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Recent research and theory relative to the lower class adolescent male peer group has focused largely on the culture and behavior of group members. Further, the focus has been on the different types of behavior characteristic of different groups. While this analysis has been quite fruitful, it has led us away from attempting to place all such groups on any single continuum which might involve structure as well as culture. Specifically, the concept of "gang" has either been used loosely to include all groups of lower class male adolescents or has been omitted altogether. This paper maintains that the concept of gang still has considerable utility as a category for research. This paper will be presented in five parts: (1) an analysis of the concept as used in the past into a set of empirical variables; (2) a description of a method used to get data on these variables; (3) a presentation of data relative to these variables; (4) an analysis of the correlation of these variables; and (5) an attempt to place gangs on continue representing variables found in small groups in other contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses psychological types and changes with age. A considerable quantity of observations concerning retests, self and supplementary-estimates, psychiatric estimates, discrepancies; discrimination of the given estimate as relating to true inborn type or admired type or imagined type or overt type; ambivalence and overlying factors like emotions, all part and parcel of so-called clinical experience, have been discussed in a separate paper. One thousand subjects in age groups from 10 to 80 with equal incidence of each sex have been tabulated in various relations and reported in other papers. The persons observed were unselected, the questionnaire being offered wherever opportunity was found.

Presents a list of legal research papers, recently published. The list here includes, "Law of Accomplices"; "Conference Respecting Final Court of Appeals"; "Three Great Judges of Our Own Times"; "Corporations and Trusts"; and "Criminal Law and its Administration in the State of New York"; "The Development of Law during the Middle Ages, Especially in France and England"; "Expert Testimony: Its Abuses and Uses"; "Handwriting of Part Payments" and "Incorporation by Reference."

This paper reports on the first of a series of investigations we are attempting on this topic. Because games are social in nature, we assume that they mediate and shape the mutual socialization which is occurring in peer groups. Hence the type, frequency, and social context in which games are played may be important for understanding differential socialization outcomes. Given that there are important differences in the socialization process within racial groupings, it was decided to ask whether similar differences occur with regard to games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The instrumental-expressive differentiation, employed extensively by Talcott Parsons, has been applied to the field of voluntary associations by several writers. Thus, Lundberg, Komarovsky, and McInery wrote of instrumental, mixed, and leisure associations in an early study, and Rose concerned himself with two types of associations, the social influence group and the expressive group. This means of classifying voluntary associations has appeared recently in at least one introductory sociology textbook. A recent impetus to the use of the instrumental-expressive categorization in this field was the publication by Gordon and Babchuk of a typology of associations utilizing this concept. They define the ideal type of instrumental association as differing from the ideal type of expressive association in the following three ways. (1) The member of the expressive association achieves immediate and continuing gratification from taking part in the organization's activities. The instrumental association member may even find the group's activities distasteful, but he will get satisfaction from the knowledge that they help to accomplish certain long-range goals. In other words, personal gratification is more remote (in terms of time) from participation in the group's activities for the member of the instrumental group than the member of the expressive group. (2) The activities of the instrumental association tend to be externally oriented, whereas those of the expressive association are focused inward. Expressive organizations "perform a function primarily for the individual participants through activities confined and self-contained within the organization itself…. In contrast, the major function and orientation of the instrumental organization are related to activities which take place outside the organization." (3) The activities of members of expressive associations represent ends in themselves, while, for instrumental association members, participation in the group's activities is seen as a means of accomplishing external, long-range goals. The major questions raised in this paper are whether members of instrumental associations differ predictably from members of expressive associations regarding (1) the manner in which persons become members of associations and (2) their involvement in primary group situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spanish-speaking villagers of the mountain valleys of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado, isolated for centuries from outside influence, have retained a folk medical system which, at times, is at odds with that of the "scientific" medical community. The concept of good or normal health is basically equated to that of "adequately functioning" in one's age-sex role. The common criteria for identification as healthy are: (1) a high level of physical activity, (2) a well-fleshed body, and (3) the absence of pain. A basic purpose of this paper has been to define in detail the culturally specific elements of these criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sequence of births occurring in a closed female population subject to constant schedules of fertility and mortality can be represented as [Multiple line equation(s) cannot be represented in ASCII text] where only one coefficient (Q[sub 0]) and one exponent (r[sub 0]) are real. Convergence to a stable population occurs a few years after all complex components in B(t) have become negligible relative to the one real component. The rate of convergence of B(t) to a real exponential function depends on the age schedules of fertility and mortality, and on the initial age distribution. Methods of determining the coefficients and exponents of the terms of B(t) by use of a large computer are described in this paper, and various significant characteristics of the terms are given. Methods are described for visualizing how convergence would occur in a particular human population on the basis of recorded features of its fertility, mortality, and age composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a study that compares the Revised Stanford Binet Form L intelligence quotients and the various intelligence quotients derived from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. This paper reports cross comparisons on 90 white children, divided into three groups with thirty at age levels 6.5, 10 and 14 years, between Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children intelligence quotients (IQ). The correlations between the IQ's were high and significant at better than the .01 level of confidence. Brighter subjects in general tested higher on the S-B scale, with the greatest discrepancies between IQ's occurring in the bright normal and superior groups.