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Introduction: Conflict is an inevitable fact existing in any organization and it is understood as disagreement between two parties. Conflicts in simple terms may occur when severe issues arise and fury is invoked in the communication process. Conflict arises because of misunderstanding one's words or intentions. Objectives: To analyse and interpret the most preferred and rejected management styles to deal with the industrial conflict. - To explore different conflict management approaches in the study. - To study and analyse the conflict management styles adopted by the management in JK paper mills limited. Hypothesis: - The conflict variables are not varying over the classifications of the Demographic variables of the respondents. - The conflict variables are not varying over the classifications of the Employment variables of the respondents. Need: The production deficit and supply mismatch has made this industry import dependent for finished paper. The demand for paper in India is high and increasing. The supply shortfall for this industry is estimated at 20 million tonnes by 2021. The contribution of the paper industry to the GDP is high. Hence, the researcher felt the need to conduct a study on Conflict management approaches in paper industry with reference to JK Paper Limited, one of the prime organisations in the industry in Visakhapatnam. Methodology: Sample size is 544, Convenient sampling technique is employed for sample collection. To measure the conflict variables over designation, nature of work and classification of departments, ANOVA test is employed to measure its association among variables. Findings: The categorical variables are determinants of the situation in a manufacturing organisation and form a part of internal environment. Therefore, the study concludes the conflict variables determine the style of conflict management. Conclusion: The research study is confined to the employees of select JK Paper Mills Ltd only and it can be extended to other states or cities of India where paper mills industries are situated. It could be further extended to private and public sector paper mills industry of India identifying the conflict management styles adopted in these industries and the effectiveness of conflict management in these industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why workers forfeit direct reproduction is a crucial question in eusocial evolution. Worker reproduction provides an excellent opportunity to understand the mechanism of kin conflict resolution between the queen and workers. We evaluated behavioral and physiological differences among females in the paper wasp Polistes chinensis antennalis to examine why some workers reproduce under queenright conditions. Reproductive workers were old and foraged less early in the season; their cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles overlapped with those of queens but were significantly different. The distinct CHC profile of the eggs of the queen likely represented a cue for policing against those by workers. Juvenile hormone (JH) and dopamine seemed to be associated with gonadotropic function, and the JH level of reproductive workers was similar to that of the queen. The high JH level of reproductive workers likely facilitated their reproduction even under queenright conditions. Gene expression levels of the queen and reproductive workers differed only in vitellogenin. These results suggest that worker reproduction is facilitated by an increase in JH level; however, CHC is not a fertility-linked signal, but a queen-linked signal; consequently, reproductive workers without a queen-linked signal might be allowed to stay within the colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the changing picture of depression, or melancholy as it was called in the seventeenth century, as in Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. Freud distinguished between mourning and melancholia in the sense of healthy and pathological reactions to loss; but the concept has also evolved within psychoanalysis, as in Klein's 'On the sense of loneliness'. The process of working through depression with a goal of self-knowledge seems to come gradually closer to a Keatsian worldview of the quest for beauty and truth, in line with Meltzer's 'aesthetic conflict'. Using some of Keats' letters and poems from the winter and spring of 1818–1819, the paper traces his analysis of his own depression, as he works out how to exorcise its persecutory qualities, and learns to 'see great things in loneliness'. His understanding of the two types of melancholy, depressive and persecutory, culminates in his 'Ode on Melancholy'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oman and its conflict management model are the focus of this paper. This model has crystalized out of the three stand‐alone but complementary systems of conflict resolution which evolved in an ad hoc fashion: the institute of tribal leaders; the reconciliation committees; and the formal judicial system. These systems offer a foundation for the current efforts of the local people to sustain a peaceful co‐existence among the vibrant and ethnically diverse Omani communities known for their turbulent past. The analyzed data obtained from interviews with Omani tribal leaders, reconciliation committee members, and lawyers shed light on both the strengths of the conflict management model and the modern challenges which the model faces. The findings confirm that this model represents a coherent entity run by an integrated constitutional‐tribal order. They also suggest that the model serves as a state mechanism for balancing power between the country's major players—the government and the institute of tribal leaders. The novel contribution of this paper lies in linking the origin and philosophy of each system with the "mediation identity" of Oman's foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European peace and security became under threat with the developments in the Socialist Federation of Yugoslavia (SFRY), particularly after 1991. The war in Slovenia and Croatia signalized that existence of the Federation it was no longer possible. European Community (EC) and its Member States strongly advocated for peaceful resolution of the conflict. On 19th July 1991, they reaffirmed readiness to be involved, in the role of third party, in restoration of the dialogue between the Republics and the Federation. Deterioration of the situation due to the declarations of independence made EC to come out with the proposal for the peace conference on Yugoslavia. Therefore, the Arbitration Commission issued several opinions related to the right of self-determination and whether the Republics that declared independence from the Federation fulfilled the necessary conditions of statehood. Considering that independence of the constituent republics symbolized the violent dissolution of SFRY, this paper aims to analyze the approach of EC and its Member States on the recognition of the independence of the Republics. In the academic literature, very few studies have focused on what made the EC and its Member States to come out with the proposal for the peace conference, concretely for an arbitration commission, and how the Republics that declared independence responded to the EC proposal for a common political agreement and arbitration commission? In this paper, will be analyzed the EC Statements on Yugoslavia, Statements of the SFRY Presidency, and the Opinions of the Badinter Commission for the period 1991-1992. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the article is to explore essential aspects of mountain governance, with a particular emphasis on the principles of Good Governance. This includes emphasizing soft skills, knowledge, innovative solutions, and the allocation of necessary resources. The core concept centres on adopting a community-focused governance model, which establishes a structure for proactive stakeholder engagement and sustainable conflict resolution. The primary audience includes practitioners, communities, businesses, and others, providing them with potential strategies to enhance their involvement in the decision-making process. The paper aims to offer pertinent insights into effective practices within European mountain governance. The goal is to extract distinct experiences and glean valuable lessons, evaluating both the potential and constraints for their applicability in varied geographical contexts. The methodology used includes identifying comparative study cases - studying good and bad lessons to be learned - from Europe, and their analysis based on how much the community the contributed to build governance. Commencing with detailed contextual backgrounds, objectives, and developmental trajectories, these practices undergo comprehensive analysis, considering the essential elements outlined earlier. It was observed a large variety of governance models, and there were examined in details 6 of them (2 from Romania, 1 from Spain, 1 from Bulgaria, 1 from Ireland and 1 from Portugal). The results emphasised that the specificity of each mountain is of a major importance for a resilient governance, and the replicability of each governance is possible only on certain conditions, including a real bottom-up and participatory approach, flexibility and local adaptability, but, also, conserving the traditions and landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality impairment from fertilizer runoff remains a major source of urban-agricultural conflicts when it leads to serious health risks. In this paper, we analyze the role of watershed organizations in Iowa, USA, that include both agricultural and urban stakeholders to address water quality challenges. We conducted three focus group discussions with 14 coordinators representing these watershed organizations to analyze what policy tools these organizations are using to address urban-agricultural conflicts and what outcomes have resulted from their efforts. We used qualitative coding to apply an existing set of policy tools already established in the literature. Coordinators' responses showed that who participates in these organizations has a major impact on the level of problem solving. There were limited instances of joint urban-agricultural engagement strategies, but these were promising in changing individual's perspectives and indicate that strategic targeting of watershed participants may be crucial to overcoming conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities in many liberal democracies, such as the US, the UK, or Germany, grapple with a pivotal question: how much room should be given to controversial utterances? On the one side, there are those who advocate for limiting permissible speech on campus to create a safe environment for a diverse student body and counter the mainstreaming of extremist views, particularly by right-wing populists. On the other side, concerns arise about stifling the free exchange of ideas and creating an atmosphere of fear and censorship. The debate is further complicated by participants' occasional uncertainties about the legal norms relevant in the given context, such as when freedom of speech is an issue and when it is not. This paper addresses the question of whether universities should allow actors with primarily political (as opposed to scholarly) agendas to speak on campus. Focusing on German universities, we begin by discussing some of the potentially relevant legal norms. We then propose shifting emphasis from whether we should make room for public political discussions on campus to how such events must be organized so that they deliver the goods that their advocates emphasize while avoiding the dangers of which critics warn. Drawing on conflict management literature concerned with process design, we make several practical suggestions on how to organize an event that brings political discourse to the university campus without causing harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict resolution for knowledge graphs (KGs) is a critical technique in knowledge fusion, ensuring the resolution of conflicts between existing KGs and external knowledge while maintaining post-fusion accuracy. However, current approaches often encounter difficulties with external triples involving unseen entities due to limited knowledge. Moreover, current methodologies typically overlook conflict detection prior to resolution, a crucial step for accurate truth inference. This paper introduces CRDL, an innovative approach that leverages conflict detection and large language models (LLMs) to identify truths. By employing conflict detection, we implement precise filtering strategies tailored to various types of relations and attributes. By designing prompts and injecting relevant information into an LLM, we identify triples with unseen entities. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of CRDL over baseline methods. Specifically, our method surpasses the state-of-the-art by achieving a 56.4% improvement in recall and a 68.2% increase in F1-score. These results clearly illustrate the enhanced performance and effectiveness of our approach. Additionally, ablation studies and further analyses underscore the importance of the components within CRDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redistricting is constantly accompanied by political conflicts as well as academic arguments in countries with majoritarian or mixed electoral system, as a result of the process could potentially influence the outcome of elections. In the international scientific discourse and legal processes, this conflict is managed by different approaches. So far, Hungary didn't implement such methodologies by the executive branches, therefore such anomalies as malapportionment, are not taken care of, as the electoral reform of 2011 has not been advanced by any kind of social or scientific disputes. Having reviewed existing processes of redistricting in the US, UK, and Canada, a procedure was created in this paper for revising district boundaries, that would fulfill the requirement of proportionality in respect of Hungary as well. To achieve that, at the first place, proportionality among counties must be assured. Secondly, if a given county will have modified number of constituencies, district borders must be redrawn to gain proportional representation of voters. The results show, that the proposed subdivision would provide proportional allocation for the forthcoming 10 years at least. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Border issues, such as sovereignty, territorial claims, and security, play a significant role in transboundary river management. Borders can act as physical barriers that impede cooperation and coordination, and disputes over ownership and control of river resources can exacerbate tensions and lead to conflicts. Transboundary river management is a complex and critical issue that has gained increasing attention in recent years. The management of rivers that cross international borders raises numerous challenges, including political, economic, social, and environmental concerns. Effective management requires the cooperation of all countries sharing the river basin, and it involves the development of legal and institutional frameworks that promote sustainable use, equitable sharing, and peaceful resolution of conflicts. This paper aims to explore the intricate relationship between India's persistent border disputes with China and their far-reaching implications for the management of transboundary rivers. Their unresolved territorial disputes have profound implications for the shared river basins, such as the Brahmaputra Basin, and pose significant challenges to the implementation of effective transboundary river management strategies. Through an interdisciplinary examination of historical, geopolitical, and hydrological factors, this study sheds light on the multifaceted dimensions of India's border disputes with China and elucidates their detrimental impacts on the use of transboundary river resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper used an evidence and gap map (EGM) to advance the scientific understanding of sibling relationship quality among children aged 2 to 18 years by synthesizing literature on 277 empirical studies from 1985 to 2022 to delineate patterns of study design, sampling, and measurement. Most existing research has utilized majority of White, middle‐to‐upper class, and/or two‐caregiver family samples. Nearly 85% (n = 235) of studies used quantitative methods to measure sibling relationship quality across eight domains: conflict, warmth/affection, quality, cohesion, hostility, power/control, positive engagement, and conflict management. A total of 122 studies used a measure of sibling relationship quality as a predictor of sibling behavior, social, psychological, cognitive, health, or physiological outcomes. Future directions for research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine how organizational practices such as climate for conflict management (CCM) and high involvement work practices (HIWPs) reduce the negative consequences of workplace bullying (WPB) on work-related depression (WRD). Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 468 full-time employees working in the financial sector in Türkiye by applying a student-recruited sampling strategy. The aforesaid relationships were assessed using SPSS AMOS 29. Findings: The results indicated that WPB leads to WRD; however, this effect is alleviated by employee perceptions of strong CCM and the administration of HIWPs in workplace settings. Research limitations/implications: Collecting data from a single source poses the risks of self-report data bias; however, in the future, data may be collected from multiple sources to lessen this potential threat. The study was a cross-sectional study, which makes it hard to make casual inferences; longitudinal data would be more beneficial to establish casual associations. Practical implications: Business owners and managers can draw from the study results to create a work environment perceived by employees to be fair when dealing with conflicts and the negative vices of bullying in workplaces. Also, organizations may administer practices that empower employees' confidence and competence to deal with negative persecution in organizations. Originality/value: Few studies, if any, have focused on examining the moderating effect of CCM and HIWPs in the association between WPB and WRD. Drawing upon conservation of resources theory, the study stands out as it tests the moderating effect of CCM and HIWPs in the connection between WPB and WRD. The findings contribute to the few available studies tackling organizational factors relevant to alleviating the negative consequences of WPB in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many nonlinear systems, the observability of the system is dependent on its state and control input. Thus, incorporating observability into a control scheme can enhance an observer's ability to recover accurate estimates of unmeasured states, minimize estimation error, and ultimately, allow the original control objective to be achieved. The accommodation of observability, however, may conflict with the original control goal at times. In this paper, we propose the use of control barrier functions (CBFs) to enforce observability and thereby facilitate the convergence of the state estimate to the true state while accommodating the original control objectives. Motivated by practical applications for autonomous robots operating in global positioning system-denied environments, we focus on the problem of target tracking for a unicycle model when only the distance to the target is measured. The proposed approach is compared in simulation with a model predictive control (MPC) approach that treats an observability-related metric as part of the cost function, where several different options for the observability metric are explored. It is found that the CBF-based approach achieves control and estimation performance that is comparable to that of the MPC approach, but with significantly less computational complexity. These findings are further experimentally verified in range-based target tracking with a swimming robotic fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) advocates celebrate informality as a means to improve access to justice for poor people and to unburden courts, emphasizing the spoken dimensions of conflict resolution rather than the written product. Yet residents of El Alto, Bolivia, are preoccupied with the graphic artefacts produced by ADR programmes: conciliation accords. This article argues that Alteños pursue conciliation accords because of their isomorphism - shared physical traits - with legal documents. In mobilizing legal-like documents as avatars of coercive state authority, Alteños reveal how the urban poor marshal ambiguous bureaucratic documentary procedures to reorder untenable social relations and to give some teeth to oral arrangements amid economic insecurity and dubious judicial prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research documents the experiences of business crisis management in wartime Ukraine. The goal of the paper is to contribute to our understanding of business crisis management in a conflict zone in wartime conditions, a significantly underresearched area. Based on interviews with the owners and managers of 20 Ukrainian companies spanning sectors and geography of the country, the paper provides insights into the various elements that characterize and distinguish war as a crisis type, including having an unknown end point, and, furthermore, what we can learn from how Ukrainian managers have approached this crisis. Among the key findings are how war situations appear to be "cosmology episodes" for which it is not possible to adequately prepare and for which the end point is unknown, both of which call for emergent, adaptive crisis management capabilities and leadership skills characterized by improvisation and other forms of resilience. Notwithstanding this, company wartime crisis management experiences have stimulated intention to more structured anticipatory and preparedness practices, as well as narratives of future renewal in communications with staff and stakeholders, which serve both as a guidepost and coping mechanism during the current crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of emotions in conflict resolution, explicitly focusing on mediation. Emotions are an inherent aspect of conflict and can significantly impact the negotiation process. Understanding the emotional landscape of mediation is crucial for effective conflict management. This paper discusses the various emotions that arise during mediation, the strategies for effective emotional control, and the role of the mediator in navigating the emotional terrain of the negotiation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Narrative discourse, or storytelling, is used in daily conversation and requires higher‐level language and social communication skills that are not always captured by standardised assessments of language. Many autistic individuals and individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have difficulties with both social communication and language skills, and narrative discourse analysis offers an ecologically relevant approach to assessing those challenges. Aims: This study investigated narrative discourse in individuals with autism and FASD, as well as an age‐ and sex‐matched comparison group. Methods and Procedures: Narratives from 45 adolescents and adults, 11 with autism, 11 with FASD and 23 age‐ and sex‐matched comparison participants were elicited using a wordless storybook. They were then transcribed orthographically, formatted to the Systematic Analyses of Language Transcript (SALT) convention and scored based on the SALT Narrative Scoring Scheme (NSS), a standardised language analysis protocol. In addition to the NSS total score, which assesses the overall structure and cohesion of the narratives produced, local and global measures of language ability were also employed. The local language measures included the number of mental state and temporal relation terms produced, while the global language measures included mean length of utterance, total different words, total words, total utterances, rate of speech, the number of mazes (e.g., repetitions, 'um', 'uh' or self‐corrections) per total word and the NSS total score. Outcomes and Results: Using the SALT Language Sample Analysis tool, our results revealed that on global language measures, group differences were found on rate of speech, number of mazes per total words and the description of conflict/resolution in the narratives produced. The autism group produced significantly more mazes per total word and scored higher on the NSS conflict/resolution category score compared to the FASD and comparison groups. Both the autism and FASD groups spoke at a lower rate than the comparison group. On local language measures of narrative production, all groups were comparable, on average. Conclusions and Implications: While many aspects of narrative discourse in the autism and FASD groups were similar to each other and to the comparison group, we observed group differences on global measures of narrative production and significant individual variability within groups, suggesting that narrative abilities considered at an individual level may provide important clinical information for intervention planning. Future research should also consider additional variables that influence narrative discourse, such as motivation, distractibility or decision‐making of individual participants. What this paper adds: What is already known on the subject: Narrative discourse, or storytelling, is used in daily conversational interactions and reveals higher‐level language skills that may not be well captured by standardised assessments of language. Many autistic individuals and individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) show difficulty with pragmatic and expressive language skills. