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The aging residential reconstruction has become an important influence factor of people's livelihood and economic development in Northeast China. In order to better meet the requirements of the aging transformation of Northeast China, this paper proposes a virtual three-dimensional model construction method based on this mobile communication technology. The design of residential aging adaptation transformation is the process of transforming and updating the original buildings. It is also one of the means of modern building energy saving. With the continuous development of virtual three-dimensional model, based on the regional characteristics of Northeast China, this paper puts forward the design idea of virtual three-dimensional model for aging transformation of residential buildings in Northeast China, which makes up for the deficiency of virtual three-dimensional model technology in the original building facade reconstruction design. This paper improves the old-age transformation method of the northeast area, makes it more concise and real, and improves the efficiency of the aging suitable transformation of the northeast area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile health (mHealth) is an emerging healthcare practice that provides public health information and medical care services using mobile communication devices, such as smartphones and tablet computers. Given the service convenience and the great potential in reducing medical expense, the promotion of mHealth has become an indispensable component of healthcare reform in China. While Chinese government has shown strong support in promoting mHealth, the behaviors of different participants in mHealth have not been well studied, which prevents its fast diffusion in China. In this paper, by analyzing the current status of mHealth in China, we leverage the evolutionary game theory to build a novel model to capture the behaviors of two key participants, e.g., hospitals and patients, in mHealth. We analyze the payoff matrix between hospitals and patients such that a replicator dynamic system can be built. We validate the proposed model with detailed simulations. Our observations benefit not only the mHealth participants but also the government policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how consumers’ value evaluation and personality factors influence consumers’ intention to adopt mobile coupon (M-coupon) applications in China. The moderating effect of gender on the relationships between personality factors and consumers’ adoption intention is also tested. Design/methodology/approach – This study conducted a survey to collect data from M-coupon application users. In total, 271 valid responses were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) technology. Findings – The results indicate that perceived value, personal innovativeness, and coupon proneness positively affect consumers’ acceptance of M-coupon applications. Personal innovativeness has more positive impact on behavioral intention for males than for females. However, the differential effects of coupon proneness on behavioral intention are not significant between males and females. In addition, the findings show that perceived convenience, perceived enjoyment, and perceived money savings positively influence perceived value, whereas perceived fees and perceived privacy risk negatively influence it. Practical implications – This study helps M-coupon application providers to identify who is positive toward their services and how to improve consumers’ perceived value of the services, eventually expanding their user base. Originality/value – Prior studies mainly focussed on the usage behavior of M-coupons and overlooked the important role of M-coupon applications in promoting M-coupon use. This research fills this gap. The research findings offer insights into the factors influencing consumers’ behavioral intention to adopt M-coupon applications. Besides, the results of gender’s moderating effect advance the understanding of the differences in males’ coupon usage intentions between the contexts of M-coupon applications and paper-based coupon services, which enrich couponing research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latecomers from Asia—China and Korea—started to participate in information and communication technology (ICT) global standardizations as they accumulated technological capabilities. We observed the current situation of ICT global standardizations in those countries by analyzing the mobile communications standards, WCDMA and LTE, and derived interesting findings and meaningful implications from the analysis. First, this paper provides evidence of the differences in Chinese and Korean standard strategies; China is creating its own standard whereas Korea goes with global standardization. Second, this paper shows the subsequent results of the different strategies. In detail, we conducted an analysis based on (declared) essential patents in WCDMA and LTE. The results indicate that China and Korea hold a significant number of essential patents and their numbers compete with those of leading countries. However, the analysis shows that Korea accumulated domestic knowledge that enables the country to actively participate in standardization,but China still heavily relies on foreign knowledge, probably because China is attempting to create its own standard and accumulating knowledge takes a long time despite its efforts.Our findings have several implications for leading countries and other following countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper explores the inter-firm linkages of China''s 3G market players by applying the strategic network paradigm. The 3G strategic network mainly consists of mobile operators, content/application providers, service providers, handset manufacturers, mobile phone dealers, network equipment manufacturers, chipmakers, the government, and customers. Building from the strategic network concept, this paper identifies some of the features of China''s 3G market. More new inter-firm ties have been established in the 3G era, while some old ties have been reshaped. Some firms have multiple positions or roles in one strategic network, which results in competition between former partners in the 3G market. Many firms choose to participate in more than one strategic network to exploit scope economies and mitigate the risks of being stranded on a sinking ship. China''s government not only determines the initial status of