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BACKGROUND: In recent years, numerous studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, including the immune response process and the biological activity and function of cells (periodontal stem cells and osteoblasts). Researchers attempt to regulate periodontal inflammation and periodontal regeneration by regulating lncRNA expression levels. OBJECTIVE: To review the progress of research on lncRNAs in periodontitis, thereby advancing the research of lncRNAs in periodontitis. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science database, and WanFang Database for relevant literature published up to March 2023. “Long non-coding RNA, lncRNA, periodontitis, periodontium, immunity, inflammation, periodontal ligament stem cells, osteoclasts, osteogenic differentiation, bone resorption, bone formation, recurrence, hypoxia, oxidative stress, static mechanical strain”were used as the Chinese search terms. “lncRNA, periodontitis, periodontal, immunity, inflammation, periodontal membrane stem cells, osteoclasts, osteogenic differentiation, bone resorption, bone formation, recurrence, hypoxia, oxidative stress, static mechanical strain” were used as the English search terms. The title and abstract of each paper were read for initial screening, and 87 papers were finally selected for inductive analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Periodontal pathogens stimulate the body, leading to immune imbalance that triggers inflammatory response and destroy periodontal tissue, and lncRNAs are involved in its regulatory mechanism. LncRNAs are involved in the pro-inflammatory regulation of periodontal ligament cells in an inflammatory environment, and their effects on osteoclast differentiation are regulated through ceRNA mechanism, which provides new clues for exploring the pathogenesis of periodontitis. For B cells and macrophages, lncRNAs can regulate the infiltration, cell activity and function of their subsets in periodontitis. LncRNAs participate in the immune response related to periodontitis mainly through two pattern recognition receptors, Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors, and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway. To investigate whether lncRNAs can be used as a biomarker of periodontitis has great value in the diagnosis and prognosis of periodontitis. Animal experiments have demonstrated that the role of lncRNAs in periodontitis can be reversed by modulating the expression level of lncRNAs and thus lncRNAs act as an anti-inflammatory agent, which is of great value for the study of immunotherapy in periodontitis. The regulation of lncRNAs on periodontal ligament stem cells is mainly realized through endogenous competition mechanism and various signaling pathways, and its effects are influenced by various factors, such as inflammatory environment, mechanical strain, hypoxia and oxidative stress. Research on related mechanisms through these related factors provides new ideas for the treatment of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Over recent decades, the rapid growth in the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry worldwide has increased awareness of their adverse effects, which pose high risks to public health. The fungus Poria cocos is commonly used as both a traditional Chinese medicine and has a broad range of effects, e.g., strengthening body resistance. Polysaccharides are the main bioactive components of Poria cocos. In this paper, we assessed the potential of Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCPs) as a feed additive for animal production and found that PCP treatment positively influenced the growth performance, immunity, and cecal microbiota composition in weaned piglets. This paper aims to identify Poria cocos polysaccharides (PCPs) as a potential feed additive used for swine production; thus, we explored the effects of different dietary inclusion levels of PCP on growth performance, immunity, and cecal microflora composition in weaned piglets. For this, a total of 120 28-day-old Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets (8.51 ± 0.19 kg; 28 ± 1 days of age) were randomly allocated to five groups that were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% PCP, respectively, for 42 days. The results indicated that the average daily gain (ADG) and gain/feed ratio were higher in the PCP treatment groups than in the control group, with a linear effect. The serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IL-2, IFN-γ, the number of CD4+ T cells, and the CD4+-to-CD8+ T-cell ratio (CD4+/CD8+) were increased, while the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased in the PCP supplementation groups compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the cytokine mRNA expression levels exhibited a similar trend in the spleen. PCP supplementation also reduced the abundance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella and enhanced that of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the cecum. In summary, dietary PCP inclusion exerted positive effects on the growth performance, immunity, and cecal microbiota of piglets and showed potential for use as a feed additive for improving the health of weaned piglets, with 0.1% being the optimal dosage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important focus in discussions of immunity to error through misidentification (IEM) is on what explains putative cases of it, and correspondingly, on what significance its presence should be taken to have. This focus is important for the literature: the interest of the phenomenon naturally depends on why it is supposed to be significant when it arises. This paper looks to the claimed IEM of memory-based judgments as a case study to advocate for a pluralist account of explanations of IEM. I argue that Evans was right that Shoemakerian q-memories fail to undermine the supposed IEM of memory-based first personal judgments, but that he was wrong about why. In fact, cases of q-memory reveal a surprising referential underdetermination in first person thought, which subvenes an underdetermination of the explanation of IEM for memory-based judgments. Given this plurality of explanations active in just a single case study, we should be cautious about claims to IEM having just one source of significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytosterols are 3-hydroxyl compounds with cyclopentadienanthrene as the backbone, which mainly exist in plant cell membranes in three forms: Free, esterified and glycoside. Phytosterols are precursors to the synthesis of steroid, vitamin D and many kinds of hormones. They are widely found in plant oils, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes and tubers. Phytosterols mainly include β -sitosterol, stigmosterol, canola sterol and so on, which are active substances with cholesterol structure. Phytosterols have many biological functions, such as regulating immunity, lowering cholesterol, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, promoting growth, preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. With the deepening of research on phytosterols, they have been widely used in animal breeding and production in recent years. Phytosterols can improve the antioxidant capacity and immunity of animal body, improve lipid metabolism, improve production performance, improve the quality of animal products, and increase the economic benefit of breeding. In