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: We found that many aspects of the narratives produced by the adolescents/young adults in the autism and FASD groups were comparable to each other and to the neurotypical group. However, the groups differed on three global measures of narrative production: rate of speech, number of mazes per total words and the description of conflict/resolution in the narratives produced. Also, significant variability was observed within groups, suggesting that narrative abilities should be considered at an individual level as opposed to their clinical groups. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: This study showed that narrative discourse is an appropriate task that can be added to routine clinical assessments of language abilities in autistic adolescents/young adults as well as those with FASD or typical development and has the potential to reveal higher‐level, real‐world language skills. An important clinical implication of this study is that narrative language abilities should be considered at an individual level and individual‐tailored interventions based on ability level due to the variability observed across individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research talks about the importance of the family in the development of social and emotional competencies of children. In this paper, we wanted to explore whether the Friendship cards (FC) (a theoretically derived preventive educational game) helped to improve the relationship between the participants and their children and whether it helped in the development of other social and communicative skills. Semi-structured interviews were used with parents from different countries. All these parents attended a 4-day online training course which dealt with the theoretical aspect, the presentation of the cards and practical ways on how to use these cards within the family context. Results from this study indicated that the tool enhances the social and emotional learning of children and adolescents in a fun and experiential way. The tool also enhances emotional expression, emotional regulation and conflict management, creating a safe space where communication can be facilitated. The research presented in the paper provides insights on how the FC can be used to enhance a positive relationship and how communication can make a difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient teamwork is crucial to provide optimal health care. This paper focuses on teamwork between Anaesthesiologists (ANES), Certified Registered Nurse Anaesthetists' (CRNA) and Critical Care Registered Nurses (CCRN) working in challenging environments such as the intensive care unit (ICU) and the operating room (OR). Conflicts are common between physicians and nurses, negatively impacting teamwork. Social hierarchies based on professional status and power inequalities between nurses and physicians plays a vital role in influencing teamwork. Foucault was a famous thinker especially known for his reasoning regarding power/knowledge. A Foucauldian perspective was therefore incorporated into this paper and the overall aim was to explore CCRN/CRNA perception of knowledge/power in teamwork with ANES. Methods A mixed-method approach was applied in this study. Data was collected using a web-based questionnaire containing both closed-end and open-ended questions. A total of 289 CCRNs and CRNAs completed the questionnaire. Data analysis was then conducted through five stages as outlined by Onwuebugzie and Teddlie; analysing quantitative data in SPSS 27.0 and qualitative data with a directed content analysis, finally merging data together in ATLAS.ti v.23. Results The result reveals a dissonance between quantitative and qualitative data; quantitative data indicates a well-functioning interdisciplinary teamwork between CCRN/CRNA and ANES - qualitative data highlights that there are several barriers and inequalities between the two groups. Medicine was perceived as superior to nursing, which was reinforced by both social and organisational structures at the ICU and OR. Conclusion Unconscious rules underlying current power structures in the ICU and OR works in favour of the ANES and biomedical paradigm, supporting medical knowledge. To achieve a more equal power distribution between CCRN/CRNAs and ANES, the structural hierarchies between nursing and medicine needs to be addressed. A more equal power balance between the two disciplines can improve teamwork and thereby reduce patient mortality and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groupwork is a core method of social work intervention, yet in our experience, social work students and early graduates rarely embrace the idea of facilitating groups, nor foresee that as a role they would like to fill. Through our years of experience in practising and teaching groupwork, we have learned that one of the reasons for this reluctance is the fear of conflict. This paper focuses on our journey of understanding the role of conflict in groups viewed through the lens of Tuckman's 5 stages of groupwork. Through a series of examples from practice, we provide readers with strategies we have used for managing conflict in a groupwork practice setting. The aim of this paper is to provide social work educators, students and graduates with an understanding of why conflict occurs in groups and to provide a toolbox of strategies to respond to conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Conventional wisdom tells us that mediation without ripeness is a fool's errand (Zartman and Touval, 1985). What, then, is Türkiye's motivation for mediating the war in Ukraine in lieu of ripeness – and what can its behavior as a mediator tell us about that motivation? In pursuit of this question, this paper inductively analyzes Turkish mediation in the Ukraine war to unpack the relationship between a contextual (ripeness) and actor-level (motivation) variable. Of particular interest is the decision-making and behavior of third parties (like Türkiye in Ukraine) who elect to mediate highly complex conflicts in which ripeness is indiscernible. The purpose of this research is not to propose or test a causal relationship between obscured ripeness and mediation, but rather to examine mediation behavior in situations where ripeness is obscured. Design/methodology/approach: The impact of weaponized information on ripeness and third-party mediation is evaluated through an original, systematic and inductive case study analysis of Turkish mediation in the Russia–Ukraine war. As an intense theater of operations for information warfare for well over a decade, the war in Ukraine serves as an especially apt choice for an analysis of "obscured ripeness." Likewise, Türkiye's anomalous position as the only substantive source of mediation in the conflict lends significance to an empirical examination of its motivation and behavior as a mediator. Findings: This research reveals that the pervasive use of weaponized information in the Russia–Ukraine war has distorted and disordered the information environment, thereby obscuring the ability of third parties to determine if the conflict is or could be ripe for mediation. However, the condition of obscured ripeness that prevails in the conflict has not proven a deterrent for mediation by Türkiye, which, as the only mediator in the conflict, has used a transactional approach to mediation motivated by self-regarding interests and animated by a manipulative mediation strategy. In sum, this inductive analysis of Turkish mediation in Ukraine reveals that the use of weaponized information in a conflict indirectly selects on transactional mediation (and mediators). The significance of this finding is magnified by the widespread use of weaponized information in contemporary conflicts as well as the declining frequency of third-party mediation. Originality/value: There have been few, if any, systematic assessments in Turkish mediation of the Russia–Ukraine war, and none