical aspect of Pegasus. Full attention to all these aspects reinforces the excellence of Pegasus as a symbol of poetry therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classical period composers have lived the religious feeling just like their predecessors and successors, with all social and cultural changes that took place over the time. The religious feeling expressed through the texts of Psalms is a leitmotif in the universal musical history. In this paper I will talk about the musical pieces that have religious texts; the spiritual universe suggested by the composers lead to the human-religious face of the art - statement for the need of a hermeneutic approach in the music analysis. The cosmos given by the creators through art can be accessed only through a contextual understanding of the masterpieces, the Psalms of David being a guideline in the historiccomparative journey proposed by this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism Spectrum Disorder is diagnosed when individuals demonstrate repetitive behaviours and restricted interests, especially in relation to social stimuli, that make it difficult for them to access socially reinforcing environments. Consequently, in most cases, behaviour analytic interventions initially have to focus on the establishment/conditioning of effective reinforcers. A systematic review was conducted of the literature on conditioned reinforcement that identified 33 relevant articles (published between 2002 and 2017). This article reports on the content analysis and quality of evidence and offers a summary of the findings reported in these papers. Four lines of research were identified: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, and comparison studies. Differences and similarities are reported concerning procedures, type of stimuli to be conditioned, responses measured, reported effectiveness, and quality of evidence. Recommendations for future research and clinical practice are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the efforts of many individuals, the disciplines of modern physics and number theory have remained largely divorced, in the sense that the experimentally verified theories of quantum physics and gravity are written in the language of linear algebra and advanced calculus, without reference to several established branches of pure mathematics. This absence raises questions as to whether or not pure mathematics has undiscovered application to physical modeling that could have far reaching implications for human scientific understanding. In this paper, we review physical interpretations of number theoretic concepts developed in the twentieth century, in an attempt to help bridge the divide between pure mathematical truth and testable physical theory. Specifically, the relevance of L-functions and modular forms to the physics of quantum and classical physical systems is addressed, with the objective of motivating general interest among physicists in these mathematical concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical methods are increasingly relevant for uncovering structure in different datasets. This paper aims to explain one of these methods that is known as Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) by using simple and intuitive examples. Multidimensional Scaling accepts quantitative, qualitative and mix data. There is a wide variety of methods to obtain appropriate data for MDS. The most direct way is to ask subjects to give pairwise ratings or to sort stimulus objects according to their similarity, relatedness and association. There are three types of this method: classical MDS, metric MDS and non-metric MDS. The purpose of each is to provide a visual representation of the pattern of proximities among a set of objects in a low number of dimensions (Borg, I. & Groenen, F. J. F., 2005). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Arabic world, people speak two languages fluently: classical Arabic and slang Arabic. Being able to use slang Arabic terms in Web search queries will be considered a huge leap in modern research on Arabic information retrieval. It would be more comfortable to Arab Web users to obtain the required information available on the Web using slang Arabic queries. This research paper completes the work that was started a year ago in which the ultimate goal of this ongoing project is to design and build a system that is fully capable of replacing Arabic slang-based queries with their equivalent classical terms. The work that has been done in this paper aims to simplify the task for Arab Web users via enabling them to use their slang Arabic to make Web queries. This work provides promising results and shows that people who do not know how to write classical queries can use their slang language directly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recently, Ben Bernanke has argued that in the events leading up to the financial crisis, mistakes were made, but they were primarily engineering or management mistakes, not mistakes in the fundamental science of macroeconomics, which he sees as sound. This paper argues that Bernanke is wrong and that standard macroeconomics has not recognized, and still does not recognize, the limits of science and of formal modeling when studying something as complex as the macro economy. This failure to recognize, and adequately convey to policy makers, the limits of our scientific understanding of the macro economy, has led standard macroeconomics to combine fundamental science and policy applications in ways that undermine both. This paper advocates a classical methodological approach, which Keynes followed as well, that strictly separates fundamental science from policy analysis. Policy does not directly follow from models; it follows from reasoned analysis which uses models, but which combines models with institutional knowledge, intuition, and common sense.JEL classification: A11, B22, E0, E60 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We consider a suspended elastic rod under longitudinal compression. The compression can be used to adjust potential energy for transverse displacements from harmonic to double well regime. As compressional strain is increased to the buckling instability, the frequency of the fundamental vibrational mode drops continuously to zero (first buckling instability). As one tunes the separation between the ends of a rod, the system remains stable beyond the instability and develops a double-well potential for transverse motion. The two minima in the potential energy curve describe two possible buckled states at a particular strain. From one buckled state it can go over to the other by thermal fluctuations or quantum tunnelling. Using a continuum approach and transition state theory (TST) one can calculate the rate of conversion from one state to the other. The saddle point for the change from one state to the other is the straight rod configuration. The