the strategic networks, but also makes policies that affect the evolution of the 3G strategic networks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper forecasts 3G mobile subscription in mainland China while incorporating regional disparity. First, using stochastic frontier analysis, this paper tries to measure the relative market potential of 2G mobile service in 31 Chinese provinces. Second, this paper estimates diffusion parameters, including innovation coefficient, imitation coefficient and potential market size, of 31 provinces from 2G data. Then, this paper forecasts 3G mobile subscription using the original Bass model. In particular, this paper uses the market potential of each province in a modified Bass model in order to estimate the maximum level of 3G subscription. Finally, the paper presents meaningful implications for policy makers and mobile network operators in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper explored the key factors affecting catching up through technology standard development by studying the evolution of TD-SCDMA, one of the three international standards of 3G mobile communications, in China. It was found that this was a complex co-evolution process between firm strategy and government policy aimed mainly at solving the challenges of late-comer disadvantages. The paper also examined the unique features of this co-evolution process, including the importance of the informal social network of non-customer stakeholders, and discussed the theoretical and practical implications of the key findings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper explores the way that increasing engagement in international standardisation processes has enabled Chinese firms to become global players in mobile telecommunications technologies and China to become a major influence in the international information and communications technology (ICT) standards arena. From a ‘social shaping of technology’ perspective it examines the development of the third generation (3G) TD-SCDMA (time division synchronous code division multiple access) mobile telephony standard (TD) and the path laid towards the next generation of mobile broadband standards and technologies. The paper highlights the complex interactions between a wide array of players involved, including national and foreign firms, and different sections and levels of the Chinese state. TD's success was by no means predetermined. China eventually adopted a pragmatic approach implementing TD and the two established Western standards. This complex history and interplay between Chinese and foreign players calls into question the idea of national or indigenous technologies for large-scale infrastructures, and highlights the limitations of national strategies in globalised innovation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the characteristics of a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), which is the Shanghai urban vehicular network (SUVnet). We construct a mobility model using the GPS data collected from more than 4000 taxis in Shanghai. The model is both realistic and large scale. Based on this model, network topology and connectivity of SUVnet are studied. Because of the sparse distribution and dynamic topology of SUVnet, simply utilizing the conventional mobile ad hoc network routing protocols in SUVnet may not achieve a satisfactory performance. Therefore, we apply the delay-tolerant network model to SUVnet and evaluate the epidemic routing protocols. We propose a new protocol, which is the distance aware epidemic routing (DAER), to improve the bundle delivery ratio. Results show that DAER performs well for a VANET. This paper provides a basis in studying a realistic urban VANET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the processes of indigenous (global South) innovation, particularly of the “high-tech” and “radical” kind, which have spurred technological catch-up, using the example of a third-generation (3G) Chinese mobile communications technology standard. Three hypotheses were generated from this study: (a) modularity-in-design opens new windows of opportunity for technological catching-up; (b) the lack of essential intellectual property rights acts as a key inducement, or a factor-saving bias, that influences the rate and direction of indigenous innovation in the global South; and (c) the long tail of an old technology affects the take-off of a new indigenous innovation, essentially by shortening the technological distance to be covered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the Chinese telecommunications industry, the penetration rates of mobile telecommunications currently vary by province from less than 40% to over 100%. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new regional clustering approach of China from the perspective of mobile telecommunications based on the diffusion characteristics of estimated innovation and imitation coefficients in the mobile telecommunications market. While China has traditionally identified three groups of regions, a cluster analysis based on those diffusion characteristics shows that the 31 provinces in China can be classified into six groups. This empirical result implies that the traditional regional classification seems too simple and that the market should be segmented further in order to develop policies more relevant to Chinese mobile telecommunications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital telecommunication technology has expanded the potential of the mobile phone to be used increasingly as a weapon against authoritarian rule and censorship. Since the content of mobile communication is unpredictable and unregulated, mobile phones have the capability to breach state-sponsored blockage of information. This in turn helps the Chinese people to maintain contact with each other, receive information from outside the country, and make political waves in an aggressive battle for control over information. This paper examines spontaneous mobilization via mobile phones, with a focus on two concrete popular protests in rural and urban areas, demonstrating how Chinese citizens have expanded the political uses of mobile phones in their struggle for freedom of information flow, social justice, and the rule of law, while seeking to build an inexpensive counter-public sphere. These processes destabilize China's conventional national public sphere by shaping political identities on an individual level as well as the notion of citizenship within the evolving counter-public