72 results
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2. He's to blame, she is lying: Judgments of child sex trafficking survivors.
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Petty, Taylor and Wiener, Richard L.
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CHILD sexual abuse laws , *JUVENILE offenders , *CHILD welfare , *SEX work , *LEGAL procedure , *GOVERNMENT policy , *IMPRISONMENT , *SEX distribution , *EMOTIONS , *DECISION making , *CRIME victims , *JUDGMENT (Psychology) , *HUMAN trafficking - Abstract
US Federal legislation mandates the treatment of underaged youth induced to sell themselves for commercial sex as victims and not criminal offenders of prostitution laws. Nonetheless, state prosecutors often take action in juvenile court against these youth. This study explored the impact of negative moral emotions, victim blame, and victim believability on public judgments of child sex trafficking victims under varying case facts. We presented an online scenario involving a trafficking case to 682 participants and manipulated youth sex, trafficker sex, vulnerability background, and prior arrest history to determine how emotions, victim blame, and believability mediate child sex trafficking decisions. Two different paths emerged depending on the youth's sex. Participants reported greater victim responsibility and greater negative moral emotions towards a male youth trafficked by a female when he had a prior commercial sex arrest, which in turn predicted a lower certainty of recommending social services over legal consequences. With the same facts, participants reported lower believability for a female youth when she had a prior commercial sex arrest, which in turn predicted a lower certainty of recommending social services over legal consequences. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of the findings for practice and theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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3. Addressing Gaps in Culturally Responsive Mental Health Interventions in the Title IV-E Prevention Services Clearinghouse.
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Phillips, Chereese and Sinha, Aakanksha
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FAMILIES & psychology , *CHILD welfare , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *HEALTH services accessibility , *MENTAL health services , *AFRICAN Americans , *RISK-taking behavior , *SOCIAL workers , *PROFESSIONAL practice , *ATTENTION-deficit hyperactivity disorder , *MEDICAL quality control , *CULTURAL competence , *EVALUATION of human services programs , *MENTAL illness , *FOSTER home care , *UNSAFE sex , *EMOTIONS , *ANXIETY , *EVALUATION of medical care , *RACISM , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *STAKEHOLDER analysis , *PREVENTIVE health services , *NATIVE Americans , *WELL-being , *CHILDREN - Abstract
Mental health challenges have been recognized as one of the most prevalent issues impacting children and families within the United States. Children and families of color are disproportionately affected by this due to lack of access to preventative and ongoing supports, and programs that can help address their overall well-being. These issues are even more severe for those that are at risk or interact with the child welfare system. Social workers use various clinical modalities to assess and support them. In the recent years, child welfare agencies have turned to Evidence based programs (EBPs) as a best practice to meet the needs of children and families. The Title IV-E Prevention Services Clearinghouse, established by the Administration of Children and Families is a landmark effort to review and promote such EBP's that prevents foster care placements, including mental health programs. While the Clearinghouse has reviewed 141 programs and services, out of which 71 have been rated as promising, supported, or well-supported, there is a dearth of culturally responsive programs that have met the Clearinghouse criteria. Given the overrepresentation of African American and Native American Families in the child welfare system, and the critical role of the Clearinghouse in reviewing and promoting EBPs, this paper highlights the philosophical, administrative, cultural and logistical barriers for culturally relevant programs to be accepted into the Clearinghouse. It also provides specific recommendations on how the Clearinghouse and researchers can build EBPs that account for the intersection between mental health, social location and cultural identities of the children and families that social workers serve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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4. Adaptation and validation of the European Portuguese Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales Developmental Profile™ (CSBS DP™) Infant–Toddler Checklist.
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Filipe, Marisa G., Severino, Cátia, Vigário, Marina, and Frota, Sónia
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LANGUAGE disorder diagnosis , *AFFINITY groups , *STATISTICS , *REPORT writing , *STATISTICAL reliability , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *EYE movements , *COMMUNICATIVE competence , *PORTUGUESE people , *CHILD development , *AGE distribution , *EUROPEANS , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *CRONBACH'S alpha , *PEARSON correlation (Statistics) , *T-test (Statistics) , *DECISION making , *EARLY intervention (Education) , *COMMUNICATION , *METROPOLITAN areas , *SENSITIVITY & specificity (Statistics) , *BODY language , *EMOTIONS , *DATA analysis , *DATA analysis software , *PARENTS , *CEPHALOPELVIC disproportion , *EARLY diagnosis , *LANGUAGE disorders , *TRANSLATIONS - Abstract
Background: As delays or disorders in early language and communication are the most prevalent symptom in children with disabilities, early screening is crucial to promote prevention, early diagnosis, and intervention. However, to the best of our knowledge, no screening tool is available for the joint assessment of early language and social communication skills in European Portuguese (EP)‐learning children, which is critical for screening, monitoring and enrolment in appropriate early intervention services. Aims: (1) To adapt and validate the EP version of the Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales Developmental Profile™ (CSBS DP™) Infant–Toddler Checklist, a parental report for the screening of early language and social communication skills. (2) To conduct a cross‐cultural comparison between the EP adaptation and the original US version. Methods & Procedures: A total of 611 EP‐learning children (ages 6–24 months) were assessed on the CSBS DP Infant–Toddler Checklist. Normative data, psychometric characteristics (i.e., internal consistency and test–retest reliability), and cross‐cultural comparison between the EP and the original version were explored. Outcomes & Results: Internal consistency ranged from good to excellent and the test–retest reliability was excellent. The performance of the EP and US samples matched on almost all scores. However, EP children performed significantly better than their American peers in the Social compositive at 22 months and in the Symbolic composite at 20 months. No further differences were found. Conclusions & Implications: These findings showed that the EP CSBS DP Infant–Toddler Checklist seems to be a reliable screening tool of communicative and symbolic behaviours for EP‐learning children, which can be particularly relevant for decision‐making in clinical practice. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Early communication skills are known to be related to later language outcomes. Thus, screening tools for the early identification of children at risk for language and communication impairments, which may lead to monitoring and early intervention, have the potential to promote better outcomes. However, to the best of our knowledge, no screening tool is available for the assessment of early communication abilities in EP‐learning children. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This study adapted and validated the EP CSBS DP Infant–Toddler Checklist, the first published parental report checklist for the assessment of early communication skills in EP. It described the psychometric characteristics of the adapted checklist, summarized the newly available normative data for EP‐learning infants and toddlers, and compared the performance of EP‐learning children with the original standardization sample reported for American English. The results demonstrated that this tool is a reliable instrument for the early screening of language, communicative and symbolic behaviours for EP‐learning children between 6 and 24 months of age. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Given that early screening is crucial to promote prevention, early diagnosis and intervention, the availability of this tool is particularly relevant for children monitoring and their enrolment in appropriate early intervention services, helping decision‐making in clinical practice, in line with current guidelines regarding early monitoring and intervention to promote and support better outcomes. Thus, the tool and related normative data will be useful for paediatricians, family doctors, primary healthcare providers, developmental psychologists and speech–language therapists, among other professionals in the healthcare and educational fields, concerned with speech, language, and communication development and impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. The Development of a Novel Suicide Postvention Healing Model for Muslim Communities in the United States of America.
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Awaad, Rania, Hussein, Anwar, Durrani, Zuha, and Shareef, Sana
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SUPPORT groups , *CULTURAL awareness , *CONCEPTUAL models , *MENTAL health , *ISLAM , *MENTAL illness , *COMMUNITIES , *CULTURAL values , *EMOTIONS , *PSYCHOLOGY & religion , *PSYCHOLOGY , *MUSLIMS , *SUICIDAL behavior , *SUICIDE prevention , *SPIRITUALITY , *THEORY , *SPIRITUAL healing - Abstract
Suicide among American Muslims is understudied, despite recent research highlighting increased suicide attempts among this population. While suicide is forbidden in Islam, formal guidelines for addressing and responding to suicide within Muslim communities did not exist until recently. The Stanford Muslim Mental Health and Islamic Psychology Lab has responded to a number of suicides in Muslim communities across North America and implemented an original model for suicide response and community healing. This approach incorporates Islamic principles and values to create a culturally and religiously congruent response to suicide that can support loss survivors and steer impacted communities toward healing. The Muslim Postvention Community Healing session described in this paper aims to provide a safe space for individuals impacted by suicide to come together and process their emotions, while also using Islamic teachings to guide the healing process. This unique model has the potential to serve as a valuable resource for Muslim communities across North America, and beyond, in addressing and responding to suicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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6. Caring From a Distance: Experiences of Polish Immigrants in the United States Providing Care to Parents With Dementia Overseas.
