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The main object of this paper is to separate several strands in the relationship between the works of Marx and Max Weber. Max Weber has rightly been regarded as Marx's most profound intellectual critic. But there has been much confusion in subsequent literature over the nature and validity of Weber's critique of Marx. This perhaps stems, in part at least, from a failure to distinguish a number of different, although interrelated, themes in Weber's writings. Weber wrote not simply as a critic of Marx, but also in response to the writings and political involvements of the prominent Marxists of his day. Three partially separable aspects of Weber's views thus may be isolated: (a) His attitude towards Marxism in the shape of the main Marxist political agency in Germany, the Social Democratic Party. (b) His views upon the academic contributions of Marxist authors to history and sociology. (c) His views upon what he considered to be Man's own original ideas. These three aspects of Weber's thought may in turn be distinguished from the analytic problem of how far Weber's own understanding of Marx's theory of historical materialism was in fact a valid one. Some of Marx's posthumously published writings, unavailable to Weber, allow us to form a clear judgement on this question. The historical changes in the social and political structure of Germany from the middle to the latter part of the nineteenth century form an essential background to the whole of the paper: Weber's attitudes toward Marx and Marxism cannot be understood out of this context. Weber's work was written not solely in response to a wraith-like "ghost of Marx", but also in response to a force--Marxism--which played a vital political and intellectual role in Imperial Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable attention has been given recently to the perplexing problem of the relationship between attitudes and behavior (Ehrlich, 1969; Deutscher, 1969; Warner and DeFleur, 1969; Ajzen et al., 1970; Lastrucci, 1970; Tarter, 1970). Methodological issues have been debated, the lack of congruence between attitudes and behavior has been examined, and a variety of solutions have been offered. We are told, for example, that the continuing poor correlation between measured attitudes and overt behavior requires us to search for the intervening variable or variables which apparently obtain (Ehrlich, 1969); or to employ the "direct observation" of the phenomenon under investigation rather than try to extrapolate from paper-and-pencil tests to behavior (Deutscher, 1969); or to develop theories that, in turn, enable us to find indicators that are more valid than the paper-and-pencil type (Lastrueci, 1970); or to simply admit that attitudes as "presently conceptualized play no real role in behavior" (Tarter, 1970). A number of important aspects of attitude research, however, have been obscured or omitted in these discussions. For the surprising aspect of the situation is not, as has often been implied, the lack of congruence between attitudes and behavior, but the persistent use of research designs that are inappropriate for the complexity of the subject under investigation. Further, it is surprising that researchers have failed to draw out other important implications of their research. That is, the fact that an attitude does not lead directly to a behavior does not justify the assertion that attitudes play no role in behavior, or that attitude research lacks significant implications for social life. The basis for this latter statement will be shown below in a discussion of the values of attitude research. It may be that inadequate research designs, valued for their simplicity rather than their appropriateness, are a manifestation of the "publish or perish" syndrome. In any ease, this paper attempts to outline the problems and the values of attitude research, and to demonstrate thereby that such research is of great significance for the understanding of social phenomena. If that significance seems minimized by those studies that have found poor correlation between attitudes and behavior, the fault lies both in the failure to create research designs that reflect the complexity of the problem and in the tendency to exalt the importance of the proximate causes of overt behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides information concerning the flexibility of leader behavior. Subjects were 48 black and 48 white undergraduate students. Twelve black and 12 white older students were selected as leaders while the remaining subjects were assigned randomly as members of 12 black, 12 white, and 12 mixed dyads. Results indicate that leader behavior as measured by Bales Interaction Process Analysis changed as the group performed different tasks. There were no behavior differences as a function of leader's race although an interaction was found in the directive categories between task and dyad composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a two-dimensional classification of decision making baaed on two continuous variables which interact, namely, degree of subjectivity (objectivity) of attitude and degree of dissimilarity (similarity) of function of choice alternatives. On the basis of this typology two new ways of dissonance resolution are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent attempts to develop symbolic interactionist methodologies have sought to treat the interview as an object of sociological enquiry as well as a research instrument. But their accounts in terms of interactional rules and presentation of selves are primarily concerned with reactions to interviews, and the display of the interview setting in talk is treated as a resource rather than as a topic for investigation. Since such a reliance on the availability of phenomena is also a feature of the `natural attitude', lay and sociological usages of the interview share striking similarities. More specifically, both employ the documentary method of interpretation and, in order to claim a correspondence between theft accounts and some external reality, use remedies to counter misunderstandings. On the basis of tapes of selection interviews, the paper examines the competences and policies routinely adopted to provide for the contexting of talk as interview talk. Given that talk serves to display its setting (this is its reflexive character), talk becomes interview talk as members' managed accomplishment of a knowable context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first section of the paper criticizes the concept of inconsistency between status ranks as an explanation of variations in attitudes and behaviour between different groups. The second section argues that the concept of relative deprivation may, if appropriately qualified, prove more useful and suggests a possible application of it to the topic of attitudes towards immigrants. The third section presents some findings from a sample survey carried out in England and Wales in 1962 which furnish a limited test of two proposed hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes experiments in which Charles E. Osgood's semantic differential was used to measure the attitude of listeners to a variety of intonation patterns. Osgood's semantic differential was the attitude measuring technique used in the experiment. The part or aspect of meaning with which the semantic differentiate can and does deal is precisely the emotional one. For this experiment sentences were chosen consisting of alternations of strong and weak syllables, in order that contours whose effects depend on different treatments of strong and weak could be applied to them.