order to better apply phytosterols in animal production, the physicochemical properties, active functions and the research progress of phytosterols in animal culture were reviewed in this paper, and some references were provided for their further promotion and application in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this observational study was to determine the immune status and function in young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) in comparison to typically developing individuals. Method: Blood samples from 12 individuals with CP (five males, seven females; mean age: 25 years 1 month (5 years 9 months); age range: 19–38 years) and 17 typically developing individuals (eight males, nine females; mean age: 31 years 4 months (6 years 2 months); age range: 20–40 years) were collected before, immediately after, and 1 hour after 45 minutes of frame running or running respectively. Independent t‐tests were used to compare heart rate, level of exertion, and baseline cell proportions between groups. Mixed model analysis of variance was utilized to investigate immune cell responses to exercise across groups. Results: Baseline levels of gamma delta (TCRγδ+) T‐cells were significantly higher (absolute percentage: +2.65, p = 0.028) in the individuals with CP. Several cell populations showed similar significant changes after exercise in both CP and typically developing groups. Cytotoxic (CD8+) T‐cells were only significantly elevated immediately after exercise in the typically developing participants (p < 0.01). Individuals with CP exhibited significantly lower heart rates (−11.1%, p < 0.01), despite similar ratings of perceived exertion. Interpretation: Elevated baseline TCRγδ+ T‐cells may indicate low‐grade inflammation in adults with CP. Although most of the cell populations showed typical responses to endurance exercise, the absence of response in CD8+ T‐cells in individuals with CP may indicate the need for higher intensity during exercise. What this paper adds: TCRγδ+ T‐cell baseline levels are elevated in adults with cerebral palsy (CP).The CD8+ T‐cell response to exercise was blunted in adults with CP.Exercise intensity is decisive for CD8+ T‐cell responses in individuals with CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their small size, nanoparticles have brought a new era for researchers. They are utilized in different areas, including the food industry, pharmaceuticals, and medicals, for their outstanding properties. Many medicines are also used to treat patients with various diseases. Many researchers are continuing their research to find more applications of these materials. This paper reviews how nanoparticles synthesized from plants can help the immune response. Different nanoparticles have been initially studied with their source of origin, properties, and applications in the immune response. Then, how various nanoparticles work on the immune response has been briefly discussed. Different applications of nanoparticles on immune response with different perceptions have also been considered. The results of the applications of these particles have been debated as well. In the end, these particles' potential challenges and future opportunities for immune response have been reviewed. This review paper will work as a guide for nanoparticle researchers in immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Malignant ascites (MA) often occurs in recurrent abdominal malignant tumors, and the large amount of ascites associated with cancerous peritonitis not only leads to severe abdominal distension and breathing difficulties, but also reduces the patient’s quality of life and ability to resist diseases, which usually makes it difficult to carry out anti-cancer treatment. The exploration of MA treatment methods is also a key link in MA treatment. This article is going to review the treatment of MA, to provide details for further research on the treatment of MA, and to provide some guidance for the clinical treatment of MA. Method: This review analyzes various expert papers and summarizes them to obtain the paper. Result: There are various treatment methods for MA, including systemic therapy and local therapy. Among them, systemic therapy includes diuretic therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, anti angiogenic therapy, CAR-T, and vaccine. Local therapy includes puncture surgery, peritoneal vein shunt surgery, acellular ascites infusion therapy, radioactive nuclide intraperitoneal injection therapy, tunnel catheter, and intraperitoneal hyperthermia chemotherapy. And traditional Chinese medicine treatment has also played a role in enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity to a certain extent. Conclusion: Although there has been significant progress in the treatment of MA, it is still one of the clinical difficulties. Exploring the combination or method of drugs with the best therapeutic effect and the least adverse reactions to control MA is still an urgent problem to be solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium yeast is the most widely available and ideal organic selenium supplement for livestock and poultry production, with a variety of biological functions such as antioxidant, immune boosting, anti-cancer and liver protection. Recent studies have shown that selenium yeast can improve the intestinal antioxidant capacity, maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and regulate the immune response. This paper focuses on a review of selenium yeast in the regulation of animal intestinal health and its application in pig production, with the aim of providing a reference for basic research on selenium yeast in the improvement of animal intestinal health and the application of selenium-enriched pork in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence of cognition in aneural cells is well‐establish in the literature. This paper extends the exploration of the mechanisms of cognition by considering whether or not aneural cells may be capable of irrational cognition, making associations based on coincidental similarities and circumstantial factors. If aneural cells do harness such semiosic qualities, as with higher‐level creativity, this might be how they are able to overcome old algorithms and invent tools for new situations. I will look at three examples of irrational learning in aneural systems in terms of semiotics: (1) generalisation in the immune system, based on viral molecular mimicry, whereby immune cells attack the self, which seems to be an overgeneralisation of an icon sign based on mere similarity, not identity, (2) the classical conditioning of pea plants to trope toward wind as a sign of light, which seems to be an association of an index sign based on mere temporal proximity, and (3) a pharmaceutical intervention to prevent pregnancy, using a conjugate to encrypt self with non‐self, which seems to be an example of symbol use. We identify irrational cognition easily when it leads to 'wrong' outcomes, but, if it occurs, it may also lead to favourable outcomes and 'creative' solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the prognostic and immunological value of CDC45 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) using single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing approaches. The expression of CDC45 in KIRC was evaluated by the HPA database, the TCGA-KIRC dataset and verified by PCR analysis and single-cell RNA-sequencing. The ability of CDC45 to independently