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Leszko, Magdalena and Allen, Dorota J
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FAMILIES & psychology , *IMMIGRANTS , *PSYCHOLOGICAL burnout , *WELL-being , *HEALTH policy , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *NURSING care facility administration , *INTERGENERATIONAL relations , *RESEARCH methodology , *QUALITY of work life , *CHILDREN of parents with disabilities , *INTERVIEWING , *PSYCHOEDUCATION , *EXPERIENCE , *HUMANITY , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *QUALITATIVE research , *DEMENTIA , *ADULT children , *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors , *QUALITY of life , *FINANCIAL stress , *PSYCHOLOGY of caregivers , *FAMILY relations , *THEMATIC analysis , *EMOTIONS , *CURRICULUM planning , *PARENTS - Abstract
Objectives Aging populations and an increasing number of immigrants in recent years have led to numerous changes in intergenerational relationships. Although many studies have investigated the impact of providing care to a parent with dementia, little is known about the impact of caregiving activities provided from a distance, such as in the case of immigration, and over a long period of time to a person with dementia. Our understanding of how transnational caregiving for a person with dementia affects relationships is also limited. Using the Intergenerational Solidarity Theory as a theoretical framework, this paper examines the experiences of adult children and immigrant caregivers of a parent with dementia living in Poland. Methods A qualitative, semistructured interview was conducted with 37 caregivers living in the United States while providing transnational care to a parent with Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia. The data analysis was based on the thematic analysis strategy. Results Four themes were identified: (1) filial obligations and solidarity, (2) caregivers' contradictory emotions regarding transnational care, (3) financial and emotional exhaustion, and (4) challenges of nursing home dilemmas. Discussion Transnational caregivers represent a unique group who face distinctive challenges related to competing demands and limited resources. This study contributes to a better understanding of their experiences whereas the findings highlight the importance of addressing the mental and physical well-being of immigrant caregivers of individuals with dementia and have important implications for health care professionals and immigration policies. Implications for future research were also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. 'Sins of their fathers': Social groups parental incarceration and positive psychological outcomes across time in the US and UK.
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Bradshaw, Daragh, Bornica, Islam, Griffin, Siobhán M., McMahon, Grace, and Muldoon, Orla T.
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CROSS-sectional method , *IMPRISONMENT , *RESEARCH funding , *POSITIVE psychology , *SOCIAL groups , *MEMBERSHIP , *EMOTIONS , *TEENAGERS' conduct of life , *LONGITUDINAL method , *EXPERIENCE , *FATHERS , *SOCIAL skills , *INTERPERSONAL relations , *CHILD behavior , *SOCIAL stigma , *CHILDREN , *ADOLESCENCE - Abstract
Paternal incarceration (PI) is recognised as a severely stigmatising event that undermines social connections leaving affected children isolated and vulnerable. However, few studies have explored social group membership as a potential mediator of positive outcomes. This paper analysed data from two national contexts, Scotland and the United States, to examine the potential for social group membership in childhood to mediate the association between PI and child behavioural and emotional outcomes. Study 1 reported on cross‐sectional data from the Growing Up in Scotland dataset of children aged 12 years. Study 2 used longitudinal data from the Fragile Families cohort study (USA) of children aged 9 years and then 15 years. Children and parents completed measures of PI, children's group membership, as well as positive functioning. In Study 1, a mediated indirect effect of PI on prosocial behaviour via children's group membership was observed. In Study 2, children's reported social group membership mediated the effect of PI on positive adolescent functioning longitudinally. Whilst experiences of PI at age 9 were linked with lower group membership at age 15, group membership was associated with higher levels of positive adolescent functioning. This has implications for the support families receive when a parent is incarcerated to avoid children serving sentences for 'the sins of their fathers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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8. How Helpful Is Bystander Intervention? Perspectives of Dating and Sexual Violence Survivors.
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McMahon, Sarah
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COLLEGE students , *RESEARCH , *SOCIAL support , *RESEARCH methodology , *DATING violence , *INTERVIEWING , *GENDER-nonconforming people , *QUALITATIVE research , *SEX crimes , *SOUND recordings , *LGBTQ+ people , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *RESEARCH funding , *SOCIAL skills , *THEMATIC analysis , *EMOTIONS - Abstract
While bystander intervention education has demonstrated promise as a strategy to reduce dating and sexual violence (DSV) on campus, little is known about whether survivors on whose behalf the interventions take place find these helpful. This paper uses qualitative, in-depth interviews with 33 DSV survivors to explore their perspectives on bystander intervention. Results indicate that while some interventions were identified as helpful, especially those that provided support to the survivor, many were not helpful enough or even harmful. Further work is needed to understand the consequences of bystander action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. The Protective Effects of Parent-Child Emotion Dialogues for Preschoolers Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence.
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Lamoreau, Renee, Obus, Elsa, Koren-Karie, Nina, and Gray, Sarah A. O.
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COUNSELING , *SELF-control , *INTIMATE partner violence , *REMINISCENCE , *PARENTING , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *COMMUNICATION , *EARLY intervention (Education) , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *RESEARCH funding , *PARENT-child relationships , *EMOTIONS , *CHILDREN - Abstract
Exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during early childhood is associated with self-regulation difficulties. Caregivers can facilitate children's self-regulation through emotion-focused conversations about past experiences, buffering downstream effects. However, caregivers experiencing violence may avoid distressing emotions activated by such conversations. This paper explores two different models of relational stress responses, one involving indirect effects (i.e. spillover effects) and the other moderation (i.e. buffering effects). Mothers (n = 117), oversampled for violence exposure, self-reported on IPV and participated in an emotional reminiscing task with children (aged 3–5 years); narratives were coded for maternal sensitive guidance. Maternal sensitive guidance was related to children's self-regulation. Sensitive guidance did not have indirect effects in the association between IPV exposure and children's self-regulation, but did buffer the association between physical IPV and self-regulation; this pattern did not hold for psychological IPV. Results suggest sensitive guidance during reminiscing may promote self-regulation in contexts of high IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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10. Effects of word emotional experience and participant emotionality in lexical decision.
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Prueitt, Ethan and Yates, Mark
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EMOTIONS , *SEMANTICS , *PSYCHOLOGY , *LEXICAL phonology - Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that the emotional content of words affects how quickly they are recognised. One recent measure of word emotionality is emotional experience that measures the degree to which reading a word can invoke emotional experiences tied to the word. Words that are higher in emotional experience are recognised more rapidly in the lexical decision task. Methods: The current study examines how words' emotional experience and participants' emotionality affect performance on the lexical decision task. To this end, participants were given five emotion measures and completed a lexical decision task with words varying on emotional experience. Results: It was found that participants who scored higher on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule showed a weaker emotional experience effect. No other emotion measures interacted with emotional experience. Conclusions: These results are predicted by and interpreted within a framework where the semantic representation of words includes emotion information that is grounded in experience of our internal states. Highlights: What is already known about this topicThe emotional content of words influences how rapidly they are recognised.One way that emotion is measured in words is with emotional experience. Words higher in emotional experience are associated with more emotions than are those lower in emotional experience. Research has shown that emotional experience facilitates visual word recognition.The emotionality of the reader also influences word recognition. What this paper addsThis study seeks to answer the question of whether word and participant emotion interact during visual word recognition.The results indicate that participants that experience emotions more show a smaller word emotional experience effect. Implications for theory, policy or practiceThis work indicates that individual differences play a key role in the word recognition process.These findings provide support for theories where the semantic representation is based, at least in part, on emotional information that is grounded in our experience of internal states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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11. Radical right populism and the sociology of punishment: Towards a research agenda.
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Hamilton, Claire
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POPULISM , *POLITICAL doctrines , *CRIMINOLOGY - Abstract
The recent populist 'explosion' in the US, UK and Europe has pushed radical right populist movements to the centre of western politics. Given criminology's long experience of penal populism in the 1980s and subsequent decades, these developments raise important questions as to the role of sociology of punishment, and the wider discipline of criminology, in responding to far-right populism. This article aims to takes stock of the existing literature on this phenomenon with a view to proposing a tentative criminological research agenda that may contribute to our understanding of the recent rise of authoritarian politics in Europe, the UK and US. While highlighting the continued salience of the emotions in contemporary 'security populism', the article cautions against what has been described as a 'pathologising' approach to research in this area. Building on this, the paper advances an argument for a criminological research agenda based on a post-dualistic understanding of political affects that seeks to move the analytic focus beyond negativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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12. Listening to the voices of dissent: bridging political polarization through imagined dialogue.
