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1. The BRICs Countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) as Analytical Category: Mirage or Insight?

Author

Armijo, Leslie Elliott

Subjects
*INTERNATIONAL relations, *ECONOMICS, INDUSTRIES & economics
Abstract

American hegemony has passed its peak. The twenty-first century will see a more multi-polar international system. Yet Western European countries may not be the United States' main foils in decades to come. Four new poles of the international system are now widely known in the business and financial press as the "BRICs economies" (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Does the concept of "the BRICs" have meaning within a rigorous political science framing? From the perspective of an economic liberal employing neoclassical assumptions to understand the world economy, the category's justification is surprisingly weak. In contrast, a political or economic realist's framing instructs us to focus on states that are increasing their relative material capabilities—as each of the four is. Finally, within a liberal institutionalist's mental model, the BRICs countries are a compelling set, yet one with a deep cleavage between two sub-groups: large emerging powers likely to remain authoritarian or revert to that state, and those that are securely democratic. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2008

2. A Estratégia Nacional de Defesa do Brasil e a dos outros BRICs em perspectiva comparada.

Author

BERTONHA, JOÃO FÁBIO

Subjects
*CIVIL defense, *BALANCE of power, *TWENTY-first century, *MILITARY policy, *HISTORY
Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the National Defense Strategies of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) in order to verify how the four countries evaluate the strategic landscape of this century, especially regarding the balance of power between the Great Powers, their immediate geographical surroundings and their relationship with the US. This work addresses specifically the similarities and differences among them and how these differences reflect in their respective defense policies. Among the four cases, the Brazilian one will be in especial focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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3. Big BRICs, weak foundations: The beginning of public elementary education in Brazil, Russia, India, and China.

Author

Chaudhary, Latika, Musacchio, Aldo, Nafziger, Steven, and Se Yan

Subjects
*EDUCATION statistics, *HISTORY of education, *PRIMARY education, *EDUCATION & economics, *COMPARATIVE studies, *DEVELOPMENT economics, *NINETEEN tens, *ECONOMIC history, *TWENTIETH century, *MATHEMATICAL models
Abstract

Our paper provides a comparative perspective on the development of public primary education in four of the largest developing economies circa 1910: Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC). These four countries encompassed more than 50% of the world's population in 1910, but remarkably few of their citizens attended any school by the early 20th century. We present new, comparable data on school inputs and outputs for BRIC drawn from contemporary surveys and government documents. Recent studies emphasize the importance of political decentralization, and relatively broad political voice for the early spread of public primary education in developed economies. We identify the former and the lack of the latter to be important in the context of BRIC, but we also outline how other factors such as factor endowments, colonialism, serfdom, and, especially, the characteristics of the political and economic elite help explain the low achievement levels of these four countries and the incredible amount of heterogeneity within each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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