specifically concerned with the effects of weaponized information. Additionally, the paper proposes a typology of mediator motivation that is used to structure that assessment, while also introducing a new concept ("obscured ripeness") and linking that concept both to the existing literature on ripeness and to the use of weaponized information in contemporary armed conflicts. As such, this manuscript represents an important contribution both to the empirical and theoretical landscape with respect to the study of mediation and international conflict management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to provide a case study of complex conflict management within the arms race on the Korean Peninsula. Exploring the complex nexus of nuclear weapons, asymmetry and a qualitative arms race, the study explains how the arms race between Seoul and Pyongyang has promoted stability on the Korean Peninsula. Design/methodology/approach: Presenting the limits of arguments that the US security guarantee is the factor that saved the two Koreas from going to war again, this paper explores the utility of the inter-Korean arms race as a stabilizer that promotes indirect negotiations. While presenting Korean anomalies, this paper analyzes the three stages of the inter-Korean arms race – especially its nuclear weapons, its asymmetry and the nature of arms races – and provides extant explanations on the causes and consequences of the qualitative arms race. These key elements drive the states' strategic motives. Findings: Using the case of the inter-Korean qualitative arms race and US extended nuclear deterrence on the Korean Peninsula, the study shows the complexities of conflict management today. This paper identifies three contributing factors – US nuclear weapons, asymmetry and the qualitative characteristic of the arms race – to explain the enduring stability on the peninsula despite the arms race's intensification. The paper finds that although US nuclear-extended deterrence plays a critical role, it does not capture the full context of the ongoing, dynamic inter-Korean arms race; a prolonged arms race between the two Koreas has become a new regularity; the qualitative characteristic of the inter-Korean arms race, which is driven by technological advancement, contributes to stability in the arms race; and as the constant mismatch in priority technologies becomes more severe, the changes to the existing asymmetry could increase instability. Originality/value: This paper offers a diverse perspective to the literature on conflict management and captures the complexities of 21st-century conflict management. Through a thorough examination of the inter-Korean arms race, it brings readers' attention to the nested dynamics within the arms race and shows how an intensifying arms race can promote stability. Furthermore, the paper explains the implications for potential instability – fueled by the comprehensive mix of a dynamic qualitative arms race and the US extended nuclear deterrence – in the Indo-Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to seek to and understand how civil conflict and international claims inform one another. Does the existence of ongoing civil and international conflicts affect how a government addresses an international claim? The paper builds on existing literature that link international and domestic conflict. However, it suggests that the logic behind civil conflicts may be different from that for international ones as states decide how to deal with any one claim. Design/methodology/approach: The paper posits that states faced with domestic conflicts and additional international claims are more likely to seek to resolve an international claim than those without similar conflicts. It develops a series of hypotheses about the likelihood of claim escalation and peaceful settlement attempts and proceed to test them quantitatively using the Issue Correlates of War data combined with the uppsala conflict data program/peace research institute oslo Armed Conflict Data. Findings: On the one hand, the paper finds support for the argument regarding the difficulty states are faced with when seeking to resolve multiple international claims. On the other hand, it finds that the presence of civil conflicts incentivizes states to resolve international claims either by force or peacefully, suggesting internal violence can both lead to diversionary behavior and attempts at conflict resolution. Research limitations/implications: The findings have important implications for work considering the complexity of domestic and international conflict linkages. Originality/value: While many studies of claim militarization and peaceful attempts focus on dyadic and international characteristics, this paper creates a more nuanced understanding of the complexities of this foreign policy decision process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple conflicts of spatial planning are currently intensifying in the context of sustainability transformations. This paper aims to better understand the conflicts involved in planning inter-municipal commercial areas (IMCA) in city-regional constellations. Choosing an explicit conflict perspective integrating different strands of literature, a qualitative in-depth case study using cognitive-affective mapping (CAM) is carried out. The case study analyzes a region comprising a large urban center and multiple smaller surrounding communities in Southern Germany, where several attempts to cooperate have failed, ostensibly due to poor urban-rural relations. Our findings reveal that the situation is more complex: IMCA is hindered by vertical and horizontal governance conflicts and sectoral conflicts of interest. While land use conflicts on where to implement IMCA are hindering concrete projects, a deeper conflict potential lies in the question of whether to plan new commercial areas at all. Albeit IMCA are proposed as the solution for reducing land take and realizing economic growth, the planning of IMCA reflects this global tension on the regional and local level without being able to solve it per se. We conclude that an explicit conflict perspective as well as the CAM method can be fruitful for planning research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current methods used to investigate emotional inference and conflict resolution knowledge are limited in their suitability for use with children with language disorders due to a reliance on language processing. This is problematic, as nearly 8% of the population are estimated to have developmental language disorder (DLD). In this paper, we present 'Zoti's Social Toolkit', a set of animated scenarios that can be used to assess emotion inferencing and conflict resolution knowledge. All animated scenarios contain interpersonal situations centred around a gender‐neutral alien named Zoti. Four studies investigated the face and construct validity of the stimuli. The final stimulus set can be used with children, who may or may not have language difficulties and is openly available for use in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time train rescheduling for high-speed railway (HSR) is a pivotal technique in HSR transportation to efficiently recover train operation under disturbance scenarios. This paper aims to put forward an integrated resolving and rescheduling method considering network delay propagation. A tree-based conflict resolution mechanism is first established, with delicate considerations on the strategy's adaptability under different conflict scenarios. By inputting the scheduled arrival and departure time under different conflict resolution strategies, the timetable optimizing model aims to look for an optimal solution with minimal weighted train delay and average train adjustments under necessary technical and empirical constraints solved by a combined algorithm of Pareto optimality and Nash equilibrium, where the feasible solution space is narrowed in advance by a depth-first pruning algorithm. The performance of this coordinated train rescheduling approach is validated by a typical section disturbance in a regional HSR network administrated by the Shanghai Bureau. The results show that the proposed method can well utilizes timetable buffers and organizes train avoidance. The delay propagation characteristics are also simultaneously estimated based on the indicators of cumulative delay and instantaneous delay, which are established considering the spatio-temporal difference between the scheduled and planned timetables, in order to verify