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Grass pollen allergens are shown to remain associated with protein material and a yellow pigment during paper chromatography and during dialyses and ultrafiltrations of various types. Dialysable* allergens comprise only a fraction of I per cent of the total activity and the amount of activity extractable by diethylene glycol (DEG) and similar solvents is of the same order. Besides the allergens, the DEG and aqueous extracts contain large amounts of inositol, glucose and fructose, also some yellow pigments and phosphates. Larger amounts of free and combined amino acids are found in the aqueous than in the DEG extracts, but the reverse is true for sucrose. In addition the DEG extracts contain a yellow glucoside different from the dactylen of the aqueous extracts, a glucosan and an arabinose-galactose-pigment complex, only the latter being associated with any activity. The spontaneous release of the crystalline dactylen from originally clear aqueous pollen extracts is found not to be caused by enzymes. The washed crystals are found to be chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous and devoid of allergenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymph node and spleen cells from normal mice were cultured for 3 days with polyoma virus-induced tumour, Ehrlich's ascites turnout or leukaemia L 1210 cells. This resulted in in vitro immunization of the lymphocytes, which were then transferred to irradiated target cells labelled with 51Cr. Normal, i.e. non-immune thioglycollate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages were also added to some tubes. Non-immune macrophages mixed with immunized lymphocytes showed a significantly increased ability to destroy tumour ceils as compared with macrophages in the absence of immunized lymphocytes. The immunized lymphocytes were almost entirely inactive alone. When the number of macrophages was kept constant the cytotoxicity was dependent on the number of viable immunized lymphocytes placed on the target cells. Immunized lymphocytes, in the presence of macrophages, only exhibited strong killing of the target cells against which they had been immunized; some lysis of ‘bystander’ cells was, however, seen provided specific target cells were present. Macrophage monolayers exposed to immunized lymphocytes upon contact with specific antigen became ‘armed’ and showed a significant cytotoxicity for specific target cells. When immunized lymphocytes and normal macrophages were treated with actinomycin D and puromycin, cytotoxicity was inhibited in the immunized lymphocytes but not in the macrophages. The possible mechanism of normal macrophage cooperation with immunized lymphocytes in the cytotoxic killing reaction is discussed. Results presented in this paper favour the view that immunologically specific cytophilic factor (presumptive cytophilic antibody) is involved in the macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in the system studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiments described in this paper extend the observations of previous work in vitro demonstrating a decrease in the frequency of antigenreactive units specific for horse RBC in spleen cells from mice primed with KLH. It was observed that the addition of lymphoid cells having T-cell function reconstituted the anti-HRBC response to normal values. Significant enhancement of the response beyond the normal values could be evoked using two dissimilar methods, (i) addition of allogeneic thymus cells, and (ii) restimulation in vitro with the priming antigen. The latter type enhancement was elicited by the addition of small doses of KLH to cultures of spleen cells from mice recently primed with KLH, including cultures otherwise demonstrating antigen-induced suppression. The stimulus required to enhance the response to HRBC in these cultures was specific for the priming antigen, KLH. These results are discussed in the light of current theories of 'antigenic competition' and specific heterologous enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has previously been shown that rats do not expel a primary infection of Nippostronglus brasiliensis during lactation. In the present paper, three aspects of the immune response of the lactating rat to the parasite were examined and compared with the response of non-lactating rats. Protective and reaginic antibodies were present in the circulation of rats first infected during lactation, in titres as high or higher than those in non-lactating controls. The intestinal mast cell response was similar both in timing and magnitude and lactating rats became susceptible to shock with the i.v. injection of antigen. Attention was drawn to the similarity between the response of the lactating rat and that of the neonate to this infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a preceding publication Le Minor and Staub [8] predicted from phagic and immunological studies, that the repeating unit, of the group D2 polysaccharide should be: [This equation cannot be presented in ASCII format] In this paper the specific polysaccharide was prepared according to Freeman's technique and hydrolysed. High yields of 3 oligosaccharides have been obtained whose analysis gave: [This equation cannot be presented in ASCII format] Periodate oxydation of the polysaccharide intact or degraded by Slight hydrolysis (N CH3COOH, 4 hours at 100°), confirmed these data and showed that tyvelose is linked to carbon 3 of mannose. No O-acetyl was found. Immunological data showed that tyvelose was the immunodominant sugar for both factors (9) and 46. No other analysis of these factors was possible since we did not possess oligosaccharides containing tyvelose. The position d the different factors of Salmonella strasbourg ((3), (9), (10), 46) on the polysaccharide is schematised on Fig. 6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific antibodies to two plant, hormones, namely indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid, were produced in rabbits which were immunized with conjugates