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Dashew, Brian, Grossman, Karen Doyle, and Lawrence, Randee
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ART , *AUTHORS , *COMMUNICATION , *CONFLICT (Psychology) , *EMOTIONS , *EMPATHY , *EXPERIENCE , *IMAGINATION , *LEARNING , *PRACTICAL politics , *REFLECTION (Philosophy) , *WRITTEN communication , *PROFESSIONAL practice , *COLLEGE teacher attitudes - Abstract
This paper describes the authors' exploration of an arts-based practice, called imagined dialogue, as a means for engaging in reflective discourse in the current, global context of political polarization. We introduce the practice of imagined dialogue, taking the readers along on our continued learning journey of the implications of this practice for educational contexts. We highlight the connections of imagined dialogue to the theory and practice of transformative learning. This paper suggests that writing and embodying imagined dialogue can prepare people for real dialogue, allowing them to more deeply understand their own positions, as well as to empathize with and respect the positions of others. In addition to introducing the theoretical background and steps to engaging in the imagined dialogue process, we share several examples; including our own experiences using imagined dialogue in personal contexts, and group processing of a dialogue about an issue of national political significance. Using imagined dialogue is a skill that can be learned and strengthened, enabling learners to engage in and model the practice of critical, reflective discourse over time – even in the emotionally charged political sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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13. Stalking Victimization and Emotional Consequences: A Cross-Cultural Comparison Between American and Spanish University Students.
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Fernández Cruz, Victoria and Ngo, Fawn T.
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STALKING , *CRIME victims , *COLLEGE students , *COUNTRIES , *ANXIETY , *ETHNOLOGY research , *STUDENTS , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *EMOTIONS - Abstract
This paper entails a comparative study between a country that has criminalized stalking for almost three decades (the U.S.) and a nation that just recently outlawed the phenomenon (Spain). Employing a sample of American and Spanish university students, we examined the prevalence and types of stalking behaviors and victims' emotional responses to their victimization. We also explored whether experiencing a particular category of stalking behaviors (i.e., surveillance and approach stalking) triggers specific emotional responses similarly among American and Spanish victims. We found more than two-thirds (36%) of the Spanish students (n = 638) and almost half (48%) of the American students (n = 411) reported that they have experienced the unwanted or intrusive behaviors included in our study. We also found relative to Spanish victims, American victims were significantly more likely to encounter approach stalking and report feeling anxious, angry, depressed, sick, and suicidal as a result of their victimization. Implications of our findings and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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14. Six feet apart or six feet under: The impact of COVID-19 on the Black community.
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Moore, Sharon E., Jones-Eversley, Sharon D., Tolliver, Willie F., Wilson, Betty L., and Jones, Christopher A.
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PSYCHOLOGY of Black people , *GRIEF , *CULTURE , *SPIRITUALITY , *ECONOMIC impact , *COVID-19 , *PRACTICAL politics , *PUBLIC health , *SOCIAL isolation , *DEATH , *SOCIAL distancing , *MISINFORMATION , *EMOTIONS , *COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
To date, 110,000+ people in the United States have died from the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, the authors will discuss COVID-19 relative to Black people and their overrepresentation among those who are infected and died from the disease. Their dying, death, and grief experiences are explored through a cultural and spiritual lens. The physical distancing, social isolation, misinformation, and restrictive burials and cremations now elicited by this unprecedented pandemic have had diminished familial, cultural, emotional, and economic impacts on the Black community. Implications for public health and Black peoples' involvement in the political process are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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15. Black Emotions Matter: Understanding the Impact of Racial Oppression on Black Youth's Emotional Development: Dismantling Systems of Racism and Oppression During Adolescence.
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Lozada, Fantasy T., Riley, Tennisha N., Catherine, Evandra, and Brown, Deon W.
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BLACK youth , *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation , *OPPRESSION , *SYSTEMS development , *ADOLESCENCE , *EMOTIONAL experience , *EMOTIONS - Abstract
Black US Americans' emotions are subject to stereotypes about the anger and aggression of Black people. These stereotypes are readily applied to Black adolescents' emotions. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to operationalize racial oppression in the emotional lives of Black adolescents through an application of García Coll et al.'s (1996) ecological model for minority youth development. We specify emotionally inhibitive features of Black adolescents' schools, the adaptive culture of Black Americans in the United States that responds to emotional inhibition, Black families' emotion socialization processes, and Black adolescents' emotional flexibility behaviors. Throughout, we integrate findings from research on Black adolescents' emotional adjustment with research on cultural values, emotion and racial socialization, school‐based racial experiences, and theory on emotion and cultural navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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16. Meta-analyses of the reliabilities of four measures of gratitude.
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Card, Noel A.
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EMOTIONS , *META-analysis , *PSYCHOMETRICS , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *RESPECT , *WELL-being , *POSITIVE psychology , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Empirical studies of gratitude correlates and intervention have been numerous since the early 2000s, but there has been less attention to the psychometric properties of the measures of gratitude used in these studies. This paper identifies four commonly used measures of gratitude, and presents a meta-analytic synthesis of the internal consistency reliabilities of these measures. Across 74 studies consisting of 34,053 participants, the average internal consistency is very good (=.82). The four measures differed in an expectable way, with measures with more items generally having higher reliability than measures with fewer items. Measures are slightly more reliable with early adult and adult samples than with adolescent samples. One measure, the GQ-6, has been used in diverse contexts. Results show higher reliability in the United States and English-speaking countries, and similar reliability with paper-pencil and electronic administration. Findings are discussed in terms of measurement selection and future measurement development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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17. Why is alexithymia a risk factor for affective disorder symptoms? The role of emotion regulation.
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Preece, David A., Mehta, Ashish, Becerra, Rodrigo, Chen, Wai, Allan, Alfred, Robinson, Ken, Boyes, Mark, Hasking, Penelope, and Gross, James J.
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AFFECTIVE disorders , *EMOTION regulation , *SYMPTOMS , *MEDICAL research , *ALEXITHYMIA , *ADULTS , *RESEARCH , *CROSS-sectional method , *EVALUATION research , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EMOTIONS - Abstract
Background: Ever since alexithymia was defined in the 1970s, robust associations have been observed between alexithymia and a variety of symptoms of psychopathology. Alexithymia is now widely regarded as an important transdiagnostic risk factor, and it is frequently assessed in clinical and research settings. However, despite this strong interest, it remains unclear exactly why (i.e., by which mechanisms) alexithymia is linked to psychopathology. In this paper, we hypothesise that alexithymia is linked to affective disorder symptoms because alexithymia impairs people's ability to regulate their emotions, and we empirically test this hypothesis.Method: We administered a battery of psychometric measures to 501 adults in the United States, and examined the direct and indirect effects between alexithymia (Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire), emotion regulation ability (Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory), and affective disorder symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21).Results: In the Pearson bivariate correlation matrix, alexithymia, emotion regulation difficulties, and affective disorder symptoms were all significantly correlated. In the modelling of direct and indirect effects, alexithymia was indirectly associated with affective disorder symptoms through emotion regulation difficulties (no significant direct effect).Limitations: Our online survey data were all self-report data and cross-sectional. Future longitudinal work would be beneficial.Conclusions: Our findings support contemporary theorising that alexithymia is linked to affective disorder symptoms via emotion regulation difficulties. These results help to clarify the mechanisms by which alexithymia may predispose people to affective disorder symptoms, and highlight the importance of considering the roles of alexithymia and emotion regulation in case conceptualisations and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
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18. Features and Impact of Trust-Based Relationships Between Community Health Workers and Low-Resource Perinatal Women with Chronic Health Conditions.
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Boyd, Lisa M., Mehra, Renee, Thomas, Jordan, Lewis, Jessica B., and Cunningham, Shayna D.
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MATERNAL health services , *FOCUS groups , *CHRONIC diseases , *GROUNDED theory , *RESEARCH methodology , *INTERVIEWING , *INCOME , *QUALITATIVE research , *HEALTH behavior , *RESEARCH funding , *PATIENT-professional relations , *THEMATIC analysis , *EMOTIONS , *DATA analysis software , *TRUST , *WOMEN'S health - Abstract
Objectives: Community health worker (CHW) programs are a promising strategy to improve maternal and child health outcomes, particularly among low-resource women. Yet, little is known about which aspects of CHW-client relationships are most salient for promoting positive change. This paper examines features of the CHW-client relationship that perinatal women with chronic conditions reported as being beneficial for their experience of prenatal care and pregnancy. Methods: Focus groups and interviews were conducted with 18 CHWs and 39 clients from three Merck for Mothers-funded programs in the Eastern United States. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory-informed thematic approach. Results: CHWs built trust-based relationships through emotional attendance, authenticity, and prioritization of clients' needs. They provided instrumental, informational, and emotional support that clients reported facilitated greater engagement with the healthcare system, improved health behaviors, and reduced stress. CHWs and clients alike viewed their relationships as having long-lasting impacts, made possible by the trust-based bond between them. Discussion: Strong, trusting relationships with CHWs may be one avenue through which to improve maternal and infant health for vulnerable perinatal women. Community health care programs should promote trust-building as an explicit program goal. Trust-based CHW-client relationships may serve as an exemplar for transforming traditional care relationships between providers and clients, leading to greater client engagement in care and improved health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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19. Differences in Emotional Responses to Race-Based Trauma among Black and White Americans.
