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In 1961, Simon Belasco published a paper entitled "The Role of Transformation Grammar and Tagmemics in the Analysis of an Old French Text." He attempts to show in the paper that transformational analysis is "cumbersome" in the case of Old French. It is the aim of this article to contradict Belasco's arguments. The author seeks to present that Belasco's transformational sketch of Old French is called transformational quite erroneously. The author then presents another sketch of reasonable adequacy.

This paper discusses the necessity for a quantitative investigation of qualitative linguistic facts, mentions several conceptions of typology and deals in detail with the classification into vocalic and consonantal languages. In this paper researchers are concerned with the classification of consonants. They can be classified according to the manner of articulation and according to the place of articulation. According to the manner of articulation, consonants are classified into three groups: plosives and affricates, fricatives, nasals, liquids and semivowels.

This article focuses on the concept of linguistic relativity and also discusses relations between language, social stratification and cognitive orientation. The author notes that literature is still meager in the subfield dealing with linguistic correlates of social stratification. On the level of linguistic structure or language, there still has no thorough phonological, grammatical and semantic comparison of even a single pair of class dialects. The relations between language, social stratification and cognitive orientation have been studied most deeply in a series of publications by Basil Bernstein. In these papers, a distinction is made between a restricted code, speech which uses relatively limited linguistic resources and is consequently predictable to a high degree, as against an elaborated code, which allows a larger number of structural options and shows a correspondingly low level of predictability. Differences between these two codes are matters of language behavior rather than of language structure.

This paper attempts to examine what is involved when language is treated as a phenomenon of theoretic concern for the sociologist. The approach to `meaning' suggested by Wittgenstem is outlined and counterposed to formalized representations of the `semantics' of natural languages. The critical issue of rules of correct use' of language symbols is discussed, and some theoretical problems m describing linguistic competence are raised. Some of these problems are located also in a sociological domain where cultural grammars are theoretical goals of research. It is suggested that since linguistic knowledge is practical knowledge, codifications of it in rule-like form can only be for practical purposes. An alternative approach to the analysis of members' speech practices is proposed wherein the theorist investigates members' methods for resolving the indexical properties of communicative interaction, and treats `rules' and other order-assembly devices as elements of practical reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sociological Research Unit of the Department of Sociology of Education has been engaged for the past five years upon a study of variations between and within social class in familial patterns of communication and control. This paper examines social class differences in maternal reports of various contextual usages of language. The findings, obtained from a sample of 100 mothers, indicate social class differences in adult-adult and mother-child communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents current theorizing in psycholinguistics which points up the inadequacy of the notion that verbalisms (nonsensory based words) are meaningless and detrimental to conceptual thinking in the blind. The failure to acknowledge the word-word nature of meaning is cited as the significant flaw in the development of the verbalism construct. A review of the literature indicates some of the methodological problems in research on verbalism. Suggestions for future research on the phenomenon are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students of self conceptions have examined a variety of research problems using responses to the question "Who Am I?" Only in the initial report of Kuhn and McPartland is attention given to the relationships among the responses made to this question. They present data showing an ordering of responses which they believe to be "… a reflection of the make-up of the self conception." The present paper reports research stemming from a re-examination of the posited order among responses to the question "Who Am I?" Through content analysis, Kuhn and McPartland classified responses to this question into two categories: "consensual" and "subconsensual." Responses classified as "consensual" were those "… statements which refer to groups and classes whose limits and conditions of membership are matters of common knowledge." Responses classified as "subconsensual" were those statements "… which refer to groups, classes, attributes, traits, or any other matters which would require interpretation by the respondent to be precise or to place him relative to other people." Kuhn and McPartland stated that "… respondents tended to exhaust all of the consensual references they would make before they made (if at all) any subconsensual ones; that is, having once begun to make subconsensual references they tended to make no more consensual references (if indeed they had made any at all)." Further, this ordering of consensual and subconsensual responses is reported to take the form of an ordinal scale when submitted to Guttman's scalogram analysis technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article differentiates area and method in linguistic analysis. The term linguistic area has been used in English in at least two distinct meanings: 1) Bartoli, Bonfante, and other scholars of the neolinguistic group used this term as a basic criterion for distinguishing chronological relations of languages and language groups; 2) the Prague school, however, and some of its followers used it in the sense of Sprachbund. It is not the aim of this paper to establish new linguistic areas within the geographical limits of Europe and Tropical Africa, or to attempt to find new links between languages and language groups of the two continents. However, a comparison of linguistic methods used in the two areas is perfectly justifiable to be examined by the author.

In linguistics, much attention has focused on the internal dynamics of microsystems, subsystems which form part of the entire hierarchy of related and interacting systems. This paper deals with a phase of the system of systems as they relate to each other. As will become apparent, even a cursory consideration of such macro-organizational principles leads to the rejection of some over-simplistic theories and poorly formulated views.

The history of ideas has been written in a variety of ways two of which come most readily to mind, that is according to the men who neither had the ideas or at least thought them out and published them, and according to the issues which dominate individual periods in the development of a discipline and thus diachronically characterize it. Since many of the scholars who concerned themselves with the native languages of North America during the 19th century are little known to linguists in general except perhaps in non-linguistic capacities, this paper is an attempt to briefly sketch their life history and scholarly development. Some clusterings of investigators is pointed out, and it is hoped that some chains of ideas may become apparent.

A series of forty-eight stimulus patterns were painted and converted to sound by the pattern playback. At the Haskins Laboratories, New York, experiments concerned with resonant consonants have been carried out in which the approach was somewhat different from that employed in the experiments to be described in this paper. The basic pattern used in the Haskins experiments was probably designed to compensate for the absence of third format, since an addition of it to the Haskins pattern made alteration necessary to gain a satisfactory approximation to the speech sound desired.

This article focuses on syntactic function by linear context. In an earlier paper, scholars attempted to formulate an unambiguous set of operational instructions which would enable an electronic computer to deal with a certain problem in the syntax of Russian; namely, to identify the Russian -o/-e/-ee adverbial modifier or predicative complement, and to supply its correct English equivalent. The set of instructions which we developed was based upon the examination of approximately 31,000 running words of Russian scientific text.

This paper discusses the possible significance of different strategies in the utterance of certain Language units. In communication between individuals, the degrees of the scale will be represented by a conventional set of symbols. By counting the frequencies with which the representational symbols occur in a given utterance, one might compute the statistical information of each; this might then be compared with rite meaning intensity number corresponding to each symbol. In this manner the reaction between the statistical and the semantic information could be investigated.

The article examines the contribution of speech analysis to the scientific study of the processes involved in psychotherapy. Objective measures of the mental processes underlying the act of speech resulting from speech analysis are reported. In this paper, the author discussed the problem of linking these to physiological states, and presented examples of such relationships. The analysis of the rate and nature of speech production in particular is shown to have led to the isolation of speech parameters which are relevant to the investigation of speech as a process reflecting affective and cognitive experiences.

The present paper is concerned with the development of efficient signs or symbols for use in visual communication. In particular, it describes and illustrates a technique for generating such signs, and presents a series of experiments undertaken to evaluate this technique. Although the application of these methods was limited to a specialized set of concepts (military intelligence terms), and the test experiments for signs developed were highly selective, it was believed that the principles involved have implications for several rather divergent areas of psychology which share an interest in language and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor is presented concerning a blank sheet of paper stamped with a MIXED SCF from the office of TESOL at the School of Languages and Linguistics, Georgetown University, Washington D. C.