rate, however, diverges at the second buckling instability. At this point, the straight rod configuration, which was a saddle until then, becomes a hill top and two new saddles are generated. The new saddles have bent configurations and as the rod goes through further instabilities, they remain stable and the rate calculated according to harmonic approximation around a saddle point remains finite. In our earlier paper, a classical rate calculation including friction was carried out [J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 4, 1 (2007)], by assuming that each segment of the rod is coupled to its own collection of harmonic oscillators - our rate expression is well behaved through the second buckling instability. In this paper we have extended our method to calculate quantum rate using the same system plus reservoir model. We find that friction lowers the rate of conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solution of large sparse linear systems arises in many applications, such as computational fluid dynamics and oil reservoir simulation. In realistic cases the matrices are often so large that they require large scale distributed parallel computing to obtain the solution of interest in a reasonable time. In this paper we discuss the design and implementation of the AmgX library, which provides drop-in GPU acceleration of distributed algebraic multigrid (AMG) and preconditioned iterative methods. The AmgX library implements both classical and aggregation-based AMG methods with different selector and interpolation strategies, along with a variety of smoothers and preconditioners, including block-Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, and incomplete-LU factorization. The library contains many of the standard and flexible preconditioned Krylov subspace iterative methods, which can be combined with any of the available multigrid methods or simpler preconditioners. The parallelism in the aggregation scheme exploits parallel graph matching techniques, while the smoothers and preconditioners often rely on parallel graph coloring algorithms. The AMG algorithm implemented in the AmgX library achieves 2-5× speedup on a single GPU against a competitive implementation on the CPU. As will be shown in the numerical experiments section, both setup and solve phases scale well across multiple nodes, sustaining this performance advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum fidelity was introduced by Peres to study some fingerprints of classically chaotic behavior in the quantum dynamics of the corresponding systems. In the present paper the signatures of classical dynamics near elliptic points and of interactions between particles are characterized for kicked systems. In particular, the period of the fidelity resulting of the interactions is found using analytical and numerical calculations. A mechanism leading to the oscillations with the intermediate period is proposed. It is of a classical origin and results of the interplay between the oscillations of the width of the wave packets and the rotation of their center around the elliptic fixed point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing accounts of American sociology’s founding years during the early twentieth century assume that the discipline was ‘metrocentric.’ They assume that it was only interested in processes occurring within the United States; that American sociologists fell prey to state-centrist thought; and that, therefore, contextualizing America sociology’s emergence necessitates understanding relations, events, and processes within the confines of US territorial boundaries. By contrast, this paper shows the imperial and hence global aspects of early American sociological thought. Early American sociologists were interested in imperialism and, therefore, in cross-societal, transnational, and global processes and relations. Implicitly or explicitly they approached imperialism as a process by which social groups, not least ‘races,’ interacted and conflicted. They also saw it as a route towards new global forms. Early American sociology thus articulated a sociological imagination that looked beyond American society and to the wider world. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Transliteration pair extraction, the identification of transliterations of foreign loanwords in literature, is a challenging task in research fields such as historical linguistics and digital humanities. In this paper, we focus on one important type of historical literature: classical Chinese Buddhist texts. We propose an approach which can identify transliteration pairs automatically in classical Chinese texts. Our approach comprises two stages: transliteration extraction and transliteration pair identification. In order to extract more possible transliterations without introducing too many false positives, we adopt a hybrid method consisting of a suffix-array-based extraction step and a language-model based filtering process. Using the ALINE algorithm, we then compare the extracted transliteration candidates for phonetic similarity based on their pronunciations in the middle Chinese rime book Guangyun ([MediaObject not available: see fulltext.]). Pairs with similarity above a certain threshold are considered transliteration pairs. To evaluate our method, we constructed an evaluation set from several Buddhist texts such as the Samyuktagama and the Mahavibhasa, which were translated into Chinese in different eras. Precision and recall are used to measure and show the effectiveness of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychoanalytic concepts could be regarded as sensitizing concepts. They are not definite but point in a direction. The concepts of "classical", "contemporary", "neutrality" and "subjectivity" could sensitize in different directions. This paper tries to describe and compare how the concepts of "neutrality" and "subjectivity" embrace different meanings and values, and sensitize differently in classical and modern psychoanalysis. The development of the concepts of "neutrality" and "subjectivity" is described and discussed through a distinction between two different movements. The first movement is marked by a defence of concepts such as "neutrality" and "abstinence". The second movement is characterised by its interest in the relational aspects of psychoanalysis, including the analyst's own subjective participation. The discussion concludes that modern psychoanalysis should be described as a temperate presence by the analyst; a disciplined activity in a new key. Neutrality can only survive as a psychoanalytic concept through its inclusion in the analyst's subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Classical calculations of the atomic processes started in 1911 with famous Rutherford’s evaluation of the differential cross section for particles scattered on foil atoms . The success of these calculations was soon overshadowed by