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Carter, Robert T. and Kirkinis, Katherine
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WHITE people , *RACISM , *PSYCHOLOGY of Black people , *ANALYSIS of variance , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *RACE , *HEALTH status indicators , *MENTAL depression , *WOUNDS & injuries , *EMOTIONS , *ANGER , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *SYMPTOMS - Abstract
Scholars have identified race-based stress as a unique form of stress and have examined associated mental and physical health outcomes, yet less is known about the emotional responses and accompanying symptoms associated with negative race-based events and how these experiences differ by racial group membership, stress level, and/or race-based event type. This paper explores and compares the differences in emotional and race-based stress symptom reactions to negative racial encounters among 175 Black and White participants. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed different patterns of emotional and race-based stress symptom reactions to racial encounters among Black and White participants. At high levels of stress, Black and White participants experienced markedly different patterns of race-based stress symptoms: White participants primarily exhibited symptoms of intrusion, while Black participants experienced a variety of symptoms including depression, intrusion, anger, hypervigilance, and physical symptoms. Practice and research implications are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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20. Best practice recommendations for psychologists working with marginalized populations impacted by COVID-19.
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Meyer, Marisol L. and Young, Erin
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PSYCHOLOGISTS , *PROFESSIONS , *PATIENT participation , *CLIENT relations , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *GROUP identity , *MEDICAL personnel , *SOCIAL justice , *MENTAL health , *TRANSCULTURAL medical care , *SELF-consciousness (Awareness) , *ABILITY , *TRAINING , *AT-risk people , *MENTAL healing , *CLINICAL competence , *EMOTIONS , *COVID-19 pandemic , *REFLECTION (Philosophy) - Abstract
The impacts of this pandemic have not been felt equally. The current pandemic has aggravated preexisting prejudices and shed light on long-standing social, economic, and health inequities that have been and continue to be perpetuated by systems of oppression. Psychologists are in a unique position to collaboratively work with marginalized individuals navigating pandemic threat, discrimination, and oppressive systems. This paper presents best practice recommendations for U.S.-based psychologists working with marginalized populations impacted by COVID-19. Psychologists are encouraged to synchronously develop the following three areas of evidence-based practice, as they relate to the impacts of COVID-19: (a) self-reflection and self-awareness in a COVID-19 context (i.e., reflecting on one's identities and one's knowledge and attitudes toward sociohistorical inequities), (b) knowledge acquisition (i.e., adopting an attitude of cultural humility, identifying "emotional contagion," identifying impacts of systemic injustice that may be compounded by COVID-19, and recognizing racial trauma in clients of color), and (c) collaboration with clients (i.e., identify the mental health toll of oppressive systems, explore COVID-19 relevant and culturally responsive methods of healing, encourage virtual community engagement, and incorporate ethnic and racial identity development in personal and professional work). Engaging with these best practice recommendations should result in the psychologist's improved ability to identify and address the consequences of systemic oppression that have been highlighted and exacerbated by COVID-19 on their own behavior and their clients' mental health. Furthermore, psychologists engaged with these best practice recommendations should find themselves better prepared to utilize culturally responsive interventions despite barriers created by COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Adolescents de facto deported in Oaxaca, Mexico: Mental and emotional health impacts.
- Author
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Rodríguez-Cruz, Marta
- Subjects
- *
IMMIGRANTS , *WELL-being , *FOCUS groups , *RESEARCH methodology , *MENTAL health , *INTERVIEWING , *PARENT-child separation , *FEAR , *QUALITATIVE research , *ETHNOLOGY research , *HELPLESSNESS (Psychology) , *DEPORTATION , *TEENAGERS' conduct of life , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *EMOTIONS , *ANGER , *ANXIETY , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *PARENTS ,RISK factors of aggression - Abstract
This paper examines the experiences of adolescents from mixed migratory status families affected by deportation. We analyze the impacts on their mental and emotional health when they are separated from one parent in the United States, forcibly displaced with another to Oaxaca, and experience the consequences of their deportation in Mexico. We use a qualitative and ethnographic methodology. This paper focuses on data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 15 parents who had been deported from the United States and 53 adolescents who moved with them to Mexico. The data was collected between 2018 and 2020. The main findings show the existence of emotions that are sustained in the transnational flow and acquire new nuances upon return. They also show the emergence of new conditions related to family separation, all of which have an impact on the adolescents' well-being and on important areas of their lives, such as education. The research contributes to knowledge in two main ways: 1) it addresses the impacts of parental deportation on the well-being of adolescents in mixed-status families, which have typically focused on children; 2) it studies how parental deportation affects the mental and emotional health of adolescents de facto deported to Mexico, a field still little studied. • De facto deportation has mental health consequences among adolescents. • The forced nature of de facto deportation produces helplessness, aggression and anger. • The code of silence associated with deportation generates fear, stress, anxiety. • Ambiguous loss is accentuated at important moments in academic and developmental life. • Family separation and de facto deportation affect school performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. More Than "Spending Time with the Body": The Role of a Family's Grief in Determinations of Brain Death.
- Author
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Friedrich, Annie B.
- Subjects
- *
BIOETHICS , *BRAIN death , *DEATH , *DECISION making , *EMOTIONS , *ETHICS , *ETHNOLOGY , *FAMILIES , *GRIEF , *HEALTH policy - Abstract
In many ways, grief is thought to be outside the realm of bioethics and clinical ethics, and grieving patients or family members may be passed off to grief counselors or therapists. Yet grief can play a particularly poignant role in the ethical encounter, especially in cases of brain death, where the line between life and death has been blurred. Although brain death is legally and medically recognized as death in the United States and elsewhere, the concept has been contentious since its inception in 1968. Yet in most cases, families are not allowed to reject the determination of brain death. Apart from religious exemptions, families have no recourse to reject this controversial determination of death. This paper explores the role of grief in brain death determinations and argues that bioethics has failed to address the complexity of grief in determinations of brain death. Grief ought to have epistemological weight in brain death determinations because of the contested nature of the diagnosis and the unique ways in which grief informs the situation. Thus, I argue that, in some rare cases, reasonable accommodation policies should be expanded to allow for refusals of brain death determinations based on the emotional and moral force of grief. By drawing on ethnographic accounts of grief in other cultures, I problematize the current procedural and linear understandings of grief in brain death determinations, and I conclude by offering a new way in which to understand the case of Jahi McMath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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23. Let's Google: Uncertainty and bilingual search.
- Author
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Luo, Margaret Meiling and Nahl, Diane
- Subjects
- *
AFFECT (Psychology) , *COLLEGE students , *EMOTIONS , *ENGLISH as a foreign language , *FRUSTRATION , *INFORMATION retrieval , *RESEARCH methodology , *MULTILINGUALISM , *PROBLEM solving , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SCALE analysis (Psychology) , *THAI people , *UNCERTAINTY , *WEB browsers , *INTERNET searching , *SEARCH engines , *PILOT projects , *FIELD research , *TASK performance , *INFORMATION-seeking behavior , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *EDUCATIONAL outcomes , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
This study applies Kuhlthau's Information Search Process stage (ISP) model to understand bilingual users' Internet search experience. We conduct a quasi‐field experiment with 30 bilingual searchers and the results suggested that the ISP model was applicable in studying searchers' information retrieval behavior in search tasks. The ISP model was applicable in studying searchers' information retrieval behavior in simple tasks. However, searchers' emotional responses differed from those of the ISP model for a complex task. By testing searchers using different search strategies, the results suggested that search engines with multilanguage search functions provide an advantage for bilingual searchers in the Internet's multilingual environment. The findings showed that when searchers used a search engine as a tool for problem solving, they might experience different feelings in each ISP stage than in searching for information for a term paper using a library. The results echo other research findings that indicate that information seeking is a multifaceted phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. How aggression-related mindsets explain SES-differences in bullying behavior.
