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Background: Surgical further training faces the challenging task of reconciling technological advancements and patient safety, particularly in the context of the planned hospital reform. Additionally, the generation shift and evolving expectations of Generations Y and Z in the workplace present further challenges. In response to these demands, the Berlin-Brandenburg Surgical Society (Berlin-Brandenburgische Chirurgische Gesellschaft, BCG) initiated a structured discussion and developed a position paper during the Neuhardenberg talks (Neuhardenberger Gespräche). Methodology: Within the framework of the Neuhardenberg talks, four sessions with keynote presentations and discussions took place. Based on the main discussion points, theses and positions were subsequently formulated and digitally voted on. Results: The results reveal a clear consensus favoring flexible working hours models, earlier specialization options and the integration of external rotations in surgical further training. Regarding talent acquisition and early recruitment of residents, there was a clear consensus supporting the promotion of employee engagement and structured early recruitment of students. There was unanimous agreement on the introduction of training associations as an effective means to ensure high-quality surgical further training. Discussion: One of the central points in the discussions was that high-quality surgical further training will only be achievable within training associations, especially given the impending hospital reform. The BCG plans to develop a modular further training association to make surgical further training in Berlin/Brandenburg fit for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In exploring the intersection of scholarly research with technological advancement and societal impact, our analysis delves into nearly 40 million research papers spanning from 1950 to 2020 across all fields of study in science. Our scrutiny reveals an intriguing phenomenon: papers characterized by a higher CD index, often considered transformative, paradoxically exhibit a diminished propensity to influence technological and societal domains. This observation suggests a latent bias against the CD index, prompting a deeper inquiry into its implications. To unravel this trend, we introduce the concept of “disruptive citation,” a nuanced metric gauging the absolute disruptive impact of papers. Notably, papers drawing higher disruptive citations exhibit a significantly higher probability to influence both technological and societal spheres. Upon examining the heterogeneity across years and fields, we identify a bias against the CD index predominantly in the last two decades and within STEM fields. However, the positive effects of disruptive impact remain consistent across all years and fields. Our findings remain robust even when employing alternative measures of disruptive impact and controlling for total citations. By shedding light on these dynamics, our study seeks to enrich discussions regarding the recognition and role of disruptive scientific endeavors in shaping our world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has raised concerns about its potential impact on academic integrity, especially concerning research papers and academic writing. Some institutions have decided to ban the use of AI, while others are looking for ways to integrate it into their curriculum responsibly. Pennsylvania State University offers a course called "Emerging Technologies in Popular Culture," which explores the ethical implications of AI-generated art. This approach emphasizes critical evaluation and problematization of AI-generated outputs and serves as a model for embracing AI while maintaining academic rigor. As AI reshapes education, educators must prepare students with the necessary skills to navigate this evolving landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the imminent transformation of the packaging industry towards paper-based alternatives due to increasing environmental concerns regarding plastic packaging. Topics include major brands leading the shift towards sustainability by adopting paper packaging solutions and innovative technology companies developing eco-friendly packaging alternatives.

Background: The advent of Personalized Medicine (PM) holds significant promise in revolutionizing healthcare by tailoring treatments to individual patients based on their data. However, its successful implementation requires the seamless integration of innovative technologies and presents formidable challenges in terms of sustainability. To tackle these challenges head-on, the International Consortium for Personalized Medicine (ICPerMed) was established, and the IC2PerMed project, as part of this consortium, seeks to foster collaboration between the European Union (EU) and China in the field of Personalized Medicine. Based on the results collected by the project, the objective of this study is to discern the key priorities for the implementation of Personalised Medicine concerning Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Big Data and digital solutions, with a particular emphasis on data management and protection. Methods: A Delphi survey was conducted to gather expert's consensus on the main priorities for actions on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and Big Data and digital solutions in the field of Personalized Medicine. Results: The survey identified seven priorities in the area of Big Data and digital solutions, including data interoperability, standards, security measures, and