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[Display omitted] • Review of advanced electrodialysis techniques for critical mineral recovery. • Investigation of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements sources. • Principles and performances of advanced electrodialysis techniques for metal recovery. • Necessity of feedstock-tailored advanced electrodialysis technologies is suggested. The global challenge of climate change and the pursuit of carbon neutrality drive the demand for clean energy technologies, increasing the need for critical minerals. However, diminishing ore quality and supply chain vulnerabilities highlight the necessity of exploring unconventional mineral sources. This paper assesses the potential of sources such as low-grade ores, brines, and secondary byproducts for extracting critical minerals, focusing on lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements. Conventional refining techniques struggle with the complexity and low concentrations found in unconventional sources, prompting the exploration of innovative methods. Electrically driven membrane technologies, particularly electrodialysis (ED), show promise for selectively transporting metals through ion exchange membranes. The combination of functionalized membranes and advanced ED technologies offers high selectivity for specific elements, and renewable energy-based ED operations can minimize environmental impact. Recent advancements in ED, including selective ED and liquid membrane ED, demonstrate efficient recovery of critical minerals. This comprehensive review explores the principles and recent progress in ED technologies, with a focus on recovering critical minerals from unconventional sources. The paper is structured into three main sections: categorizing the properties of unconventional sources of critical minerals based on the latest literature, exploring the fundamental principles underpinning modern ED technologies, and investigating recent breakthroughs in the separation and recovery of critical minerals from unconventional sources using ED technologies. This framework highlights the potential of advanced ED technologies in efficiently processing diverse unconventional sources and adeptly retrieving critical minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of global climate change has led to a widespread consensus on carbon reduction, with the power industry being the principal contributor to carbon emissions necessitating an inevitable transition of its energy structure. Concomitantly, the escalating frequency of natural disasters caused by extreme weather presents formidable challenges to both secure power supply and the low-carbon transition of the power system. To fulfill the developmental requirements of a low-carbon power system and address the carbon emission risks imposed by natural disasters, this paper proposes a bi-level model for generation expansion planning (GEP) that incorporates constraints on the carbon emission trajectory and the influence of natural disasters. The planning-level model optimizes investment costs of various generation technologies and energy storage (ES), as well as the overall operational expenses over the planning period, with an objective to minimize them. It incorporates carbon emission trajectory constraints and policy constraints, such as carbon peaking, carbon neutrality and renewable energy (RE) penetration rates, in order to optimize the planning installed capacity of power sources. The operational-level model aims to minimize typical daily operating costs while also simulating power unit outputs in routine and disaster scenarios. A case study is conducted in a disaster-prone province in southern China to analyze the power generation expansion planning and the trajectory of carbon emissions from 2020 to 2060 under different scenarios. The simulation results show that compared to thermal power, the planning scheme mainly focused on RE with ES is better suited to achieve the goal of a low-carbon transition of the power grid. Moreover, after considering natural disasters, the cost and carbon emissions of power system planning are higher, and the risk of carbon emissions increases with the severity of disasters. • A multi-time scale bi-level low-carbon GEP model is proposed. • Natural disaster scenarios and low-carbon policy constraints are considered in the GEP model. • Carbon emission trajectory of the planned power system is estimated and introduced as a constraint into the GEP model. • Evaluation indicators that comprehensively consider low-carbon performance and economic feasibility are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]