- Author
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Dietrich, Lars and Zimmermann, David
- Subjects
- *
SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *PSYCHOLOGY of high school students , *EMOTIONS , *AGGRESSION (Psychology) , *TEENAGERS' conduct of life , *BULLYING , *ACADEMIC achievement , *THOUGHT & thinking , *REGRESSION analysis , *SELF-perception - Abstract
Previous research suggests that lower socioeconomic status (SES) adolescents bully more than their higher-SES peers. This paper tests whether aggression-related mindsets, defined as mindsets that theoretically influence aggressive behavior, explain the relationship between SES and bullying engagement among adolescents. Using a large and diverse dataset of survey responses from secondary students in the U.S. (N = 146,044 students, 30% White, 70% students of color from 5th-12th grade), this study applies structural regression modeling with complex survey data analysis. Results suggest that differences in aggression-related mindsets, including feelings of academic efficacy, feelings of purpose, global self-esteem, academic-status insecurity, school-related anger, and school-related happiness account for almost half of the relationship between SES and bullying. Students' school-related anger is the strongest direct predictor of bullying (0.88 standard deviation), which suggests that strategies to reduce adolescent bullying are more effective if they teach anger-reducing skills or eliminate the root causes of students' school-related anger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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25. Introducing Mother Baby Connections: a model of intensive perinatal mental health outpatient programming.
- Author
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Geller, Pamela A., Posmontier, Bobbie, Horowitz, June Andrews, Bonacquisti, Alexa, and Chiarello, Lisa A.
- Subjects
- *
ATTACHMENT behavior , *CONCEPTUAL structures , *MENTAL depression , *EMOTIONS , *HEALTH care teams , *OUTPATIENT services in hospitals , *INTENSIVE care units , *MATHEMATICAL models , *EVALUATION of medical care , *MENTAL health , *MOTHER-infant relationship , *PREGNANCY , *PSYCHOLOGY , *PUBLIC health , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *PSYCHOLOGY of women , *WOUNDS & injuries , *RULES , *EFFECT sizes (Statistics) , *DISCHARGE planning , *ATTITUDES of mothers , *SEVERITY of illness index ,RESEARCH evaluation - Abstract
Perinatal mental health problems, experienced by 15-20% of women, are a significant public health issue associated with adverse effects among childbearing women; yet only 20-25% receive adequate treatment. There has been a recent proliferation of intensive perinatal day treatment programs in the United States. To meet this need in the greater Philadelphia area, we introduce Mother Baby Connections (MBC), an innovative interdisciplinary, attachment-focused, intensive, outpatient perinatal mental health program recently launched at Drexel University. The purpose of this paper is to (1) present an overview of MBC, its theoretical framework for services, and its evidence-based components, highlighting the unique factors that differentiate this program from traditional outpatient treatment, and (2) present clinical outcome data utilizing scores from reliable and valid scales, including enrollment to discharge outcomes from 20 months of MBC operation. In sum, outcomes for 20 predominantly minority women with complete measures showed significant improvements in maternal depression symptom severity, maternal functioning, birth trauma symptoms, perceived stress, parenting stress, and emotional regulation. Effect sizes were medium to large (i.e., 0.42-2.00). We conclude that MBC is a viable model for tailored intensive outpatient treatment to foster maternal mental health and functioning during the perinatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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26. Sociology of Nostalgia: Sport Halls of Fame and Museums in America.
- Author
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Snyder, Eldon E.
- Subjects
- *
NOSTALGIA , *SOCIAL sciences , *EMOTIONS , *MUSEUMS , *PUBLIC institutions - Abstract
Nostalgia is an important emotion in society that also has significance for the analysis of sport. Two types of nostalgia are discussed: collective and private nostalgia. The data for this paper were qualitative and collected at sport halls of fame, museums, and archives. Data collection procedures included people's responses and reactions to the displays, notes of people's conversations, analysis of sound tracks associated with the displays, photographs, and printed material from the halls of fame and museums. Nostalgia is defined in terms of the remembrance of the past that is imbued with positive feelings such as pleasure, joy, satisfaction, and goodness. These feelings may also be mixed with feelings of sadness. Some implications of nostalgia for the meanings associated with sport are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Road traffic mortality and economic uncertainty: Evidence from the United States.
- Author
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Kanavos, Panos and Vandoros, Sotiris
- Subjects
- *
CAUSES of death , *TRAFFIC accidents , *DRUGGED driving , *UNCERTAINTY , *SOCIOECONOMIC factors , *EMOTIONS , *DRUNK driving , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress - Abstract
Previous studies have shown that financial turbulence is associated with a short-term increase in road traffic collisions, largely due to drivers' emotional state, distraction, sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. In this paper we advance this debate by studying the association between economic uncertainty and road traffic mortality in the United States. We used a State-level uncertainty index and State fatalities for the period 2008–2017 and found that a one standard deviation increase in economic uncertainty is associated with an additional 0.013 monthly deaths per 100,000 people per State, on average (a 1.1% increase) - or 40 more monthly deaths in total nationwide. Results are robust to different model specifications. Our findings show that, similar to drink-driving, it is important to raise awareness about driving when distracted due to financial worries and during periods of economic uncertainty. • Financial turbulence has been associated with an increase in road traffic collisions. • We study the link between economic uncertainty and road traffic mortality in the US. • A one standard deviation increase in uncertainty is linked to 1.1% higher mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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28. Using Trauma-Informed Care to provide therapeutic support to homeless people with complex needs: a transatlantic search for an approach to engage the “non-engaging”.
- Author
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Prestidge, Joanne
- Subjects
- *
TRAUMA-informed care , *HOMELESS persons , *CONVALESCENCE , *EMOTIONS , *HOLISTIC medicine , *WELL-being - Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to share knowledge and observations of the Trauma-Informed Care (TIC) approach being used to engage “chronically” homeless people in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes a placement with an organisation in New York City observing how the TIC approach is being implemented across outreach, housing and support services. The author then reflects on the lessons, for the work in the UK context. Findings – TIC empowers staff and clients to understand psychological trauma and its effects and to use this knowledge to create safe, supportive environments for all involved; improving relationships and nurturing recovery. It appears that clients use services more effectively, with staff stating that they behave more appropriately and move towards independence more quickly. Staff consider the emotional needs of the individuals they support and it was reported that they are less reliant on managers and have a higher tolerance to their clients. Research limitations/implications – TIC is an easily replicable and seemingly cost-effective way of empowering frontline staff to deliver holistic services to survivors of trauma. Practical implications – Psychologically informed practice is gaining momentum within the homelessness sector in the UK, and whilst TIC has many similarities to it, this approach specifically focuses on providing a pre-therapy approach for trauma survivors to prepare them to engage appropriately with mainstream services. Originality/value – Although there is no quantifiable data, it seems that the approach improves the well-being of service users and may ultimately reduce the cost in public spending of ineffective service use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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29. Development and Preliminary Evaluation of Family Minds: A Mentalization-based Psychoeducation Program for Foster Parents.
- Author
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Adkins, Tina, Luyten, Patrick, and Fonagy, Peter
- Subjects
- *
FAMILIES & psychology , *FOSTER parents , *PSYCHOEDUCATION , *CHILD psychology , *CRITICAL thinking , *EMOTIONS , *MENTAL health , *PSYCHOLOGY , *THOUGHT & thinking , *CHILD welfare , *RESEARCH methodology , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *PSYCHOTHERAPY , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *CONTROL groups , *EDUCATION - Abstract
Mentalization-based interventions show promise in improving mental health outcomes for children and parents through increasing a family's reflective functioning, or ability to mentalize. Mentalizing involves the ability to understand behavior in relation to mental states, such as thoughts and feelings, and typically develops within the context of secure attachment relationships. One area not given much consideration when training foster parents is their capacity to mentalize. This study evaluated Family Minds, a newly developed psychoeducational intervention for foster parents, designed to increase their ability to mentalize. The current paper reports on the development and preliminary empirical evaluation of Family Minds in a quasi-experimental study where 102 foster parents received either Family Minds or a typical foster parenting class, which served as a control group. Results indicate that parents who received Family Minds significantly increased their levels of reflective functioning as assessed with the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire and a new Five-Minute Speech Sample procedure coded using the Reflective Functioning Scale, and revealed a tendency to show decreased levels of parenting stress on the Parenting Stress Index, while the control group showed no such improvements. These findings support the hypothesis that a short-term psychoeducational intervention may improve foster parents' ability to mentalize themselves and their children. These skills are very beneficial for foster parents, as they frequently deal with children who come into their home with challenging behaviors, attachment issues, and negative internal working models of relationships. This type of intervention has the potential to lower placement breakdowns and improve the mental health of foster children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Feminist Borderland Theory and Karen Refugees: Finding Place in the Family.