sphere. The political significance of mobile phones in the context of contemporary China's political environment can be observed by various social forces that communicate their struggles with the aid of this technology, pose challenges in governance, and force the authorities to engage in new kinds of media practices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Three network convergence, namely, the integration of telecommunications, broadcasting and Internet networks, is a state policy of China for promoting network convergence. Past studies undertaken on the development of Chinese information and communications technology industry adopt different approaches like bargaining, and input–output perspectives. This paper, instead, analyses the implementation of the convergence project from a new institutional perspective. It argues that that the two ministries for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors, namely, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and State Administration of Radio, Films and Television (SARFT) had inertia to attain mutual penetration of networks. It also argues that the ideological disparities of MIIT and SARFT cause them to respond differently to the convergence project. In order to attain the policy goal, the Central Government had to impose a reform schedule from the top and take initiatives at local level to accelerate the policy implementation. It also argues that SARFT and MIIT had developed different patterns of collaboration at local level due to institutional and competitive pressures as well as political pressure from the Central Government. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has become a significant player in the international standardization regime of telecommunications. It is currently attempting international standardization of its indigenous technologies. This paper examines how China’s approach for standardization has evolved in the cases of locally developed 3G and 4G mobile standards: TD-SCDMA and TD-LTE. The authors address the question in terms of alliance formation. They apply network analysis, which visualizes the formation and transformation of alliances. They argue that China’s approach to standardization has evolved from techno-nationalism to techno-globalism. In building, developing, and maintaining alliances, relatively more weight is placed on links with foreign firms over time than on those with local firms, and China is increasingly open to foreign firms to gain their support and cooperation, which is required for international standardization and commercialization of locally-developed standards. This study makes a contribution in that it applies a quantitative method of network analysis and thereby visualizes the formation of alliances in 3G and 4G mobile communication industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Until now, researchers have not addressed the relationship of competition and investment in China''s telecommunications industry, the biggest mobile telecommunications market in the world with unique institutional characteristics. This paper seeks to fill this gap by examining the effects of mobile telecommunications competition on mobile network investment in China. Fixed effects and dynamic panel data models using Chinese regional panel data over the period 2003–2009 show a consistent positive correlation between the mobile market concentration and mobile network investment in the industry. This phenomenon is attributed mainly to the soft budget constraint problem that occurs under asymmetric market competition between state-owned enterprises. It is suggested that the asymmetric competitive structure has been a potential driving force of overinvestment in the mobile network in China; hence, improving the competitive structure by implementing appropriate regulatory policy rather than by policy allowance or inequitable policy burdens would be an effective way to alleviate overinvestment in network facilities. Co-construction and sharing of network infrastructure should be carried out to reduce duplication of infrastructure especially in the coming 3G era of China''s telecommunications industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As camera phones become more commonplace in the explosion of smartphones – along with new contexts for image distribution like microblogging and location-based services (LBS) – we are witnessing emergent types of visuality. In particular, through LBS such as Facebook Places we see ways in which users create new contexts for the overlay between place, ambient images, and geographic locations. While globally camera phone genres like self-portraiture have blossomed, we are also witnessing the flourishing of vernacular visualities that reflect a localized notion of place, social, and identity making practices (Lee 2009). As LBS transforms the context, and thus content, for camera phone images, there is a need to reassess the role of such visualities. Can we speak of ‘smartphone visuality’? This paper considers the shift through a case study of Jiepang users in Shanghai. As an emergent area in mobile communication, we reflect upon some of the ways it rehearses and extends earlier studies on networked visuality as well as reflecting a localized notion of mobility and place. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: When it comes to the analysis of the intrinsic mechanism of market behaviors and hence competition development and regulatory imperatives in the Chinese telecommunications industry, currently there is no consistent pattern offered in the literature. In China''s emergent 3G/4G era, market behaviors can be affected by various institutional factors, along with various forms of informal forces, which may translate into different implications for competition regulation. Based on extensive archival research and interview, this current study aims to bridge the gap by following an interpretive approach. An input–output model was substantiated for pattern-matching in the Chinese context base on the postulation of a series of propositions and hence Industry-Gray-Box. Accordingly, two categories of market behaviors, that is, market-driven vs. institutions-driven, were arguably delineated as being underpinning the competition development. Policy implications and future reform imperatives were discussed. This study may advance knowledge in terms of: (1) the establishment of a relatively consistent pattern for mapping the landscape of China''s communications industry; (2) the substantiation of the inner working mechanism of China''s SOE system in the telecommunications sector; and (3) original first attempt in identifying different roles of telecom SOEs and the governing forces that affect them. The paper also offers extensive and cohesive insights on China''s formal and informal institutional environment in general and for telecommunications in particular. Measurements developed in this study may serve as basis for future study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