predict prognosis in KIRC was confirmed by univariate/multivariate regression analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was employed to explore CDC45-related pathways in KIRC. In addition, Relationships between CDC45 and immunity were also examined. Elevated CDC45 expression in KIRC was demonstrated at mRNA and protein levels. The results of the correlation analysis showed that as CDC45 expression increased, so did the histological grade, clinical stage, and TNM stage of the patients (p < 0.05). Univariate/multivariate regression analysis suggested CDC45 as an independent prognostic factor for KIRC. Seven pathways related to CDC45 were screened through GSEA. Meanwhile, we found that CDC45 was correlated with tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) but not tumor neoantigen burden (TNB). Regarding immunity, CDC45 exhibited correlations with the tumor microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoints. Besides, low CDC45 expression was shown to be associated with a better response to immunotherapy. Single-cell RNA-sequencing revealed that CDC45 was differently expressed in T cells (p < 0.05). CDC45 showed potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for KIRC. Meanwhile, the CDC45 low expression group was more sensitive to immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time of day affects how well the immune system responds to viral or bacterial infections. While it is well known that the immune system is regulated by the circadian clock, the dynamic origin of time-of-day-dependent immunity remains unclear. In this paper, we studied the circadian control of immune response upon infection of influenza A virus through mathematical modeling. Dynamic simulation analyses revealed that the time-of-day-dependent immunity was rooted in the relative phase between the circadian clock and the pulse of viral infection. The relative phase, which depends on the time the infection occurs, plays a crucial role in the immune response. It can drive the immune system to one of two distinct bistable states, a high inflammatory state with a higher mortality rate or a safe state characterized by low inflammation. The mechanism we found here also explained why the same species infected by different viruses has different time-of-day-dependent immunities. Further, the time-of-day-dependent immunity was found to be abolished when the immune system was regulated by an impaired circadian clock with decreased oscillation amplitude or without oscillations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventive treatment for people with latent Tuberculosis infection (LTBI) has aroused our great interest. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel mathematical model of TB considering preventive treatment with media impact. The basic reproduction number R0 is defined by the next generation matrix method. In the case without media impact, we prove that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable (unstable) if R0 <1 (R0 >1). Furthermore, we obtain that a unique endemic equilibrium exists when R0 > 1, which is globally asymptotically stable in the case of permanent immunity and no media impact. We fit the model to the newly reported TB cases data from 2009 to 2019 of four regions in China and estimate the parameters. And we estimated R0 = 0:5013 < 1 in Hubei indicating that TB in Hubei will be eliminated in the future. However, the estimated R0 = 1:015> 1 in Henan, R0 = 1:282 >1 in Jiangxi and R0 = 1:930 >1 in Xinjiang imply that TB will continue to persist in these three regions without further prevention and control measures. Besides, sensitivity analysis is carried out to illustrate the role of model parameters for TB control. Our finding reveals that appropriately improving the rate of timely treatment for actively infected people and increasing the rate of individuals with LTBI seeking preventive treatment could achieve the goal of TB elimination. In addition, another interesting finding shows that media impact can only reduce the number of active infections to a limited extent, but cannot change the prevalence of TB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Immunotherapeutic synergy represents the cornerstone of the treatment intended for patients with clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. In most cases, this type of cancer manifests its first symptoms at an advanced stage, thus compromising the use of local therapies such as surgery. This paper aims to describe immune checkpoint proteins, known to suppress an anti-cancer immune response, as well as their inhibitors. Interleukin-2, a cytokine used as a therapeutic option and implicated in the activation of the immune cells, is also discussed. This review further emphasizes the role of the immunotherapeutic combination, not only as an alternative to current treatments devised to counteract the progression and metastasis of ccRCC but also as a valid solution aimed at alleviating the limitations resulting from immune-based monotherapies. Clear-cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). In many cases, RCC patients manifest the first symptoms during the advanced stage of the disease. For this reason, immunotherapy appears to be one of the dominant treatments to achieve a resolution. In this review, we focus on the presentation of the main immune checkpoint proteins that act as negative regulators of immune responses, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, and TIM-3, and their respective inhibitors. Interleukin-2, another potential component of the treatment of ccRCC patients, has also been covered. The synergy between several immunotherapies is one of the main aspects that unites the conclusions of research in recent years. To date, the combination of several immunotherapies enhances the efficacy of a monotherapy, which often manifests important limitations. Immunotherapy aimed at restoring the anti-cancer immune response in ccRCC, involved in the recognition and elimination of cancer cells, may also be a valid solution for many other types of immunogenic tumors that are diagnosed in the final stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the gradual expansion of aquaculture industry in China, the frequent occurrence of diseases in aquatic animal aquaculture and the pollution of aquatic water are becoming more and more serious. The long-term use of antibiotics and traditional vaccines in aquaculture has caused water pollution, drug-resistant strains, antibiotic residues, and other problems, which restricts the healthy development of aquaculture industry. Plant polysaccharides play an important role in replacing antibiotics. Plant polysaccharides exist in the leaves, flowers, roots, stems, and fruits of plants. They are macromolecular polymers that connect various monosaccharides by glycosidic bonds. Plant polysaccharides have the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low residue and no drug resistance. Plant polysaccharides have many biological functions, such as regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, lowering blood sugar, anti-tumor, and improving intestinal health. The application of plant polysaccharides in animal production can improve body health, enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity, and improve production performance. Therefore, this paper mainly reviewed the physicochemical properties, biological functions of plant polysaccharides and their application in aquaculture, so as to provide a reference for their further promotion and application in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review evaluated the impact of oral probiotics on the immune response to vaccination in older people. A literature search was performed in three electronic databases up to January 2023. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in older people (age ≥ 60 years) investigating oral probiotics and vaccine response outcomes were included. Characteristics and outcome data of the included studies were extracted and analysed and study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for randomised trials. Ten RCTs involving 1,560 participants, reported in 9 papers, were included. Nine studies involved the seasonal influenza vaccine and one a COVID-19 vaccine. All studies used lactobacilli, some in combination with bifidobacteria. Studies reported outcomes including anti-vaccine antibody titres or concentrations, seroconversion and seroprotection. When comparing antibody titres, seroprotection rate and seroconversion rate between probiotic and placebo groups expressed as a response ratio, the weighted mean values were 1.29, 1.16 and 2.00, respectively. Meta-analysis showed that probiotics increase seroconversion rates to all three strains of the seasonal influenza vaccine: odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.74 (1.31, 5.70; P  = 0.007) for the H1N1 strain; 1.90 (1.04, 3.44; P  = 0.04) for the H3N2 strain; 1.72 (1.05, 2.80; P  = 0.03) for the B strain. There was a low level of heterogeneity in these findings. Several studies were at high risk of bias due to missing outcome data. Lactobacilli may improve the vaccine response, but further research is needed to be more certain of this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and abnormal defecation habits, resulting in a severe healthcare burden worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS are multi‐factorially involved, including food antigens, visceral hypersensitivity reactions, and the brain–gut axis. Numerous studies have found that gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal immunity play an important role in the development of IBS in crosstalk with multiple mechanisms. Therefore, based on existing evidence, this paper elaborates that the damage and activation of intestinal mucosal immunity and the disturbance of gut microbiota are closely related to the progression of IBS. Combined with the application prospect, it also provides references for further in‐depth exploration and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clostridium butyricum is an anaerobic heterotrophic Gram-positive Bacillus, which can produce butyric acid and lactic acid. As a kind of probiotics, Clostridium butyricum is widely found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals. The characteristics of Clostridium butyricum are safety, high temperature resistance, gastric acid resistance, bile salt resistance, and so on. Adding proper amount of Clostridium butyricum in diet can improve animal growth performance, enhance animal immunity and antioxidant function, improve livestock and poultry product quality, adjust intestinal microecological balance, and promote intestinal health. Compared with antibiotics, Clostridium butyricum can effectively reduce drug residue, which has the advantages of green environmental protection and no drug resistance. It is an ideal substitute for dietary antibiotics. The paper reviews the characteristics, biological functions and mechanism of Clostridium butyricum, and summarizes the applications of Clostridium butyricum in poultry production, in order to provide a reference for reasonable application of Clostridium butyricum in poultry production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn early-life, the gut microbiota is highly modifiable, being modulated by external factors such as maternal microbiota, mode of delivery, and feeding strategies. The composition of the child’s gut microbiota will deeply impact the development and maturation of its immune system, with consequences for future health. As one of the main sources of microorganisms to the child, the mother represents a crucial factor in the establishment of early-life microbiota, impacting the infant’s wellbeing. Recent studies have proposed that dysbiotic maternal gut microbiota could be transmitted to the offspring, influencing the development of its immunity, and leading to the development of diseases such as obesity. This paper aims to review recent findings in gut microbiota and immune system interaction in early-life, highlighting the benefits of a balanced gut microbiota in the regulation of the immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The tonsils operate as a protection ring of mucosa at the gates of the upper aero-digestive tract. They show similarities with lymph nodes and participate as inductive organs of systemic and mucosal immunity. Based on the reduction of their size since puberty, they are thought to experience involution in adulthood. In this context, we have used tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMC) isolated from patients at different stages of life, to study the effect of ageing and the concomitant persistent inflammation on these immune cells. Results: We found an age-dependent reduction in the proportion of germinal center B cell population (BGC) and its T cell counterpart (T follicular helper germinal center cells, TfhGC). Also, we demonstrated an increment in the percentage of local memory B cells and mantle zone T follicular helper cells (mTfh). Furthermore, younger tonsils rendered higher proportion of proliferative immune cells within the freshly isolated TMC fraction than those from older ones. We demonstrated the accumulation of a B cell subset (CD20+CD39highCD73+ cells) metabolically adapted to catabolize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as patients get older. To finish, tonsillar B cells from patients at different ages did not show differences in their proliferative response to stimulation ex vivo, in bulk TMC cultures. Conclusions: This paper sheds light on the changing aspects of the immune cellular landscape, over the course of time and constant exposure, at the entrance of the respiratory and digestive systems. Our findings support the notion that there is a re-modelling of the immune functionality of the excised tonsils over time. They are indicative of a transition from an effector type of immune response, typically oriented to reduce pathogen burden early in life, to the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment at later stages, when tissue damage control gets critical provided the time passed under immune attack. Noteworthy, when isolated from such histologic microenvironment, older tonsillar B cells seem to level their proliferation capacity with the younger ones. Understanding these features will not only contribute to comprehend the differences in susceptibility to pathogens among children and adults but would also impact on vaccine developments intended to target these relevant mucosal sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The influence of maternal diet on offspring's health is an area of study that is linked to epigenetics. Maternal diet contributes to determining the health status of offspring and maternally linked mechanisms and is a global health challenge that requires attention. The impact of gut microbiota on host metabolism and offspring