the coordination between resolution strategies and train running delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary What is known on the subject? What this paper adds to existing knowledge? What are the implications for practice? Introduction Aim/Question Method Results Discussion Implications for Practice In inpatient wards, there is a risk that conflicts occur when nursing staff interact with psychotic patients. The Interactive Approach (IA) model is an action‐based model, used in psychiatric settings, to manage conflict situations. The IA model can be used to improve communication between nursing staff and patients in numerous critical situations. Using a structured risk scale to evaluate a conflict can be an effective way to guide action and sort out the different aspects of communication between nursing staff and psychotic patients. The clarity of an action‐based model will help sort out which interventions are most likely to succeed in each conflict situation. The IA model highlights the importance of understanding and strengthening the patient's perspective, being flexible for each individual patient, and providing the patient with clear information about the situation. The Interactive Approach (IA) model is a structured management tool used to improve communication between caregivers and patients in psychiatric care settings.To examine the nursing staff's experiences of the IA model. How do they use the interventions in conflict situations with psychotic patients?A sample of nursing staff (n = 11) was recruited from three psychosis inpatient care units. Semi‐structured questions covered staff experiences of working with the problem‐solving interventions in the IA model. Transcribed data were analysed by qualitative content analysis.Three categories were defined: (1) ‘To apply a flexible approach' describes how staff tried to adapt to each patient and situation; (2) ‘Try to understand the person's inner world’ describes the importance of active listening and exploring the patient's concerns; and (3) ‘To communicate clearly’ relates to experiences of clear communication and the setting up of boundaries.The risk scale and training in communication skills helped the interaction between staff and patients in conflict situations. Different interventions were used with a focus on maintaining patient alliance.The findings highlight the importance of educational efforts and practical training, to prevent violence and the use of coercive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consociationalism is often perceived as a go-to response to ethnicized conflict, a form of 'political prescription' proffered by both external mediators and domestic constitutional designers alike. Power-sharing theory posits that extended periods of cross-community cooperation can lessen divisions, allowing the system to give way to more 'normal' politics. However, increasing evidence from Lebanon and elsewhere tracks a different set of incentives. Rather than facilitating a virtuous cycle of cooperation and consensus, a more vicious cycle of immobilism, intransigence, and institutional collapse emerges. In Lebanon, this has coincided with a set of intersecting political, economic, and humanitarian crises. This paper outlines how consociationalism's causal logic has undergone a full reversal in Lebanon, maps the manifestations and implications for the country, and reflects on what power-sharing theory can learn from Lebanon's consociational experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s globalized world, social and labor disputes have become a significant concern for individuals and organizations. This paper aims to explore the prevention and resolution of such conflicts, focusing on both international practices and the specific experience of Kazakhstan. By examining the literature, research methodology, and analytical reports, we will gain insights into effective strategies and approaches to addressing social and labor conflicts. This article is optimized for SEO and provides valuable information for individuals, organizations, and policymakers seeking to navigate the complexities of social and labor disputes. International experience is a valuable source of knowledge and practice for improving government regulation and conflict-prevention mechanisms. The article examines strategic documents and economic indicators based on qualitative research by OECD countries on the prevention of the adverse consequences of social conflicts. The study examines a number strategic documents and programs for conflict prevention and resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a real-time multi-agent fleet management strategy for autonomous underground mines vehicles. The fleet management strategy is based on multi-agent technology and includes a novel variation of the Contract-Net protocol. This paper also proposes a set of conflict management procedures to deal with the narrow nature of underground drifts, as well as the sequencing of trucks' loading activities. This strategy is tested in a simulated environment based on an industrial case study. Both the strategy and the test environment were implanted using AnyLogic. More specifically, the fleet management activities addressed are dispatching, routing and traffic management of mining vehicles, which deal respectively with the assignment of the next destination to a vehicle that has just completed a task; the choice of the route to be followed to reach the selected destination; and traffic coordination in the underground transportation network, made up of one-lane bi-directional road segments. To evaluate the proposed solution, an agent-based simulation model of a Canadian underground gold mine is implemented with AnyLogic. Results show that the proposed coordination strategy outperform the one currently employed strategy by the mine under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the 35 years of its existence, the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (GMCR) has shown to be a valuable tool for conflict analysis. Many developments and applications of the GMCR have been made in this period. This paper aims to provide valuable information for understanding the global panorama of research in the GMCR by means of a scientometric and social network analysis (SNA). To do so, we utilize the software VOSviewer for examining papers from 1987 until 2021 published in journals which are listed in the Web of Science (WoS) database. The results reveal insights about key countries, organizations, authors and journals in the area providing valuable information for both practitioners and researchers in terms of past developments and trends for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on a little studied but important type of conflict, zero-sum situations. These conflicts are less likely to take place than those in which participants can come to an integrative agreement, but knowing how to best strategize for zero-sum conflicts can lead to better outcomes in these situations. Design/methodology/approach – Participants in the study utilized two specific strategies – purposive or contingent – in a rock-paper-scissors elimination tournament. The use of the strategy and the outcome were measured in a controlled setting. Findings – Results demonstrate that using a strategy in a win-lose conflict situation significantly predicts success. Further, competitive individuals are more likely to utilize strategies than other personality types. Originality/value – This paper builds on the theory that individuals in conflict situations have preferences, pursue goals, and behave purposefully. In particular, the paper studies the antecedents to strategies employed in a conflict situation and that strategy's effect on the outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper about the regional strategies for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict in Africa is presented. It examines the preparedness of certain African regional actors to protect displaced persons in times of conflict and prescribes formulas to strengthen their capabilities. The author highlights the important role of these African regional actors in protecting the rights of displaced persons but asserts that they need to develop and institute new mechanisms and legal instruments as well as to strengthen those that pre-exist.