With the rapid development of wireless communication networks, the fourth generation (4G) has emerged to move beyond the limitations of the third generation (3G), with increased bandwidth, enhanced quality of services, and reduced costs of resources. In this paper, we discuss the key technologies of 4G and focus on surveying the ongoing research in 4G communications in China. The 4G technologies under investigation include multicarrier transmission, multiple antenna techniques, carrier aggregation, relays, cognitive radio, distributed antenna systems, network convergence, and network self-optimization. These technologies are the building blocks of 4G and contribute largely to the requirements of International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced). For each technology, its benefits, research topics, and some existing approaches are examined. Finally, we briefly discuss the challenges and future research issues in 4G systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper adopts a standard-related lens on technology trajectory to analyse the mobile telecommunication technology choices beyond the third generation (3G) in one of the largest emerging countries. The attempt is made to model and map the technological evolution based on different standard platforms and through competing technologies under the globalised background. The interplay between different stakeholders behind different technological standards in China is examined. Whether and to what extent technological developments have respectively shaped the paths is also explored. We identify the key technological, commercial and institutional dynamics driving such technology evolution, and argue that large emerging countries can pursue their own policy agenda while dealing with the diverse interests of various stakeholders home and abroad. We also indicate that there remain some high uncertainties in terms of future technology trajectories under the emerging contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through case studies of Huawei and ZTE, this paper finds that Chinese telecom firms have followed the general pathway of technological learning of latecomers, that is: they first developed mature foreign technologies; then moved on to higher level technologies in the consolidation stage in advanced countries; and finally progressed from imitation to innovation, generating emerging technologies in mobile communication and data-network fields. The study demonstrates that (1) latecomers caught up successfully by building innovation capability from the beginning, and (2) collaboration with established partners only came later when they had higher level innovation capability. In addition, R&D globalization was an important technological strategy for Huawei and ZTE. The order and pace of development indicate that their R&D globalization strategy is to tap into global resources and markets that would otherwise be unavailable to latecomers. At the beginning of catching-up, unlike Korean firms in the auto, electronics, and semiconductor industries who developed mature foreign technologies by relying on technology transfer from foreign sources, Chinese telecom firms conducted in-house R&D on switch technology, because of the high cost and unavailability of the technology, their lack of understanding of foreign markets and technology, and foreign firms' interest in China's market. Further, operating in a more dynamic technological regime and a much more integrated global economic environment, Chinese firms were able to adopt some global technology strategies such as joint collaboration, participating in industrial standards organizations, and R&D globalization at a much earlier stage of their catching up than had the Korean firms, mainly to compensate for their limited initial access to global resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the technological capability of the Chinese mobile communications sector. First, a framework is established to measure static and dynamic capabilities at the service operator level. Using this framework, two service operators, China Mobile and China Unicom, were tested. Four key factors (the regulatory system, home demand, levels of competition and the corporate governance system) are explored through discussion with government organisations, research institutes and the two service operators - all influence the development of operators' dynamic capabilities. The research suggests that the mobile communications industry in China has devoted considerable resources and effort to developing static capabilities. However, dynamic capabilities are impeded by an inadequate regulatory system, insufficient competition, unsophisticated home demand and an ineffective corporate governance system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a trend for rapid spatial data capture supported by integration of multiple platforms and multiple sensors. This paper presents the principles and technologies of land-based mobile mapping systems based on an integration of remote sensing, GPS and GIS technologies. The innovations and advantages of the integrated system are described. The analytic model and error model of a mobile mapping system are proposed and the application interlace of digital measurable images is also discussed. A Truemap Engine® with Plug-in and API is designed to manage a huge volume of stereo image series from a land-based mobile mapping system so that other geographic information systems (GIS) engines can freely use the sequence of stereo images. The applications of digital measurable images (DMI) as well as mobile mapping systems in the Olympic Games in Beijing, 2008 are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents three field studies undertaken at large sports events in UK and China, with the aim of improving the user experience at these types of events through the design of personally relevant mobile services. These field studies investigated: which aspects of spatial context were relevant within the confines of a large sporting event, how