health is still not established. Objective: In this review, we intend to discuss the evidence on the impact of maternal diet and the health of offspring gut microbiota. The paper focuses on the gut microbiome of animal models. It captures the maternal diet and its influence on the offspring's gut microbiota, behavior that is supported by cell experimental results. Both inflammation and immune status of offspring induced by maternal diet are discussed. Finally, this review used predicted biological pathways involved in maternal diet and offspring health, and the influence of maternal diet on gut microbiota and offspring behavior. Obesity, diabetes, asthma and allergies, and neurodegenerative disorders and prospects for maternal diet, and microbiota and offspring health were discussed. Conclusion: The review was able to gather that a high-fat diet during pregnancy created a long-lasting metabolic signature on the infant's innate immune system, altering inflammation in the offspring microbiota, which predisposed offspring to obesity and metabolic diseases in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a serious public health problem, and adolescence is an 'age of risk' for the onset of Major Depressive Disorder. Recently, we and others have proposed neuroimmune network models that highlight bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system in both mental and physical health, including depression. These models draw on research indicating that the cellular actors (particularly monocytes) and signaling molecules (particularly cytokines) that orchestrate inflammation in the periphery can directly modulate the structure and function of the brain. In the brain, inflammatory activity heightens sensitivity to threats in the cortico‐amygdala circuit, lowers sensitivity to rewards in the cortico‐striatal circuit, and alters executive control and emotion regulation in the prefrontal cortex. When dysregulated, and particularly under conditions of chronic stress, inflammation can generate feelings of dysphoria, distress, and anhedonia. This is proposed to initiate unhealthy, self‐medicating behaviors (e.g. substance use, poor diet) to manage the dysphoria, which further heighten inflammation. Over time, dysregulation in these brain circuits and the inflammatory response may compound each other to form a positive feedback loop, whereby dysregulation in one organ system exacerbates the other. We and others suggest that this neuroimmune dysregulation is a dynamic joint vulnerability for depression, particularly during adolescence. We have three goals for the present paper. First, we extend neuroimmune network models of mental and physical health to generate a developmental framework of risk for the onset of depression during adolescence. Second, we examine how a neuroimmune network perspective can help explain the high rates of comorbidity between depression and other psychiatric disorders across development, and multimorbidity between depression and stress‐related medical illnesses. Finally, we consider how identifying neuroimmune pathways to depression can facilitate a 'next generation' of behavioral and biological interventions that target neuroimmune signaling to treat, and ideally prevent, depression in youth and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chito-oligosaccharide is a class of small molecule compounds with good water solubility, high biocapacitivity, low toxicity, and easy intestinal absorption, which are prepared by chitosan deacetylation and have various physiological effects such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. As a new feed additive, chito-oligosaccharide has a significant role in improving the production of animals, which can effectively improve production performance and product quality, which is in line with the development trend of healthy breeding. Therefore, the paper reviews the physicochemical properties and physiological functions of chito-oligosaccharides, and expounds the role of chito-oligosaccharides in broiler production from meat quality, immune function, growth performance, and intestinal barrier, aiming to provide a reference for chito-oligosaccharides to be used as a green and efficient feed additive in broiler production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural herbaceous plant resources are abundant and widely distributed in China. Polyphenols extracted from natural herbaceous plant have many biological functions, and can be developed as feed additives instead of antibiotics. The plant polyphenol extract can improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, enhance the antioxidant capacity and immune function, improve the quality of livestock and poultry products, and regulate intestinal health. In this paper, the effects of plant polyphenol extracts on immunomodulation, antioxidation, and intestinal health were reviewed, and the application of plant polyphenol compounds in animal husbandry was summarized, in order to provide a reference for the application of plant polyphenol extracts in actual production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by a breakdown of immune tolerance, leading to inflammation and irreversible end-organ tissue damage. Platelet extracellular vesicles are cellular elements that are important in blood circulation and actively participate in inflammatory and immune responses through intercellular communication and interactions between inflammatory cells, immune cells, and their secreted factors. Therefore, platelet extracellular vesicles are the "accelerator" in the pathological process of autoimmune diseases; however, this robust set of functions of platelet extracellular vesicles has also prompted new advances in therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases. In this review, we update fundamental mechanisms based on platelet extracellular vesicles communication function in autoimmune diseases. We also focus on the potential role of platelet extracellular vesicles for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Some recent studies have found that antiplatelet aggregation drugs, specific biological agents can reduce the release of platelet extracellular vesicles. Platelet extracellular vesicles can also serve as vehicles to deliver drugs to targeted cells. It seems that we can try to silence or inhibit microRNA carried by platelet extracellular vesicles transcription and regulate the target cells to treat autoimmune diseases as platelet extracellular vesicles can transfer microRNA to other cells to regulate immune-inflammatory responses. Hopefully, the information presented here will provide hope for patients with autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases patients are characterized by autoimmune disorders, whose immune system cannot distinguish between auto- and foreign-antigens. Autoimmune diseases is the third significant disease threatening human health after cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the exact etiology of autoimmune diseases has yet to be fully elucidated. Several studies have shown that platelet extracellular vesicle content is elevated in multiple autoimmune disorders and positively correlates with disease activity. However, our knowledge about the details of the mechanisms still remains limited and fragmentary. This article updates the communication function of platelet extracellular vesicles in accelerating autoimmune and inflammatory responses. The interesting thing is every coin has two