of either hormone to hemocyanin. The specific antibodies obtained were used for assaying the hormones by several immunological assays. The most sensitive assay reported in this paper, for the determination of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid, is the inhibition of inactivation of modified bacteriophage. For this assay conjugates of either hormone with bacteriophage T4 were prepared and characterized. Such chemically modified bacteriophages were completely inactivated by the respective specific antiserum and this inactivation was inhibited by the free hormone. The specificity of the antibodies produced was tested by a series of cross-reactions. There was no immunological cross-reaction between the two hormones which can, therefore, be determined independently. However, antibodies to indole-3-acetic acid cross-reacted with chemically related compounds such as indole-acetyl-ε-amino caproic acid, tryptamine and tryptophan. The immunological specificity of different gibberellins tested was found to be in good correlation with the biological specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Tryptic hydrolysates of denaturated glutamic-aspartic transaminase fractionated on a Sephadex G-25 column, gave an elution diagram containing six main fractions. When peptide maps were developed from the transaminase digest 37 spots were detected on the paper sheet. 2. It was demonstrated that the transaminase fractions (groups of peptides) as well as some of the individual peptides eluted from the map spots, possessed immunological activity. This was proved by their capacity to interact with rabbit pig heart antienzyme and rabbit antiserum against the pig-heart whole tryptic transaminase hydrolysate as well as to inhibit the homologous transaminase-antitransaminase reaction. Higher immunological reactivity was found among peptides moving faster in electrophoresis and chromatography. 3. The catalytic activity of rabbit transaminase (heart, liver, skeletal muscles), was inhibited to a substantial degree by the rabbit anti-pig heart transaminase. The above enzymes however, as was otherwise expected, gave negative precipitin reactions with antitransaminase. A comparative study of the reactivity between transaminases from pig, ox and rabbit and rabbit anti-transaminase against pig and ox heart enzymes as well as against pig-heart whole tryptic transaminase hydrolysate is presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a method for simultaneous measurement of the accumulation of plasma protein and erythrocytes in skin reactions of hypersensitivity to bovine γ-globulin (BGG) and tuberculin PPD in the guinea-pig. The procedure consists in giving 125I-labelled plasma albumin and 51Cr-labelled autologous erythrocytes together by intravenous injection into guinea-pigs bearing skin lesions of allergic inflammation at different times and for different periods during the development of the skin reactions. Isotope accumulation in excised skin reactions is measured by scintillation counting at different stages during the evolution of hypersensitivity responses. Skin reactions of combined anaphylactic and Arthus hypersensitivity to BGG were characterized by pronounced increased vascular permeability principally in the first hour. In established 24-hour hypersensitivity reactions to both antigens (BGG and PPD) there was continuing accumulation of both plasma albumin and erythrocytes. During the development of the tuberculin reaction, an intermediate phase of isotope accumulation occurred between 6 and 9 hours after skin testing; serum transfer studies showed that this intermediate peak was not attributable to circulating antibody alone. These isotope tracer techniques were also applied to study vascular permeability in systemically transferred reactions of delayed hypersensitivity and in the vascular response to the intradermal injection of an inflammatory factor generated by antigen-activation of sensitized lymphocytes. It was concluded that isotope tracing provided objective and sensitive methods for analyzing microvascular responses in allergic inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the presence of exoantigens in the intestinal washes of mice infected with H. nana, to partially purify the antigen, and to show identity with heterologous antisera to H. nana soluble proteins. This paper describes the increase in specific activity to tapeworm exoantigens with increased purification both with serum obtained from infected mice and heterologous rabbit serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of white cell adhesion to parasitic nematodes is little understood, although it has been widely observed and is considered to have an immunological basis. This paper presents comparative observations on white cell adhesions to several worm species occurring in non-sensitized parasite-free mice and in sensitized infected mice. Cell adhesions occurred in both types of animals. The adhering cell type is a large mononucleocyte of the lymphoid macrophage system, which stains with pyronin only when recovered from a sensitized mouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data presented in this paper indicate that by column chromatography using an O acetylated galactan, a considerable degree of purification of specific antibody to O antigen 5 may be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper (Lupulescu, Pop, Merculiev, Neacsu and Heitmanek, 1965) we demonstrated experimentally the role of anti-organ immunity in the pathogenesis of parathyroid lesions in rats, The difficulties involved in the detailed study of this experimental condition in rats decided us to attempt the induction of a similar immunological disorder in dogs, a species in which the disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism can be compared with those of surgically induced acute hypoparathyroidism. In addition, the antigenic properties of the dog parathyroid gland were compared with those of the rat, hog and man, and with parathormone (PTH) of bovine origin (supplied by Eli Lilly and Co.).