- Author
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Young, Savannah S., Muruthi, Bertranna A., Chou, Jessica L., and Chevalier, Meagan
- Subjects
- *
ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *EMOTIONS , *EXPERIENCE , *FEMINISM , *GROUP identity , *POPULATION geography , *PSYCHOLOGY , *PSYCHOLOGY of refugees , *THEORY , *FAMILY roles - Abstract
Refugee related issues have become more prominent in Western policy-makers’ discussions as families fleeing oppression and unimaginable violence cross borders seeking safety and are sometimes resettled in host nations. In this paper we ask, how do resettled refugees negotiate their cultural identity in terms of physical and psychological ‘borders’ and subsequent power structures dictated by those borders? We apply a feminist borderlands theoretical lens to critically consider the resiliencies of members of six Karen refugee families (n = 14) resettled in the U.S. Using their words, we illuminate their lived experiences of identity and place, family roles and rules, and personal dissonant emotions of feeling safe and forced to flee their homes and families. We challenge researchers and clinicians to consider refugees’ own explanations for balancing and reconstructing their lives as people living between borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Understanding the textual content of online customer reviews in B2C websites: A cross-cultural comparison between the U.S. and China.
- Author
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Zhu, Dong Hong, Ye, Zhen Qi, and Chang, Ya Ping
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRONIC commerce , *CONTENT analysis , *CULTURE , *CUSTOMER relations , *EMOTIONS , *PUBLIC opinion , *TRUST - Abstract
Understanding the textual content of online customer review (OCR) is very meaningful and previous studies suggested that the cross-cultural differences of OCRs exist. This paper proposes the textual content dimensions of OCRs and compares the differences between Chinese and American cultural contexts by conducting two studies. Based on theoretical analysis, expert advice, and online content analysis, 10 dimensions about the textual content of OCRs were proposed in Study 1, namely, seller trustworthiness, logistics quality, and service quality (seller-related), product functionality, price, product quality, and product aesthetics (product-related), emotional attitudes, recommendation expressions, and attitudinal loyalty (consumer-related). The differences in the proposed 10 dimensions mentioned in OCRs between American and Chinese consumers were statistically compared in Study 2. The data was collected from Amazon.com and Amazon.cn, which included 1565 OCRs of six products. The results show that the Chinese are more likely to mention seller trustworthiness, product functionality, price, product quality, and product aesthetics, while Americans are more likely to mention emotional attitudes and recommendation expressions in OCRs. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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32. Emotions, War, and Election 2004: A Study of Student Voting.
- Author
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Belt, Todd and Hart-Rabang, Lisa
- Subjects
- *
PRESIDENTIAL elections , *POLITICAL parties , *COLLEGE students , *EMOTIONS - Abstract
This study examines the role of emotions in predicting vote choice among college students. Factor Analyses and a Simultaneous Equations Model are used to analyze the interaction of emotions and issues in the context of the presidential election of 2004. Emotions are shown to be a key element in the formation of vote choice. Party identification and the issues of the campaign stimulate emotional attachment to the candidates, which in turn, help to predict the vote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
33. The Humiliating Gift: NegativeReaction to International Help.
- Author
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Nishi, Takayuki
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *SOCIAL psychology ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
Prosocial behavior is common in international politics, but states’ reaction to help has received scant attention. When a state’s territory is invaded and occupied by another state, it is common for third countries to intervene to liberate the first state’s territory. States intervene in other states to impose or defend regimes. In fact, these behaviors result in a key feature of the contemporary international system: the system eliminates domestic political regimes much more than it eliminates states. Also, some states give aid that amounts to a significant part of the recipient’s gross national product. If these forms of help succeed in dealing with the problem better than the recipients could have by themselves, then one would expect that the recipient state?s leaders, and perhaps the public too, would be pleased and grateful. But sometimes, they are not. Iraqis’ discontent has surprised their U.S. liberators and occupiers. Negative reaction to help may have disrupted alliances between major powers, as between China and the Soviet Union, or between France and the United States. I explain negative reaction to help with two social psychological conditions. First, according to attribution theory, people want to understand why they need help. If state agents can attribute their state?s need to external forces, then they will be able to maintain positive self-esteem. If not, their attribution of the need to an internally caused failure would threaten their self-esteem. Second, according to social exchange theory, unreciprocated giving signals material hierarchy between the donor and the recipient, and naturalizes it into a moral hierarchy of generosity and gratitude. These two costs should be highest for major powers. Moreover, major powers have the greatest freedom from material constraints to assert their independence from the donor through negative reciprocity. I integrate these two mechanisms in terms of the sociometer theory of self-esteem, in which people care about their self-esteem not for its own sake, but because it is a subjective monitor of their eligibility for lasting, desirable relationships, including membership in desirable groups. Another psychological theory, called reactance theory, and structural realism explain reaction to help similarly, and provide an alternative hypothesis. According to reactance theory, people value their freedom for its own sake, and any perceived reduction in freedom results in the unpleasant psychological state of reactance, which motivates them to restore the lost freedom. According to structural realism, states value freedom of choice because they are uncertain about other states’ future intentions. If the recipient state’s leaders perceive that the donor’s conditions for help restricts their freedom, then they are likely to respond with negative reciprocity, if the distribution of material capabilities allows them to do so. I test my explanation and the alternative for their ability to explain the variation in policies of major powers toward states that have liberated them from foreign occupation, imposed or defended their regimes, or given them significant economic aid. In this way, I can help explain another undertheorized issue: the prestige motive in international relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The Three Faces of Negative Campaigning: The Democratic Implications of Attack Ads, Cyncial News and Fear Arousing Messages.
- Author
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Crigler, Ann, Just, Marion, and Belt, Todd
- Subjects
- *
NEGATIVE campaigning , *POLITICAL campaigns , *PRESIDENTIAL candidates , *POLITICAL advertising ,UNITED States presidential elections - Abstract
How does negativity in Presidential campaigns affect voters? Analysis of a panel survey and field experiment conducted during the 1996 presidential election, demonstrates that emotions aroused by negative communication become part of a citizen’s dynamic construction of the campaign. Different types of negative communication influence citizens? assessments of the candidates, their level of political trust, and their attention to the campaign. The first type of campaign negativity, attack advertising, can diminish positive feelings about the sponsoring candidate and may have a negative, if not long-term, impact on the citizen’s likelihood of voting. The second type of negativity, cynical news coverage of the campaign, which questions candidates? strategies and motives, decreases citizens? feelings of trust in government, resulting in voter demobilization. The last type of negativity, emotional appeals that may be perceived as frightening, can have a constructive impact by leading voters to seek information. The study concludes by discussing the political implications of these effects and what, if anything, can be done to enhance the constructive effects and moderate the destructive impact of negative campaigning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
35. Exploring the lived experiences of women with children during COVID-19: Maternal stress and coping mechanisms.
- Author
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Childress, Saltanat, Roberts, Alison, LaBrenz, Catherine A., Findley, Erin, Ekueku, Modesty, and Baiden, Philip
- Subjects
- *
COVID-19 , *PSYCHOLOGY of mothers , *INTERVIEWING , *WORK-life balance , *EXPERIENCE , *DECISION making , *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation , *STAY-at-home orders , *THEMATIC analysis , *EMOTIONS , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience - Abstract
• Mothers have experienced a significant amount of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic stay-at-home orders in the US, which can have major implications for children's health and development; attention should be paid to developmental timing and unfolding of developmental trajectories following this pandemic. • Mothers have used a variety of strategies to cope; as more parents navigate social disruptions, they may benefit from additional resources and supports, such as innovations in childcare modalities, paid leave policies, and strengthening whole family processes using adaptive coping mechanisms. • Mothers with low income and/or children with special needs may experience more vulnerability to the sequalae of the pandemic; it is important to provide financial security, mental health, and educational and social support to relieve stress during the pandemic. This paper presents the results of a qualitative study of mothers' lived experiences during the COVID-19 lockdown in the United States. An analysis of open-ended interviews with 44 mothers who had children ages zero-to-five identified two main themes: (1) increased stress among mothers; and (2) resilience through the use of coping mechanisms. The findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to higher stress among mothers due to issues of work-family life balance, family and children's needs, decision-making about getting sick, concerns for children's development, and lack of clarity from government officials. Mothers described using a variety of problem-focused and emotion-focused methods to cope with this stress. The lived experiences of mothers during the pandemic highlights the need for innovations in childcare modalities, paid leave policies to relieve stress, and strengthening whole family processes and resilience through the use of coping mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Being alexithymic: Necessity or convenience. Negative emotionality × avoidant coping interactions and alexithymia.