the rise of Quantum Mechanics in 1925 and its triumphal success in describing processes at the atomic and subatomic levels. It was generally recognized that the classical approach should be inadequate and it was neglected until 1953, when the famous paper by Gregory Wannier appeared, in which the threshold law for the single ionization cross section behaviour by electron impact was derived. All later calculations and experimental studies confirmed the law derived by purely classical theory. The next step was taken by Ian Percival and collaborators in 60s, who developed a general classical three-body computer code, which was used by many researchers in evaluating various atomic processes like ionization, excitation, detachment, dissociation, etc. Another approach was pursued by Michal Gryzinski from Warsaw, who started a far reaching programme for treating atomic particles and processes as purely classical objects . Though often criticized for overestimating the domain of the classical theory, results of his group were able to match many experimental data. Belgrade group was pursuing the classical approach using both analytical and numerical calculations, studying a number of atomic collisions, in particular near-threshold processes. Riga group, lead by Modris Gailitis , contributed considerably to the field, as it was done by Valentin Ostrovsky and coworkers from Sanct Petersbourg, who developed powerful analytical methods within purely classical mechanics . We shall make an overview of these approaches and show some of the remarkable results, which were subsequently confirmed by semiclassical and quantum mechanical calculations, as well as by the experimental evidence. Finally we discuss the theoretical and epistemological background of the classical calculations and explain why these turned out so successful, despite the essentially quantum nature of the atomic and subatomic systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The main objective of this paper is to explore and describe the relationship between dreams and music, the merging of feeling and reflection in the experience of music, and classical music's capacity to unfold a complex discursive whole. Richter asserts that dreams and music traverse Bloch's texts in a variety of modulations and tonalities: he dreams to the music of thought-images. Johnson holds that classical music is distinguished by a self-conscious attention to its own musical language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few decades, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has emerged as a model for understanding the influence of natural selection on genetic diversity in populations as well as for investigating the genetic basis of host resistance to pathogens. However, many vertebrate taxa remain underrepresented in the field of MHC research, preventing its application to studies of disease, evolution, and conservation genetics in these groups. This is particularly true for squamates, which are by far the most diversified order of non-avian reptiles but have not been the subject of any recent MHC studies. In this paper, we present MHC class I complementary DNA data from three squamate species in the subfamily Iguaninae (iguanas): the Galápagos marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus), the Galápagos land iguana ( Conolophus subcristatus), and the green iguana ( Iguana iguana). All sequences obtained are related to the few published class I genes from other squamates. There is evidence for multiple loci in each species, and the conserved α-3 domain appears to be evolving in a species-specific manner. Conversely, there is some indication of shared polymorphism between species in the peptide-binding α-1 and α-2 domains, suggesting that these two regions have different phylogenetic histories. The great similarity between α-3 sequences in marine iguanas in particular suggests that concerted evolution is acting to homogenize class I loci within species. However, while less likely, the data are also compatible with a birth and death model of evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article overviews and illustrates the idea of rationality within traditional economic theory. It provides selected examples of a number of pertinent ideas of rationality from classical political economy and early and late neoclassical economics. Based on an exploratory historical analysis, the finding is that theoretical holism or socio-economic pluralism has declined in favor of (economic) reductionism in analyzing rationality. The article finds that the traditional (Enlightenment) conceptualization of rationality by the category of ‘reason’ (reasonable behavior) has weakened in relation to a utilitarian-economic definition by ‘utility’ or ‘profit’ maximization. Rationality has become a narrower, more reductive concept as economics has evolved. It began as a rich, holistic and complex socio-economic concept, then condensed into utilitarianism, shrank into instrumentalism and any pertinent psychological content had disappeared by WW II. Notably, the Benthamite reductive concept of rationalism as utilitarianism and in part hedonism has prevailed in early and late neoclassical economics. The paper also infers a sort of serendipitous detection of the operation of the non-rational ‘residual’ in socio-economic life as well as a paradox in the form of the irrationality of extreme rationality within traditional economics. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, a mixed quantum-classical semi-rigid vibrating rotor target (QC-SVRT) model has been applied to study the reaction O([sup 3]P) + CH[sub 4] → CH[sub 3] + OH based on H + CH[sub 4] potential surface of Jordan and Gilbert. In this approach, the relative translational motion between atom and polyatom molecules is treated classically while the others are treated quantum mechanically. The reaction probabilities and rate constants were carried out using the QC-SVRT approach. It was found that the QC-SVRT results are in good agreement with the quantum results and the reaction threshold is correctly produced in the present calculation. The application of this QC-SVRT approach makes it more practical to extend quantum reaction dynamics calculation to larger molecules and more complex systems without incurring significant loss of important quantum effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the first century of psychoanalytic theory and therapy, this paper takes critical stock of its past performance as a theory of human nature, and as a therapy. An account of the distinction between the dynamic and cognitive species of unconscious is followed by a critique of Freudian and post-Freudian psychoanalysis, as well as by an unfavorable verdict on the reconstruction of psychoanalysis by the “hermeneutic” philosophers. Concluding remarks assess the future prospects of psychoanalysis in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]