The paper deals with two judicial policies initiated by Brazilian CNJ, which promote the adoption of consensual methods of conflict resolution, especially conciliation and mediation, as well as the increasing computerization of judicial processes. The purpose of the paper is to reflect on these innovations, thinking about problems and difficulties that may cross the path of consensuality in this context. The deductive method, partially exploratory, was used, from the normative review and bibliographical approach of authors who have faced the themes discussed in this text, from different perspectives, associated with experiences and empirical observations of the authors in their forensic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nigerian Middle Belt is the epicentre of violent conflicts between Fulani herders and sedentary farmers over land and agricultural resources called eco-violence; existing research has not adequately addressed the persistence of these conflicts. Using Social Representations Theory (SRT), this paper examines empirical case studies conducted in April 2018 and May 2022 in Benue State, Nigeria, to determine why these conflicts persist. The paper argues that contending parties anchor, objectify, and socially represent past contestations in pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial Nigeria in present-day realities and events in the Middle Belt, leading to the re-experience of collective memories and their consequences on people's violent collective behaviour. Consequently, people resort to violence to redress present grievances viewed through the prism of past events. To promote sustainable peace when tackling deeply-rooted conflicts, it is essential to comprehend the historical context and the significance of collective memory while employing a comprehensive strategy for conflict resolution. Implementing the Cognitive Reappraisal Technique to address issues related to collective memories is critical to this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With immensely growing pressure on land and its scarcity, conflicting societal expectations concerning land use increasingly result in land use conflicts (LUCs). In this paper, we explore local LUCs, which we define as the complex situations, where fragmented planning policies encounter place-based societal conceptions and perceptions of site-specific developmental priorities. The paper adopts a dynamic approach and introduces a theory-driven typology of potentially conflicting planning decisions. The typology is employed as an analytic framework to reveal the open-ended successive planning decisions that lead to complex local LUCs. Two case studies from Central Europe are explored to narrate the evolutionary complexity of LUCs. Our results show that local LUCs emerged as the past planning decisions lined-up into a sequence creating lock-in situations, where different planning policies can be hardly reconciled. Finally, we discuss applicability, transferability and limits of the proposed typology as an analytic framework advancing management of planning conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current bitmap collaboration models suffer from issues such as large volume of data transmission, poor flexibility, overlapping conflicts and storage pressure. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a collaborative editing model for complex bitmaps. Collaborative operation that sends only the coordinates and color change, featuring low data volume, multi-dimensional granularity, and overlap able. Adds a four-dimensional bitmap collaborative architecture with spatiotemporal relationship, and only saves the edited pixel data, which can save more storage space; A replica state control algorithm based on rollback that ensures operations are executed on correct replica. An algorithm that can dynamically generate branch versions according to the current state and policy configuration, solving the problem of too many branch versions. Finally, inferring model correctness based on the CCI model, develop a prototype collaborative editor “Co-Pixel”, execute experiments based on randomly generated operation sets, simulation of actual editing behavior against Adobe Lightroom. Results show that this model can avoid conflicts between independent operations to a greater extent, can reduce the algorithmic overhead in the consistency maintenance process, can flexibly adjust the intent retention policy, and can generate a version of the result that reduces the user’s intent maintenance effort. The model in this paper provides a good solution for collaborative bitmap editing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peacekeepers are seen as a UN tool for promoting domestic changes in host countries, but little is known about the political consequences when officers return home. During the last 10 years, Brazilian presidents appointed a significant number of former peacekeepers to key political functions. How and why do former peacekeepers end up so involved in government affairs? To answer this question, this paper focuses on the array of skills acquired by peacekeepers in domestic missions and reinforced abroad. Drawing on a set of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires to military, former political decision-makers, and researchers, as well as other primary and secondary sources, this paper details how political articulation, experience in conflict management, and prestige empowered Brazilian military officers to resume their tradition of intervention in politics. This paper also shows that peace operations can produce deleterious outcomes for troop-contributing countries in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. Problems are inevitable in the subtleties of organizational communication, but it does not mean confronting them is uncontrollable. This paper aims to offer a conceptual structure for investigating contingency theory in Public Relations (PR) during an organizational crisis. The research investigates PR practitioners' use of advocacy and accommodation in contingency theory to intervene in crisis communication. It also offers insights into the public's emotional response and coping mechanisms during a crisis, as well as how understanding these emotions (such as anger, anxiety, fear, and grief, among others) could aid PR professionals in developing more effective crisis communication methods. Method. Empirical research was conducted on the basis of literature reviews by observing and analyzing the existing literature on contingency theory, crisis communication in organizations, and public emotions. Results. This conceptual paper proposes and empirically tests a few propositions. The implications for future studies are included in the paper. Findings promote the adopting a dual-continuum strategy that might assist public relations professionals in preferring superior crisis management strategies for obtaining desired organizational outcomes. Conclusion. The authors assert that PR professionals must move from embracing Grunig's four models of excellence to contingency theory for communicating strategically with the public. The authors propose to adopt a dual-continuum approach that varies from advocacy to accommodation and might provide practical guidance to choose a better stance adopted by the organization towards the public during a crisis. The negative emotions of the public influenced by a crisis along with their emotional coping approaches are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses an article on the peace side of Islam by James L. Rowell, religious ritual and mystical experience with modern democracy by Mita Cut and the history of church-based immigrant advocacy by Lane Van Ham.