- Author
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Bilotta, Elena, Giacomantonio, Mauro, Leone, Luigi, Mancini, Francesco, and Coriale, Giovanna
- Subjects
- *
ADAPTABILITY (Personality) , *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation , *ALEXITHYMIA , *AVOIDANCE (Psychology) , *EMOTIONS , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Objectives We aimed to clarify the associations between negative emotionality, avoidant coping, and alexithymia. We hypothesized that negative emotionality and avoidance strategies would interact negatively in associating with alexithymia. Design We examined, in one study conducted in Italy and another in the US (total N = 415), the associations among avoidant coping, negative emotionality, and alexithymia, using cross-sectional designs. Method Study 1: Participants completed paper-and-pencil measures of alexithymia, avoidant coping, and negative emotionality. Study 2: Participants completed the above-mentioned measures plus a measure of experiential avoidance ( EA), by means of an online questionnaire. Results As expected, an antagonistic avoidant coping × negative emotionality interaction was found to relate to alexithymia in both studies. In Study 2, EA mediated the effects of such interaction on alexithymia (mediated moderation). The interaction found implied that alexithymia would be adopted as a defence against negative affect or as a consequence of avoidant strategies. Conclusions The studies suggested that two different psychological pathways to alexithymia may be at work: Preference for avoidance and negative emotionality. This result appeared theoretically relevant and may stimulate further research. Practitioner points Alexithymia may develop from habitual avoidance, regardless of negative emotionality., Practitioners could consider addressing negative emotional regulation or automatic and habitual avoidant responses in dealing with alexithymic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Durable Public Feelings.
- Author
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Epp, Michael
- Subjects
- *
EMOTIONS , *JOY , *MINSTREL shows , *POPULAR culture , *AMERICAN studies , *HISTORY of popular culture - Abstract
Exploring the durability of feelings, and the relationship of feelings to publics, the first part of this paper maintains that the multiplicity of contradictory means for engaging the terms 'public' and 'feelings' indexes precisely the conflicts that are constitutive of publics and feelings. The fights over terminology, I argue, are not something to resolve but something to understand, as part of what makes publics and feelings the important, exciting, and sometimes frustrating things they are to practise, experience, and study. In the second part of the paper, I ask questions about the durability of feelings in relation to one of the most durable, public, and disturbing feelings: that joy associated with blackface minstrelsy that is an expression of, and a practice of, white supremacy, which itself is, perhaps, the most enduring form of public feeling, cultural practice, and political aspiration in the history of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The wounded leader and emotional learning in the schoolhouse.
- Author
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Ackerman, Richard H. and Maslin-Ostrowski, Pat
- Subjects
- *
EDUCATIONAL leadership , *EMOTIONS , *SOCIAL learning , *PSYCHOLOGY of learning , *ABILITY - Abstract
This paper considers the emotional dimensions of leadership by exploring what a self-described leadership crisis or 'wounding' experience means to educational leaders and how it influences their professional and personal growth. It focuses on how leaders cope with the endemic and chronic conditions of leadership life: vulnerability, isolation, fear and power. Methodologically, the paper draws on a phenomenological study that conducted in-depth interviews with 65 school leaders working across the United States. The study concludes that the wound provides an opportunity to question one's leadership and to change, and is an important source of emotional and social learning. The study affirms that emotion matters in the exercise of leadership, especially during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Toward computers that recognize and respond to user emotion.
- Author
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Picard, R. W.
- Subjects
- *
EMOTIONS , *COMPUTER simulation - Abstract
For a long time emotions have been kept out of the deliberate tools of science; scientists have expressed emotion, but no tools could sense and respond to their affective information. This paper highlights research at the MIT Media Laboratory aimed at giving computers the ability to comfortably sense, recognize, and respond to the human communication of emotion, especially affective states such as frustration, confusion, interest, distress, anger, and joy. Two main themes of sensing--self-report and concurrent expression--are described, together with examples of systems that give users new ways to communicate emotion to computers and, through computers, to other people. In addition to building systems that try to elicit and detect frustration, our research group has built a system that responds to user frustration in a way that appears to help alleviate it. This paper highlights applications of this research to interface design, wearable computing, entertainment, and education, and briefly presents some potential ethical concerns and how they might be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Ways of Hoping: Navigating the Paradox of Hope and Despair in Chronic Pain.
- Author
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Eaves, Emery, Nichter, Mark, Ritenbaugh, Cheryl, and Eaves, Emery R
- Subjects
- *
HOPE , *EMOTIONS , *DESPAIR , *CHRONIC pain , *CHRONIC diseases , *CHRONIC pain & psychology , *COMPARATIVE studies , *INTERVIEWING , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *CHINESE medicine , *PSYCHOLOGY & religion , *QUALITY of life , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *QUALITATIVE research , *EVALUATION research , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials - Abstract
In this paper, we explore hope in the context of living with chronic pain. Individuals with chronic pain from temporomandibular disorder(s) were interviewed four to five times over the course of their 18-month participation in a clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of Traditional Chinese Medicine. We sought to understand shifts in participants' descriptions of expectations and hopefulness, particularly with regard to the work involved in counterbalancing positive thinking with buffers against disappointment. We found hope to be a dynamic and multifaceted mindset as distinct from being a single entity to be measured. Drawing upon Polanyi's concept of tacit knowing, we explore how different ways of hoping emerge and index one another in participant narratives. We offer a working typology of hope and raise as an issue the manner in which the paradox of hope--hoping enough to carry on while keeping hopes in check to avoid the ever-present possibility of despair--complicates simplistic notions of the relationship between positive thinking and the placebo response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Moderators and mediators of the relationship between receiving versus being denied a pregnancy termination and subsequent binge drinking.
- Author
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Roberts, S.C.M., Subbaraman, M.S., Delucchi, K.L., Wilsnack, S.C., and Foster, D.G.
- Subjects
- *
ABORTION , *BINGE drinking , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *EMOTIONS , *PARENTING , *ABORTION laws , *ABORTION & psychology , *FIRST trimester of pregnancy , *LONGITUDINAL method , *RESEARCH funding , *TIME , *PSYCHOLOGICAL factors , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Background: Women who terminate pregnancies drink more subsequent to the pregnancy than women who give birth, including women who give birth after seeking to terminate a pregnancy.Methods: Data are from the Turnaway Study, a prospective, longitudinal study of 956 women who sought to terminate pregnancies at 30 U.S. facilities. This paper focuses on the 452 women who received terminations just below facility gestational limits and 231 who were denied terminations because they presented just beyond facility gestational limits. This study examined whether baseline characteristics moderate the relationship between termination and subsequent binge drinking and whether stress, feelings about the pregnancy, and number of social roles mediate the relationship.Results: Only having had a previous live birth modified the termination-binge drinking relationship. Among women with previous live births, binge drinking was reduced among women carrying to term compared to terminating the pregnancy. Among women who had not had a previous live birth, however, the reduction in binge drinking among those denied termination was not sustained over time, and binge drinking of those who had and had not had terminations converged by 2.5 years. Neither stress, negative emotions, nor social roles mediated effects on binge drinking. Positive emotions at one week mediated effects on binge drinking at six months, although positive emotions at two years did not mediate effects on binge drinking at 2.5 years.Conclusions: Higher levels of binge drinking among those who terminate pregnancies do not appear due to stress or to negative emotions. Only parous women - and not nulliparous women - denied terminations experienced sustained reductions in binge drinking over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. How Was the Weekend? How the Social Context Underlies Weekend Effects in Happiness and Other Emotions for US Workers.
- Author
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Helliwell, John F. and Wang, Shun
- Subjects
- *
EMPLOYEE psychology , *EMOTIONS , *SOCIAL context , *HAPPINESS , *WORK environment ,SOCIAL aspects - Abstract
In this paper we estimate the size of weekend effects for seven emotions and then explore their main determinants for the working population in the United States, using the Gallup/Healthways US Daily Poll 2008–2012. We first find that weekend effects exist for all emotions, and that these effects are not explained by sample selection bias. Full-time workers have larger weekend effects than do part-time workers. We then explore the sources of weekend effects and find that workplace trust and workplace social relations, combined with differences in social time spent with family and friends, together almost fully explain the weekend effects for happiness, laughter, enjoyment and sadness, for both full-time and part-time workers, with significant but smaller proportions explained for the remaining three emotions—worry, anger and stress. Finally, we show that workplace trust and social relations significantly improve emotions and life evaluations on both weekends and weekdays for all workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Rumination is independently associated with poor psychological health: Comparing emotion regulation strategies.
- Author
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Zawadzki, Matthew J.