sides. We put forward a new treatment idea for AD based on the particular volume and powerful intercellular communication function of platelet extracellular vesicles. Inhibition of the communication function of platelet extracellular vesicles seems to be considered in the future, or silence or block miRNA of platelet extracellular vesicles involved in the pathogenesis of AD. We can even use it as a drug carrier to deliver the drug to the relevant target cells, thereby enhancing the role of the medicine in regulating immune response and inhibiting inflammation. This paper not only provides a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases but also provides theoretical support for the use of platelet extracellular vesicles to achieve targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events highlighted that, despite decades of studying vaccine immunogenicity and efforts toward finding correlates of protection, evaluating real-world vaccine efficacy as well as establishing meaningful licensing criteria still represents a significant challenge. In this paper, we review all aspects of influenza vaccine immunogenicity, including animal and human challenge studies, humoral and cellular immunity parameters, and their potential correlation with real-life protection from disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression represents a mood disorder and is considered to be one of the most common mental disorders in general. World Health Organization estimates that depression will be the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years, until 2030. Depression is a complex heterogeneous disorder where immune system and its regulation play an important role. Innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms are included, along with processes of immune activation and suppression. The expression of humoral factors of innate immunity, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines, is increased, whereas the intensity of cellular immune mechanisms, primarily T cells and NK cells, are impaired. The influence of pro- inflammatory cytokines on depression is reflected in their effect on certain enzymes and ensuing reduction of neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine. They also affect the neuroendocrine function in central nervous system, resulting in increase of cortisol levels and inactivation of glucocorticoid receptors in the periphery, which leads to neurodegeneration and decrease in neurotransmitter production. Certain cytokines affect neuroplasticity through the decreasing of concentration of neurotrophic brain factor and induction of brain cell apoptosis. The results are often contradictory talking about mechanisms of adaptive immunity. On one hand, an increased activity of Tlymphocytes is observed, while on the other, there are evidence of spontaneous apoptosis and impaired function of these cellsin depression. In addition, neuroprotective role of autoreactive and regulatory T cells in prevention of depression has also been demonstrated. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current knowledge on the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment that uses photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) to damage target cells. The unique mechanism of action of PDT involves the systemic or local administration of a photosensitizing compound (photosensitizer), which is then activated by light of a specific energy. PDT induces a very strong local inflammatory response. A number of adaptive mechanisms are induced within the tumor, related to increased amino acid metabolism and damage to lymphatic vessels. In this review, we are describing the adaptive immune response induced by ROS and generated by PDT. Cancer is one of the most significant causes of death worldwide. Despite the rapid development of modern forms of therapy, results are still unsatisfactory. The prognosis is further worsened by the ability of cancer cells to metastasize. Thus, more effective forms of therapy, such as photodynamic therapy, are constantly being developed. The photodynamic therapeutic regimen involves administering a photosensitizer that selectively accumulates in tumor cells or is present in tumor vasculature prior to irradiation with light at a wavelength corresponding to the photosensitizer absorbance, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species are responsible for the direct and indirect destruction of cancer cells. Photodynamically induced local inflammation has been shown to have the ability to activate an adaptive immune system response resulting in the destruction of tumor lesions and the creation of an immune memory. This paper focuses on presenting the latest scientific reports on the specific immune response activated by photodynamic therapy. We present newly discovered mechanisms for the induction of the adaptive response by analyzing its various stages, and the possible difficulties in generating it. We also present the results of research over the past 10 years that have focused on improving the immunological efficacy of photodynamic therapy for improved cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kefir consists of a large number of probiotics, which can regulate or shape the balance of intestinal microbiota, and enhance the host's immune response. Kefir microbiota can shape the mucosal immunity of the body through SCFAs, EPS, polypeptides, lactic acid, and other metabolites and microbial antigens themselves, and this shaping may have time windows and specific pathways. Kefir can regulate antibody SIgA and IL-10 levels to maintain intestinal homeostasis, and its secreted SIgA can shape the stable microbiota system by wrapping and binding different classes of microorganisms. The incidence of intestinal inflammation is closely linked to the development and maturation of intestinal mucosal immunity. Based on summarizing the existing research results on Kefir, its metabolites, and immune system development, this paper proposes to use Kefir, traditional fermented food with natural immune-enhancing components and stable functional microbiota, as an intervention method. Early intervention in the immune system may seize the critical window period of mucosal immunity and stimulate the development and maturation of intestinal mucosal immunity in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the widespread application of high-density intensification and other facility fisheries, fish production per unit area has increased significantly.At the same time, higher requirements have been placed on the management of fishery breeding processes.The outbreak of fish diseases, especially viral diseases is the main factor, which harms the fish breeding industry.It has the characteristics of rapid onset, wide range and high fatality rate.Its outbreak often causes serious economic losses.There are no specific drugs to control fish viral diseases.Vaccines are better virus inhibitors, which can effectively inhibit the proliferation of specific viruses and provide early prevention.Therefore, the research on fish vaccines has received widespread attention.This paper introduces the development process of fish vaccines and summarizes the types and immunization methods of fish vaccines.It provides reference information for the research of fish vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune trait in chickens is an economic trait regulated by several microgenes. With the development of large-scale and intensive