The pulp mill conflict between Argentina and Uruguay is a topical environmental local-global dispute including various time-space levels (local-regional-national-global). It is also a politico-economic battle among business, civil society and governments in the two South American countries. This article highlights the widely analysed Argentine and Uruguayan perspectives, but it also brings to the fore the Finnish case (of mass media, the global Finnish paper industry, Finnish NGOs and the government). The article seeks to come to an understanding of the characteristics of the conflict as portrayed by the media in Finland and, critically, to examine the effects of the stereotypical Finnish image — 'iconic model' — on Argentina and Uruguay.The article is a study of the discussions in the Finnish mass media, mainly in Helsingin Sanomat (HS), the key national newspaper, and in the television coverage of the Finnish Broadcasting Company, YLE.The analysis shows that the Finnish media, too, have created stereotypes that harden attitudes and make conflict resolution more difficult. What is virtually absent in the Finnish media is a democratic multicultural learning culture that fosters and itself is fostered through a more transnational and interdisciplinary perspective. The global and national media have an increasingly important task in such situations of cultural conflict resolution, situations which are also attached to the recent discussions of corporate social responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on differential effects of emotional and rational preferences in decision making and how people resolve conflicting risk preferences caused by inconsistency between their emotional reactions to and rational assessment of a risk problem. In addition, effects of the framing of choice outcomes on emotional, rational, and overall risk preferences were examined. Adopting a within-subjects design, Study 1 showed that the emotional choice preference was often the opposite of the rational choice preference and was more risk-seeking than the rational preference. The overall favourability rating for a chosen option was significantly higher when the emotional choice and rational choice were the same than when they were opposed. Emotional preferences were significantly more susceptible than rational preferences to the hedonic tone of risky choice framing. The overall preference was a compromise of the conflicting emotional and rational preferences in some risk domains, and resembled either the emotional preference or the rational preference in other risk domains. Study 2, using a between-subjects manipulation, further confirmed that emotional preference and rational preference had differential effects on risky choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage is a social institution that maintains the basic structure of a society. However, when this basic structure gets shaken by different knowledge systems encountered by the society during its course of history, a conflicting situation develops. This paper attempts to understand the nature of the marriage system of the Kom tribe of Manipur, who, of late, have been faced with a situation when conflicting wisdoms, namely, traditional, Christianity, and modern logicorational scientific knowledge, come into play with almost equal emphasis. With the advent of Christianity and modern lifestyle, the Kom people have been increasingly exposed to complex and conflicting developments arising from direct encounters between custom-oriented pre-Christian (traditional) and Christian systems, and taking a liberal outlook toward marriage as an influence of modernity. This article makes an attempt to throw light on how society deals with the marriage system with all the changes revealed by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A purported advantage of secrecy in international politics is its ability to reduce pressures for conflict escalation by obscuring responsibility for hostile actions. Delegating these actions to proxies is one strategy states use to retain plausible deniability and limit escalation risks. Yet, proxies often have strong ties to sponsoring states, raising questions about their ability to influence blame and demands for retaliation. This paper tests these effects by analyzing American responses to hypothetical attacks by Chinese, Russian, and Iranian actors through experiments administered on three surveys. The results show that using proxies for these attacks modestly reduced how much Americans blamed the respective foreign governments, while also limiting demands that their senior leadership be sanctioned. However, the use of proxies did not affect Americans' attitudes toward more forceful responses by the US government. These findings contribute to understanding of how proxies shape plausible deniability and escalation risks in international conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of dialectical pluralism (DP) for nursing knowledge development. Nursing scholars have discussed ways of developing nursing knowledge, exploring the fit and relevance of various worldviews for knowledge development and examining the dynamic and perpetual processes of knowledge development. Scholars have argued that knowledge development occurs under a certain worldview to which the researcher adheres. Many nurses employ various worldviews, which can give rise to ontological and epistemological conflicts. DP can help nurses appreciate the diversity of worldviews and recognize the importance of implicit worldviews to generate more practical nursing knowledge. DP as a philosophical approach can enable nurses to communicate between diverse worldviews, become tolerant of conflicting differences, and develop an array of nursing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients' disagreement with doctors' treatment recommendations, which receives participatory or non-participatory attention from the consultative parties, constitutes a major discursive issue in clinical encounters. However, the literature on medical discourse has demonstrated more concentration on the participatory than the non-participatory dimension of the encounters. This discursive representation does not adequately capture the consultative encounters in Nigeria where both situations obtain but where none has been significantly studied, leaving a lacuna in the understanding of conflict management in the hospitals. An analysis of 25 purposively sampled doctor-patient interactions in Southwestern Nigerian hospitals was undertaken with theoretical insights from the notion of activity type, common ground models and conversation analysis. Findings indicate that two types of actions are identified in treatment-related indirect disagreement in Nigerian clinical encounters: participatory and non-participatory action. Participatory orientations to indirect disagreement are contextualised in joint therapeutic efficacy or institutional convenience; non-participatory orientations in the same disagreement type are situated in salient emergency. The resulting negotiation, or lack of it, reveals clinical power dynamics, and interpenetrating evocations of the voice of medicine and the voice of the life world in paternalistic and humanistic contexts; and consequently partial or inexistent patient satisfaction. The paper concludes that participatory communication and strategic deployment of humanistic and paternalistic clinical communicative approaches are capable of producing satisfactory consultative encounters in Nigerian hospital visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Extensive empirical evidence suggests that procedural justice (PJ) and distributive justice (DJ) are key success factors for achieving durable peace negotiations. This paper aims to investigate how complexity affects these factors and the outcomes in negotiations. Design/methodology/approach: The qualitative study is based on an examination of the peace negotiations that led to the 2016 agreement between the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo and the Colombian Government. Based on document analysis, the authors examined in detail how and where in the process the principles of PJ and DJ were applied. The authors then examined the implementation progress after 2016 and placed the peace process in the overall context of the Colombian conflict. Findings: The authors found that the principles of PJ and DJ were present in both the negotiation process and the agreement. The negotiations were successful and satisfactory solutions could be found for all issues. The complexity of the conflict is reflected in the limited coverage of the peace negotiations. Not all groups, interests and subconflicts could be included in the negotiations. This limits their contribution to a durable peace in Colombia. Conflicts that remain unresolved also have a negative effect on the implementation of the agreement. Practical implications: For conflict management, this implies that the negotiations should not be viewed as "one-and-done" but rather as a progressive, ongoing process. The agreement is only the nucleus for achieving total peace. It must be actively advanced and defended. Originality/value: This study offers new qualitative insights into how PJ and DJ function in negotiations. It also establishes a systematic connection between PJ and DJ and complexity, introduces the notion of coverage and, thereby, opens a new perspective on the management of conflict complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]