their relevance differed according to sports event and language/culture, and how they could be used to prescribe the behaviour of a personalizable/adaptive mobile device. Spatial aspects of context were found to be highly significant within the large sports arena. They can be used to maximize the relevance of information and communication services delivered to a spectator over a mobile device. A range of design implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle-based sensors can be used for traffic monitoring. These sensors are usually set with long sampling intervals to save communication costs and to avoid network congestion. In this paper, we are interested in understanding the traffic-monitoring performance that we can expect from such vehicle-based mobile sensor networks, despite the incomplete information provided. This is a fundamental problem to be addressed. A performance evaluation has been carried out in Shanghai, China, by utilizing the vehicle-based sensors installed in about 4000 taxies. Two types of traffic status-estimation algorithms, i.e., the link-based and the vehicle-based, are introduced and analyzed. The results show that estimations of the traffic status based on these imperfect data are reasonably accurate. Therefore, the feasibility of such an application is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As communism loses its tenets as a genuinely believed ideology and becomes a ritualized facet of a regime that strives to prolong and justify its politically and morally shaky mandate, there have emerged two distinct discourse universes in China: the official one and the nonofficial one. Taking advantage of new communication technologies, the nonofficial discourse universe extends its boundaries to such platforms as the Internet and SMS (Short Message Service) messages. This paper examines SMS as a major carrier of the deviant discourse in the following aspects: the development of cell phones from an interpersonal communication technology to a quasi-mass communication channel; the spread of deviant expressions through it; the making of the deviant discourse through SMS; the government's control over SMS; and the role of SMS in increasingly pluralistic political undercurrents in various discourse universes in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Xiaolingtong (XLT), a new type of mobile phone system based on PHS technology for wireless access of fixed-line telephone networks, has grown very rapidly in China. However, there are many doubts about the future of XLT once 3G (the third generation of mobile communication) is finally employed. This paper proposes a theoretical framework to assess and compare XLT and 3G from four perspectives: technology, market demand, business models and government policy. It concludes that XLT and 3G will coexist with existing 2G/2.5G mobile communication networks for a considerable period of time. With service collaboration and integration, the coexistence of both of these technologies can enhance China''s mobile communication infrastructure and support the growth of mobile commerce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: An exclusive breastfeeding rate in the first 6 months of life of at least 50% is one of the six World Health Organization global nutrition targets for 2025. However, the exclusive breastfeeding rate in China is quite low and decreasing which makes it urgent to explore effective ways to reverse the current downward trend. As mobile technologies have rapidly developed, mobile communication apps such as WeChat (one of the largest social networking platforms in China) are well accepted and have the potential to improve health behaviors in a convenient way. The current paper describes the study protocol of a WeChat intervention that aims to promote breastfeeding in rural areas in China.Methods: The study is designed as a randomized controlled trial in rural Qinghai Province, China. Women who are 14-36 weeks pregnant will be randomized to routine antenatal and postnatal care, or routine care plus the WeChat breastfeeding education. pregnant women with a severe disease and complications of pregnancy or HIV-1 will be excluded. Breastfeeding knowledge and promotion information will be delivered to the intervention group through a WeChat official account from 3 months pregnancy to 6 months postpartum. The outcome assessments are conducted at baseline through face-to-face interviews, and at one week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months postpartum by telephone interviews. The primary outcome is difference in the exclusive breastfeeding rate at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum between the intervention group and the control group. Secondary outcomes include the overall duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding across the first 6 months postpartum; mothers' knowledge of breastfeeding; the proportion of early initiation of breastfeeding; and the timing of the introduction of solid food to infants. Intention-to-treat-analysis will be used. Survival analysis will be used to compare the overall duration of any and exclusive breastfeeding between groups.Discussion: This study is the first effort to promote exclusive breastfeeding through WeChat in China. Our results will provide scientific evidence for the effect of health education through WeChat on breastfeeding. Thereby this may offer a comprehensive intervention to promote exclusive breastfeeding in China and other settings.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry -ChiCTR1800017364. Registered 26 July 2018. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=29325. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Water quality monitoring and forecasting plays an important role in modern intensive fish farming management. This paper describes an online water quality monitoring system for intensive fish culture in China, which combined web-server-embedded technology with mobile telecommunication technology. Based on historical data, this system is designed to forecast water quality with artificial neural networks (ANNs) and control the water quality in time to reduce catastrophic losses. The forecasting model for dissolved oxygen half an hour ahead has been validated with experimental data. The results demonstrate that multi-parametric, long-distance and online monitoring for water quality information can be accurately acquired and predicted by using this established monitoring system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]