- Subjects
- *
PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation , *ANXIETY , *COLLEGE students , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *MENTAL depression , *EMOTIONS , *OPTIMISM , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SCALE analysis (Psychology) , *SELF-esteem testing , *SELF-management (Psychology) , *SELF-perception , *SLEEP , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *MULTIPLE regression analysis , *WELL-being , *STATE-Trait Anxiety Inventory - Abstract
Objective:Emotion regulation (ER) strategies are related to psychological health, with most work examining reappraisal and suppression. Yet, emerging findings suggest that rumination may have stronger relationships with psychological health, namely depression, than other ER strategies. This paper replicated and extended this work by testing whether rumination was independently associated with a range of poor psychological health risk indicators and outcomes. In addition, it explored whether the reason why rumination is so deleterious to health is because it underlies the stress–health relationship. Design:Participants (n = 218) completed measures online. Main outcome measures:Surveys assessed ER strategies (reappraisal, suppression, proactive coping, emotion support seeking, and rumination), health risk indicators (hostility, optimism, self-esteem), health outcomes (depression, poor sleep quality, anxiety) and perceived chronic stress. Results:Multivariate regression analyses revealed rumination as the only ER strategy with a consistent independent effect on all the health risk indicators and outcomes. Bootstrapping analyses revealed indirect effects of perceived chronic stress on all the health variables via rumination. Conclusion:Rumination had a deleterious relationship with psychological health, perhaps because rumination underlies the relationship between stress and psychological health. Results have implications for interventions, particularly emphasizing the need to target ruminative thinking after stressful experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Factors Affecting Well-Being at the State Level in the United States.
- Author
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Valdmanis, Vivian
- Subjects
- *
WELL-being , *EMOTIONS , *HAPPINESS , *ECONOMIC indicators , *GOVERNMENT policy , *HEALTH status indicators - Abstract
United States (US) policy makers often rely on economic indicators in order to determine citizens' well-being. Authors of other research in the area of well-being have reported that well-being is a function of other factors beyond just income including health indicators such as physical and mental health, social interactions such as employment and productivity, and politics. Therefore, inclusion of these other factors would better capture variations in well-being. In this paper, well-being in each of the fifty states in the US is assessed using a mixed panel model approach (2009-2011) including typical economic and political measures. The findings from the empirical analysis reveal higher level of equality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was the strongest indicator of well-being. Conversely, in states considered as politically conservative, an inverse relation was shown to exist between higher levels of state conservative politics and levels of average well-being by state. Finally, per capita income growth was difficult to measure as it related to well-being due to the fluctuations attributed to the recession of 2008. Therefore, state policies focused only on economic measures could not be verified whereas the income equality and/lower levels of income disparity would benefit the state population, as a whole, in terms of well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Fathers matter: involving and engaging fathers in the child welfare system process.
- Author
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Campbell, Christina A., Howard, Douglas, Rayford, Brett S., and Gordon, Derrick M.
- Subjects
- *
MENTAL health , *WOUNDS & injuries , *CAREGIVERS , *COGNITION , *EMOTIONS , *EMPLOYMENT agencies , *FATHERS , *MOTHERS , *PARENTS , *POLICY sciences , *SINGLE parents , *SOCIAL skills - Abstract
Research suggests that children with involved and engaged fathers tend to have more positive outcomes relative to physical, cognitive, and social emotional health. Of children who become involved in the child welfare system, involving multiple parents in the case (e.g. mother and father) often results in a greater chance of a child returning home, fewer placement episodes, and reduced trauma that may be caused by separation anxiety. With the rise of single parenting homes (which are mostly maternal) in the United States, child welfare agencies are examining the efficacy of engaging multiple caregivers (esp. fathers) in the child welfare process. Research suggests that in order to involve fathers in child welfare processes, practices and policies must be intentional in implementing systems and protocols that encourage involvement of all parents regardless of relationship status of the parents. However, few child welfare agencies are required to inquire about fathers or involve fathers in the child’s case. The purpose of this paper is to highlight efforts of the Connecticut Comprehensive Outcome Review (CCOR) process and discuss challenges and lessons learned from interviews and listening forums/focus groups that included social workers and fathers who are involved in the child welfare system in the state of Connecticut. Recommendations and considerations on engaging and involving fathers are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Constructing Emotional Meaning: A Comparison of the Content and Impact of Environmental Advertising in the U.S. and China.
- Author
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Crigler, Ann, Cui, Lisa, Gee, Emily, and Just, Marion
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- *
STUDENT attitudes , *EMOTIONS , *MANAGEMENT science - Abstract
In the study of emotions, scholars have debated whether emotions are universal or particular to cultures. The current research explores this question by comparing environmental ads and emotional responses to these ads by students in the United States and China. We find a substantial difference in the tone of ads between the two countries and in the emotional responses. We argue that a constructionist approach explains the role that culture, ideology and experience play in the design of the ads and the emotional appraisal of them. Following exposure to American and Chinese ads, Chinese students report more intense emotional responses, and share more pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors than the American students. They are more likely to expect to take part in group efforts for the environment. The American students only exceed the Chinese students in their desire to recycle, which reflects a long-standing campaign in the U.S. Our findings support a theory of emotional response that is culturally constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
47. It's My Campaign I'll Cry if I Want to: How and When Campaigns Use Emotional Appeals.
- Author
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Ridout, Travis N. and Kathleen, Searles
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL advertising , *POLITICAL campaigns , *POLITICAL attitudes , *VOTING , *SOCIAL choice , *DECISION making - Abstract
Recent research in the arena of campaign advertising suggests that emotional appeals can influence political attitudes, electoral choices and decision-making processes (Brader 2006; Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen 2000; Redlawsk, Civettini and Lau 2007). Yet is there any evidence that candidates use emotional appeals strategically during campaigns? Is there a pattern to their use? For instance, are fear appeals used primarily late in the campaign by trailing candidates in order to get voters to rethink their choices? And are enthusiasm appeals more common early on in order to shore up a candidate's base? In this research we develop a theory that explains when candidates use certain emotional appeals (e.g., anger, enthusiasm, fear and compassion) and which types of candidates are most likely to do so. We then test these ideas using campaign advertising data from several U.S. Senate races from 2004. Our research thus provides a link between research on campaign decision-makingâ??here the decision to "go emotional"â??and research focusing on the effects of emotional appeals on voters. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
48. Personal Emotions and Political Decision Making: Implications for Voter Competence.
- Author
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Healy, Andrew J., Malhotra, Neil, and Mo, Cecilia H.
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DECISION making , *EMOTIONS , *PRACTICAL politics - Abstract
According to what criteria do citizens make political decisions, and what do these criteria say about democratic competence? An impressive body of evidence suggests that voters competently evaluate diagnostic information such as macroeconomic trends and their personal financial circumstances to reward good performance while ridding themselves of leaders who are corrupt, incompetent, or ineffective. However, what if some voters' personal emotional reactions to events completely unrelated to public affairs influence their voting decisions? The conflation of personal emotions with political cognition challenges traditional conceptions of citizen competence and democratic accountability. We explore whether emotional reactions unrelated to incumbent performance affect voting behavior by assessing the electoral impact of local college football games, events that government has nothing to do with and for which no government response would be expected. On average, a win before Election Day causes the incumbent to receive about one percentage point more of the vote, with the effect being larger for teams with stronger fan support. We corroborate these aggregate-level results with a survey conducted during the 2009 NCAA Men's College Basketball Tournament, where we find that sports-induced emotional change affects approval of President Obama and assessments of the health of the country. Voters' decisions and attitudes are thus shown to depend considerably on events that affect their personal level of happiness even when those events are entirely disconnected from government activity. Our results provide new evidence on the significant limitations of the electorate's capacity to hold elected officials accountable for their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
49. Measuring Emotions in Context: Semantic versus Somatic Responses to Emotion Items in Political Surveys.
- Author
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Lizotte, Mary-Kate, Lodge, Milton, and Taber, Charles
- Subjects
- *
EXPERIMENTS , *EMOTIONS , *PUBLIC opinion , *SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 , *TERRORISM - Abstract
The article describes an experiment designed to test differences in reported emotion and policy opinions about September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks across several measurement strategies designed to cause respondents to re-experience original emotions. The authors failed to detect any difference across experimental conditions in their manipulation check and in their key emotion dependent variables. The contextual manipulations at the outset of the experiment may not have been strong enough to effect survey responses much later in the experiment.
- Published
- 2005
50. Accentuating the Positive in US Presidential Elections.
- Author
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Belt, Todd L., Just, Marion R., and Crigler, Ann N.
- Subjects
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VOTERS , *POLITICAL campaigns , *POLITICAL science ,UNITED States presidential elections - Abstract
The article presents a comparison of how voters appraised the major party candidates in the 1996 and 2004 U.S. presidential general elections. It also examines the roles of voters' party identifications through the dynamic Simultaneous Equations Models. This also shows how emotions and trait evaluations impact the voters' overall appraisal of the candidates. The article concludes with the discussion of the critical role of hope in presidential campaigns.
- Published
- 2005
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