chicken industry, the immune function of domestic chickens is more affected by the pathogens in the environment, and the traditional disease treatment programs are limited. The application of molecular biology technology to explore the regulation mechanism of immune-related genes in domestic chickens helps to fundamentally improve the immunity of domestic chickens. This paper gives an overview of the immune system of domestic chickens, reviews the key regulatory genes of TLRs, MHC, MX, IFN, NRAMP, IL and so on, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of disease resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the impact of "not burdening the state" as a practice of national identity on vaccine implementation in China's response to COVID-19. The study shows how vaccination provides a pathway for some Chinese citizens to practice "immunity national identity," creating solidarity by invoking individual obligation toward the collective and the state. In this process, the science of vaccines is politicized, contributing to the building of a sense of belonging to and identification with the state. By showing how the immunized and vaccinated body works as a site generating the community of the nation-state, this research argues that immunity, residing beyond the healthy body and entangled with national identity, becomes a means of strengthening and imagining "us." This paper shows how the sense of belonging to the nation interacts with vaccine-related information, influencing individuals' willingness to accept vaccines, and how the act of vaccination and public knowledge about vaccines further shape national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures improve production performance in ruminants, regulating immune function, regulating rumen microorganisms and promoting digestion, and are increasingly widely used in ruminants. In recent years, scientific and technology workers have conducted a lot of research on the application of S. cerevisiae cultures in livestock production. This paper summarizes the effects of S. cerevisiae cultures on milk yield, milk quality, rumen fermentation and immunity, the effects on feed intake, growth performance, disease resistance, and the effects on feed intake and weight gain and immunity of mutton sheep, so as to provide technical data for the application of S. cerevisiae cultures on ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng by-products mainly include ginseng residue, and unused ginseng stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots, etc. They are rich in ginsenoside, ginseng polysaccharide, and other active substances, and have a variety of biological functions such as improving immunity, anti-fatigue, bacteriostasis, and anti-virus. At present, ginseng by-products are primarily treated as waste, which not only maximize their effects but also resulting in a waste of resources. Ginseng by-products have good application prospects in animal production. Ginseng residue, as well as ginseng stems and leaves, can be used as dietary components or additives, and the ginsenoside found in ginseng stems and leaves can also serve as an adjuvant for animal vaccines. Therefore, the paper reviews the biological functions and application in animal production of ginseng by-products, to provide a reference for improving the comprehensive utilization rate of ginseng by-products and improving animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a call for papers for a topical collection in the journal Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. The collection is focused on the topic of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and its effects on antitumour immunity. The collection aims to provide a platform for research on the interplay between PDT and the immune system in the context of cancer treatment. The document lists various scopes for the collection, including the modes of cancer cell death induced by PDT, the effects of PDT on immune cells, and the combination of PDT with other immunotherapeutic approaches. The collection invites original research papers, reviews, perspectives, communications, and technical notes on these topics. [Extracted from the article]

Fructus Choerospondiatis is the dried and mature fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill. It has been used for a long time in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine, first recorded in the ancient Tibetan medicine book "Medicine Diagnosis of the King of the Moon" in the early 8th century. Fructus Choerospondiatis shows multiple pharmacological activities, especially in treating cardiovascular diseases. This paper reviews the progress in research on the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, clinical studies, and quality control of Fructus Choerospondiatis. This review aims to summarize current research and provide a reference for further development and utilization of Fructus Choerospondiatis resources. The sources for this review include the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (2020), theses, and peer-reviewed papers (in both English and Chinese). Theses and papers were downloaded from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Springer, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.The search terms used were " Choerospondias axillaris ", " C. axillaris ", " Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill", "Fructus choerospondiatis", "Guangzao", "Lapsi", and "Lupsi". Fructus Choerospondiatis contains polyphenols, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, and other chemical components. These ingredients contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant activity, protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-myocardial fibrosis, heart rhythm regulation, anti-tumor, liver protection, and immunity enhancement. It also affects the central nervous system, with the ability to repair damaged nerve cells. Fructus Choerospondiatis , with its various chemical compositions and pharmacological activities, is a promising medicinal resource. However, it remains under-researched, particularly in pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control. These areas require further exploration by researchers in the future. [Display omitted] • This is the first review systemically summarized Choerospondiatis Fructus (CF). • The cardiovascular effect of CF was reviewed, which accords to its traditional use. • The structure-activity relationship of chemical constituents in CF was summarized. • The clinical uses of major prescriptions containing CF were summarized. • The possible quality control components of CF were summarized for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2007, the number of HIV diagnoses in Turkey has increased more than 600% and the AIDS-related deaths have more than doubled. Despite trans community being severely impacted by the growing epidemic, there exists a conspicuous absence of epidemiological data regarding the HIV burden of trans people. This paper examines the medical experiences of HIV-positive trans women who engage in sex work and the harmful violence they encounter at the hands of health providers. The paper emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to address the intersecting issues of HIV risk, structural violence, and discrimination faced by HIV-positive trans sex workers, one of the most marginalized communities worldwide. To interpret better how transphobia and HIVphobia become deeply