The vocational psychologist has long emphasized the importance of the study of temperament. In this paper Mr. Rodger discusses the meaning of the term, and describes how the vocational psychologist daily tackles the problem of investigating the elusive characteristics which it covers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives the theoretical background of a Cross-Cultural Study carried out in the Institute of Social Psychology in Strasbourg. If the fact that Jews are different is an objective one, there must be observable differences in their attitudes and especially in those covert attitudes: the affective meaning of the language in which we express our thoughts. Using the Semantic Differential technique, Jews and Non-Jews were given the same list of concepts to evaluate with the help of descriptive scales. The analysis of the data provides evidence of the relevant concepts for which the variable Jew/ Non-Jew is determinative, independently from other variables, thus demonstrating the existence of a Jewish specifisity. If the same phenomenon can be observed cross-culturally, we can speak of a Jewish identity. Using a couple of other techniques which enable us to identify some constants, each of them being a dimension of a configuration space, we could locate the test subjects (J. J. J,... Jn for Jews and NJ, NJ, NJ,... NJ n for Non-Jews) and then measure the distance between the two main clusters, which we identify as the Judaicity factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the systems of relationships and manner of operation of several hospital wards. Data from these settings suggest three concepts of understanding the behavior of the participants. One is elastic autonomy: the autonomy of an actor is not fixed, but expands and contracts according to others assessments of his professional competence. The second is accountability: an actor is held to be accountable or responsible for his decisions and actions. Third is monitoring: the process by which actors keep track of each other's performance. Contingencies affecting autonomy are discussed, as are the relationships between these concepts and those of bureaucratic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern social event known as the debut probably had its origin in the seventeenth century practice of presenting young women of marriageable age at European courts for approval of the court ladies and court gentlemen. Its modem popularity is increasingly centered in the United States, and especially among those families desiring to achieve recognition as members of the upper class.In spite of a general knowledge about upper-class life, little is known concerning the socialization of pre-debutantes, particularly from the perspective of the girl herself. The purpose of this paper is to review the circumstances through which the debut of a daughter is achieved and to examine the disciplinary context of socialization by which appropriate attitudes and perspectives are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are to propose a new concept for use in attitude studies; to explain one way in which this concept has been operationalized; to suggest an hypothesis for use in further studies of this concept; and to present some preliminary research findings concerning this hypothesis. Social scientists have long been interested in differences and similarities between people holding "liberal" and "conservative" attitudes toward various issues and problems of the day. Countless numbers of research studies have been conducted in this area. Perhaps most interesting among these studies have been several attempts to determine whether people tend to have a general liberal-conservative orientation, or whether we must expect their attitudes to vary in different situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much research effort has recently been expended in assessing a construct known as organizational climate. Many researchers have opted to measure the construct via perceptual self-report questionnaires. The present paper, through literature review and logical argument, questions the independence of climate factors from those identified in research on work attitudes. Two work attitude measures and 90 organizational climate items were administered to 499 employees of one company. Cluster analysis of the cluster scores generated for each measure revealed substantial redundancy of climate factors with regard to work attitude factors, Assessing climate via perceptual self-report measures may result in the replication of the work attitude literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on latent identity and person perception. A member of society holds positions in many social systems, such as family, occupational system, and religious denomination. When an individual acts in a given position, it may be said that he is fulfilling the expectations of a focal identity or a position within a focal system. All other identities not directly involved in that specific interaction may be called latent identities or positions in latent systems. Contrary to the assumption made by some sociologists that the behavior of an individual is mainly determined by the expectations held of his identity in the immediate system of interaction, it is the contention of this paper that the actor's latent identities do not disappear completely, even when they are not directly called upon. It is argued that one or more of these latent identities may somehow be activated and, if activated, can substantially influence the course of interaction. It is important to remember that social positions affect person perception in two ways. Initially the social position provides some gross clues to the other person's attitudes. As soon as a person is identified as a priest or as a banker, he is expected to have attitudes which go with these positions. In other words, there are cultural stereotypes which help place the other person through knowing his social positions.