Rat liver microsomes were separated into three subfractions by means of ultracentrifugation through sucrose media of different densities and in the presence of different cations. Detergent extracts of these preparations were analysed by double diffusion in agar gel and immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antisera against each of the subfractions. One subfraction was derived from the ‘rough’ and another from the ‘smooth’ part of the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver parenchymal cells. Their extracts contained at least thirteen soluble antigens in common. However, fraction-specific antigens were also present. Thus, the extracts of the rough (R) membranes contained at least one typical antigen, not found in any of the other fractions. An antiserum against this component also precipitated a non-migrating antigen present only in the extracts of smooth (Sa) membranes. These two antigens may represent different molecular forms of a substance involved in binding of the ribosomes or in the assembly of membrane subunits. At least eleven of the antigens common for the two fractions exhibited enzymatic activities when assayed after precipitation with antibody in the immunoelectro- phoretic plates. Six immunologically and electrophoretically distinct antigens had esterase activity with α-naphthyl propionate as substrate. Two of these esterases also split indoxyl acetate. Three other antigens with acid phosphatase activity split both α-naphthyl acid phosphate and β-glycerophosphate. Three antigens had nucleoside diphosphatase activity when tested with uridine- or inosine-diphosphate. Preliminary experiments also suggested that two additional antigens possessed NADH-diaphorase activity and thus could belong to the microsomal electron trans- port systems. The third subfraction consisted of electron-microscopically smooth membranes (Sb), enzymatically different from those of the endoplasmic reticulum. The antigens typical for the latter were either absent or present only in minor and variable concentrations. Its extracts contained at least two typical antigens. One of these was identified as contaminating ferritin. The nature and origin of the other antigen has not yet been established. All antigens described in this paper were immunologically different from the common rat serum proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although induced immunological tolerance of histocompatibility antigens is generally considered to be specific, cases of concomitant third-party unresponsiveness may occur. The present paper describes one case in point. Antigenic overlap between original and third-party donor, as well as runt disease have been excluded as possible explanations for the observed lack of specificity. It is hypothesized that an innate inability, of the host to respond to the relevant third-party antigen(s), or the ability of certain antigens to induce tolerance of themselves as well as of distinct but related antigens, may be responsible for the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunofluorescent and isotope coprecipitation techniques provided methods of studying in vitro production of antibody by chicken spleen cells. In some culture preparations precipitating antibody was produced in sufficient quantity to be measured by quantitative techniques. The in vitro production of globulins by chicken spleen cells has been demonstrated by paper and immunoelectrophoresis of tissue culture medium. The antibody in the globulin produced in the in vitro tissue culture preparations may be shown by an autoradiograph of the immunoelectrophoresis after the addition of antigen trace labelled with radioactive iodine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red cells sensitized with naturally occurring or 'immune' fowl antibody were lysed by fresh fowl serum. This fowl complement could not be replaced by that of human, rabbit or guinea pig. Both naturally occurring and 'immune' antibodies to red cells in the mammalian species tested did not lyse with fowl complement. Lysis by fresh fowl serum of sheep red cells sensitized with mammalian antibody is due to the presence of naturally occurrent antibody to these cells in the fowl serum; the enhancement of this lysis by the mammalian antibody will be described more fully in the next paper. Naturally occurring antibody to sheep red cells present in turkey serum and 'immune' antibody to fowl red cells were not lytic with fresh turkey serum, with fowl complement, with guinea-pig complement or with any combination of these. Some properties of fowl complement are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]