entangled in Turkish medical settings, the paper draws from the concepts of iatrogenesis , necropolitics, and immunity. By bringing together these conceptual tools with long-term ethnographic data and in-depth interviews, this paper demonstrates that trans women are treated by healthcare providers as though they are always-already infectious. The paper contends that aggressive immunitarian boundaries, erected between healthcare personnel and individuals deemed "contagious others," are central to doctors' denial of medical care and reluctance to touch, examine, or even admit trans patients, particularly when they are HIV-positive. • Social immunization lies at the core of doctors' refusal of care for trans patients. • Social immunization is central to the operation of necropolitics and iatrogenesis. • Doctors establish violent boundaries in an attempt to "protect" themselves. • Trans women are assumed to be inherently contagious by healthcare providers. • Trans communities are slowly debilitated through denial of healthcare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current paper we analyse an extended SIRS epidemic model in which immunity at the individual level wanes gradually at exponential rate, but where the waning rate may differ between individuals, for instance as an effect of differences in immune systems. The model also includes vaccination schemes aimed to reach and maintain herd immunity. We consider both the informed situation where the individual waning parameters are known, thus allowing selection of vaccinees being based on both time since last vaccination as well as on the individual waning rate, and the more likely uninformed situation where individual waning parameters are unobserved, thus only allowing vaccination schemes to depend on time since last vaccination. The optimal vaccination policies for both the informed and uniformed heterogeneous situation are derived and compared with the homogeneous waning model (meaning all individuals have the same immunity waning rate), as well as to the classic SIRS model where immunity at the individual level drops from complete immunity to complete susceptibility in one leap. It is shown that the classic SIRS model requires least vaccines, followed by the SIRS with homogeneous gradual waning, followed by the informed situation for the model with heterogeneous gradual waning. The situation requiring most vaccines for herd immunity is the most likely scenario, that immunity wanes gradually with unobserved individual heterogeneity. For parameter values chosen to mimic COVID-19 and assuming perfect initial immunity and cumulative immunity of 12 months, the classic homogeneous SIRS epidemic suggests that vaccinating individuals every 15 months is sufficient to reach and maintain herd immunity, whereas the uninformed case for exponential waning with rate heterogeneity corresponding to a coefficient of variation being 0.5, requires that individuals instead need to be vaccinated every 4.4 months. • Extending SIRS model with continuous waning to introduce individual heterogeneity. • Heterogeneity caused by immunity increases the long-term prevalence. • Herd immunity requires more frequent vaccination when heterogeneity is considered. • Larger amount of vaccine supply is needed when heterogeneity is unobserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The new oral vaccine NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-S and NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-pFc-S was successfully developed. • NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-S and NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-pFc-S can activate host immunity. • NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-S and NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-pFc-S can protect the piglets against infection with PEDV. Porcine rotavirus (PoRV) poses a threat to the development of animal husbandry and human health, leading to substantial economic losses. VP6 protein is the most abundant component in virus particles and also the core structural protein of the virus. Firstly, this study developed an antibiotic-resistance-free, environmentally friendly expression vector, named asd-araC-PBAD-alr (AAPA). Then Recombinant Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) strains induced by arabinose to express VP6 and VP6-pFc fusion proteins was constructed. Subsequently, This paper discovered that NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-S and NC8/Δalr-pCXa-VP6-pFc-S could enhance host immunity and prevent rotavirus infection in neonatal mice and piglets. The novel recombinant L. plantarum strains constructed in this study can serve as oral vaccines to boost host immunity, offering a new strategy to prevent PoRV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of myricetin derivatives containing benzoxazinone were designed and synthesized. The structures of all compounds were characterized by NMR and HRMS. The structure of Y4 had been confirmed by single-crystal X -ray diffraction analysis. The test results of EC 50 values of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) suggested that Y8 had the best curative and protective effects, with EC 50 values of 236.8, 206.0 μg/mL, respectively, which were higher than that of ningnanmycin (372.4, 360.6 μg/mL). Microscale thermophoresis (MST) experiments demonstrated that Y8 possessed a strong binding affinity for tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMV-CP), with a dissociation constant (K d) value of 0.045 μM, which was superior to the ningnanmycin (0.700 μM). The findings of molecular docking studies revealed that Y8 interacted with multiple amino acid residues of TMV-CP through the formation of non-covalent bonds, which had an effect on the self-assembly of TMV particles. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase assay (SOD) content assays also fully verified that Y8 could stimulate the plant immune system and enhance disease resistance by reducing MDA content and increasing SOD content. In summary, myricetin derivatives containing benzoxazinone could be considered to further research and development as novel antiviral agents. [Display omitted] • In this paper, 20 myricetin derivatives containing benzoxazinone were designed and synthesized. • Compound Y8 exhibited excellent antiviral against tobacco mosaic virus in vivo. • The binding ability of Y8 to TMV-CP were explored by microscale thermophoresis and molecular docking technology. • Y8 could stimulate the plant immune system and enhance disease resistance by reducing MDA and increasing SOD content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we proposed and analyzed a new stochastic SIRVI epidemic model considering weak immunity generated after vaccination. The dynamics of the model is studied under white noise disturbance. We proved that the disease will eventually disappear if R 1 s < 1 , and the disease is persistent if R 2 s > 1. Moreover, we found that the appearance of stochastic environmental disturbance can affect the transmission of infectious diseases, and relatively high noise intensity can suppress the spread of diseases under certain conditions. • A new stochastic SIRVI epidemic model considering weak immunity is considered. • The global existence and positivity of solutions of the stochastic model are investigated. • The sufficient conditions for eradication or persistence of the disease are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]