This paper has summarized a study of presidential prestige and has, through the systematic comparison of historians of differing political per- suasions, examined patterns of relationship between prestige and two dimensions of perceived presidential attitude. These patterns indicate that presidential prestige or greatness is associated with different characteristics of perceived presidential attitude among liberal and conservative historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents material which adds to that presented by W.C. Schutz in terms of intercorrelations among scales, construct validation of the control scales and data dealing with hospitalized psychiatric patients. Schutz's "FIRO-B" is a paper and pencil test composed of six nine-item Guttman scales. There are three dimensions: inclusion, control, and affection. For each dimension there are two scales, one for the person's behavior toward other people, i.e., expressed inclusion, control, and affection, and one for behavior desired from other people, i.e., wanted inclusion, control, and affection. The design of the test makes it eminently suitable for work with multi-person situations.

The article presents information on the effects of anxiety and conformity on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test (SORT). This paper is an exploratory study concerning the effects of two empirically selected motives, anxiety and conformity, on the SORT. Following a common research procedure, the effects of motivational variables will be determined by selecting 55 with extreme scores on the devices used to measure the motives. The hypothesis for this study is that the SORT protocols will reflect differences in levels of anxiety and conformity. The interaction effects further emphasize the need for additional research on the SORT. It would appear that the instrument is sensitive enough to motivational variables to make further research in this area necessary. One hundred nineteen Ss were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Bernberg Human Relations Inventory, and the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test.

The article discusses a method of weighting attitude scale items from subject responses. The most widely used technique for studying attitudes is the "rating scale" method. The scale usually consists of a group of statements which have been assigned differential weights. The subject indicates which statements he endorses and his final score may be the mean, median, or sum of weights for the endorsed statements. The purpose of this paper is to present a method of weighting attitude scale items from the responses of subjects. An attitude scale of 45 statements was constructed and administered to 586 students who were all freshmen at the University of South Carolina. Each statement was weighted according to a system based on the number of times it was endorsed by members of this group.

The article focuses on the author's comment on the paper "The Effect of Organization Size Upon Normative Diversity," by D. Michael Betz, that appeared in the March 1972 issue of the journal "Social Science Quarterly." Conceptually, the norm construct is weakened to the point of triviality by reasoning that "where two or more individuals share a perspective or attitude such shared perspectives represent a normative environment for those individuals and other individuals in their midst." In standard usage, the norm concept has reference to widely shared sets of beliefs regarding appropriate behavior where these beliefs are not only shared but believed to be shared and are supported by social mechanisms encouraging conformity. Betz has examined attitude diversity, not norm diversity and has shown that with respect to three questions, diversity of attitudes is more common in large organizations than in small. Only Betz's unfortunate definition of the norm concept permits labeling these attitudes norms.