international partnerships. Additionally, twelve priorities were identified for the innovation-to-market process, emphasizing cost-effectiveness, need assessment, and value definition in resource allocation. Conclusions: The effective implementation of new technologies in Personalized Medicine research and practice is essential for the advancement of healthcare systems in both the European and Chinese contexts. The identified priorities play a pivotal role in promoting the sustainability of health systems and driving innovation in the implementation of Personalized Medicine. Addressing challenges related to data interoperability, standards, security, international collaboration, cost-effectiveness, and value assessment is of utmost importance in order to propel the progress of Personalized Medicine in healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of rapid product iteration, companies need simple and effective methods to guide the entire process of product innovation design and enhance their product innovation capabilities. Most research focused on improving one or several steps in the product design process. Although some scholars have proposed methods that guided the entire process, they combined more than three different theories, which increased the difficulty of theoretical learning and the complexity of practical implementation. This paper proposed a product innovation design process composed of three theoretical methods: Kano, Axiomatic Design (AD), and Theory of the Solution of Inventive Problems (TRIZ). This new process guided the entire product design process with fewer theoretical methods, reducing the difficulty of learning and implementation. The paper demonstrated the effectiveness of this method through the design practice of a portable two-wheeled self-balancing vehicle. Additionally, the discussion section explored the method's potential from the design management perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a high precision detection method of copper ion (C u 2 + ) concentration based on weak measurement is proposed. The ternary complex formed by C u 2 + with L-tryptophan and phenanthroline reagents has circular dichroism (CD) signal at 605 nm in visible light. The CD signal can be obtained using the intensity contrast as a pointer in the imaginary weak-value amplification scheme. The measured sensitivity and resolution are 0.3417 mrad l/mg and 0.058 mg/l, respectively, which is improved by an order of magnitude compared to the traditional CD measurement method. It is also more accurate and less costly than commonly used C u 2 + detection methods. The C u 2 + concentration detection based on the weak measurement of CD signal detection proposed in this paper not only brings technological breakthroughs in the field of heavy metal ion detection, but also is of great significance in promoting the cross-development of chemistry, biomedicine, and life sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper introduces a novel approach by combining a Backpropagation (BP) neural network with a non-angular and non-radial directional distance function to construct a BPNN-DDF model. This innovative model evaluates, decomposes, and analyzes China's agricultural sector's carbon emission rate across nine key subregions between 2010 and 2021. The key findings of this study are that China's agricultural carbon emission rate is decreasing, primarily due to technological advancements rather than technological efficiency. Subregions with robust economies and stable climates exhibit higher carbon emission efficiency, whereas those with underdeveloped economies, low agricultural technology, and volatile climates show relatively lower efficiency. The Dagum Gini coefficient analysis reveals a widening disparity in carbon emission rates among agricultural subregions, escalating from 0.174 in 2010 to 0.425 in 2021, indicating a growing gap between subregions that demands immediate attention. The kernel density distribution demonstrates an overall upward trend in China's carbon emission efficiency but also highlights an increasing divergence among subregions, particularly between the South China Area, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and other regions. Therefore, this paper posits that strategies focusing on technological progress, sustainable agricultural development, regional development initiatives, and addressing inter-subregional imbalances will be crucial pathways for China's future low-carbon agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: GammaKnife (GK) and CyberKnife (CK) have been the mainstay stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) solution for multiple brain metastases (MBM) for several years. Recent technological advancement has seen an increase in single-isocentre C-arm linac-based SRS. This systematic review focuses on dosimetric and geometric insights into contemporary MBM SRS and thereby establish if linac-based SRS has matured to match the mainstay SRS delivery systems. Methods: The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were interrogated which yielded 891 relevant articles that narrowed to 20 articles after removing duplicates and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Primary studies which reported the use of SRS for treatment of MBM SRS and reported the technical aspects including dosimetry were included. The review was limited to English language publications from January 2015 to August 2023. Only full-length papers were included in the final analysis. Opinion papers, commentary pieces, letters to the editor, abstracts, conference proceedings and editorials were excluded. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed. The reporting of conformity indices (CI) and gradient indices, V12Gy, monitor units and the impact of translational and rotational shifts were extracted and analysed. Results: The single-isocentre technique for MBM dominated recent SRS studies and the most studied delivery platforms were Varian. The C-arm linac-based SRS plan quality and normal brain tissue sparing was comparable to GK and CK and in some cases better. The most used nominal beam energy was 6FFF, and optimised couch and collimator angles could reduce mean normal brain dose by 11.3%. Reduction in volume of the healthy brain receiving a certain dose was dependent on the number and size of the metastases and the relative geometric location. GK and CK required 4.5–8.4 times treatment time compared with linac-based SRS. Rotational shifts caused larger changes in CI in C-arm linac-based single-isocentre SRS. Conclusion: C-arm linac-based SRS produced comparable MBM plan quality and the delivery is notably shorter compared to GK and CK SRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to make a theoretical contribution to the field of student activism in relation to the school. In an age marked by ecological, economic and technological change, and where certainties based on Humanism and anthropocentricism continue to be eroded, this paper explores possibilities for reintegrating the school as meaningful to the ethico-political development of students. Activism is positioned in this paper as a means by which students can actualise their ethico-political agency in relation to the self, others and the world. This paper therefore urges school leaders to recognise the potential of knowledge generated through affirmative youth activism and to find a space for this knowledge within the school. This is particularly important within a context of growing youth disillusionment with formal schooling and its inadequate response to the crises of our age. This paper theoretically develops a relational space within the school for the “offical” knowledge of this education to be brought into meaningful political conversation with the “minor” knowledge generated through youth activism. These theorisations will be supported by case studies taken from the empirical literature on youth activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the contributions of Pope Francis toward human-centered AI and digital innovation. It draws from his numerous dialogues with experts in technology, medicine, science, ethics, law, philosophy, and theology. The papal engagements are based on the rich patrimony of Catholic Social Teaching that is being updated in the wake of the digital revolutions. The paper explores the Magisterium of Francis with the question of technological progress and inherent dangers for human society. It underscores some fundamental anthropological and ethical themes that the Pontiff considered necessary in making emerging technologies beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogenation of CO2 represents a promising pathway for converting it into valuable hydrocarbons and clean fuels like dimethyl ether (DME). Despite significant research, several challenges persist, including a limited understanding of reaction mechanisms, thermodynamics, the necessity for catalyst design to enhance DME selectivity, and issues related to catalyst deactivation. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of recent studies from 2012 to 2023, covering various aspects of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and DME. This review primarily focuses on advancing the development of efficient, selective, and stable innovative catalysts for this purpose. Recent investigations that have extensively explored heterogeneous catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation were summarized. A notable focus is on Cu-based catalysts modified with promoters such as Zn, Zr, Fe, etc. Additionally, this context delves into thermodynamic considerations, the impact of reaction variables, reaction mechanisms, reactor configurations, and recent technological advancements, such as 3D-printed catalysts. Furthermore, the paper examines the influence of different parameters on catalyst deactivation. The review offers insights into direct CO2 hydrogenation to DME and proposes paths for future investigation, aiming to address current challenges and advance the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniosynostosis refers to the premature fusion of one or more of the fibrous cranial sutures connecting the bones of the skull. Machine learning (ML) is an emerging technology and its application to craniosynostosis detection and management is underexplored. This systematic review aims to evaluate the application of ML techniques in the diagnosis, severity assessment, and predictive modeling of craniosynostosis. A comprehensive search was conducted on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using predefined keywords related to craniosynostosis and ML. Inclusion criteria encompassed peer-reviewed studies in English that investigated ML algorithms in craniosynostosis diagnosis, severity assessment, or treatment outcome prediction. Three independent reviewers screened the search results, performed full-text assessments, and extracted data from selected studies using a standardized form. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Of the thirteen papers examined on the application of ML to the identification and treatment of craniosynostosis, two papers were dedicated to sagittal craniosynostosis, five papers utilized several different types of craniosynostosis in the training and testing of their ML models, and six papers were dedicated to metopic craniosynostosis. ML models demonstrated high accuracy in identifying different types of craniosynostosis and objectively quantifying severity using innovative metrics such as metopic severity score and cranial morphology deviation. The findings highlight the significant strides made in utilizing ML techniques for craniosynostosis diagnosis, severity assessment, and predictive modeling. Predictive modeling of treatment outcomes following surgical interventions showed promising results, aiding in personalized treatment strategies. Despite methodological diversities among studies, the collective evidence underscores ML's transformative potential in revolutionizing craniosynostosis management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of critical metals for emerging clean technologies also requires more sustainable, cleaner and cost-effective processing options. The recovery of cobalt (Co) via pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods has proved to be successful and practicable; nevertheless, these processes are difficult to manage, have a high operating cost, and produce secondary waste products. In recent years, bioleaching has increasingly gained favor as a method for extracting Co from ores, concentrates, and tailings. The availability of Co in primary and tailings resources, as well as the bioleaching approaches from these deposits are discussed in this paper. Bioleaching of Co has been investigated from primary sources such as Cu-Co deposits, polymetallic Ni-Co-Cu deposits, Co sulfides and arsenides, Ni-Co laterites, and secondary sources including tailings materials. The microorganisms and methods utilized in Co bioleaching from these sources, as well as parameters influencing the bioleaching process, and ways for improving Co bioleaching efficiency, have all been thoroughly discussed in this review. This study examines the potential of different microorganisms to solubilize Co from sulfide and laterite deposits by performing an in-depth meta-analysis of the individual research findings to enable inter-study comparisons and identify research gaps. The reviewed laboratory studies and existing industrial practices for Co bioleaching in this paper intend to offer some inspiration for further research into innovative technologies that may be used to sustainably extract Co, mainly from ores, concentrates and tailings resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As most outcropping and shallow mineral deposits have been found, new technology is imperative to finding the hidden critical mineral deposits required for the renewable energy transition. One such seismic technique, called ambient noise tomography (ANT), has shown promise in recent years as a low cost and low environmental impact passive method of three-dimensional (3D) imaging of shear-wave velocity structure of the Earth. Over the last twenty years the method has been well-established in academia to image crustal and regional scale geological features but has seldom been used at the mineral exploration deposit-scale. In this paper we show the application of seismic ANT at an IOCG deposit in South Australia under more than 750 m of sedimentary cover. A 100-site survey in a 10 by 10 grid with site spacing of 1 km, using 3-component nodal seismometers with a natural-frequency of 5 Hz, was conducted over a two-week period. Data were inverted to generate a 3D velocity model to a depth of 2 km. When compared to drillholes in the survey area, the tomographic model delineates cover sequence lithologies and the depth of crystalline basement. A velocity anomaly in the basement has characteristics of a potential IOCG deposit and is aligned with a gravity anomaly due to brecciated haematite. The results of the paper indicate that ANT is a useful tool for deep cover mineral exploration that can potentially expedite the discovery of new deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically investigates the impact of digital finance on the breakthrough innovation of enterprises with a sample of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2011 to 2022. It is found that digital finance can promote corporate breakthrough innovation, and presents certain structural heterogeneity characteristics. The mechanism test shows that digital finance has the dual attributes of a financing platform and a social platform, which can promote breakthrough innovation by alleviating corporate financing constraints and expanding corporate social networks. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the role of digital finance in promoting breakthrough innovation is characterized by regional heterogeneity, with digital finance playing a greater role in promoting breakthrough innovation in provinces with a low level of development of the banking sector, provinces with a high level of development of the capital market sector, and the central region. In addition, the degree of firms' external financing dependence and the degree of product market competition can strengthen the positive effect of digital finance on firms' breakthrough innovation. This paper enriches the related research on the impact of digital finance on enterprise innovation, and provides theoretical basis and policy insights on how digital finance can better assist the innovation-driven development strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential of metaverse technology for the preservation of cultural heritage while acknowledging the obstacles that come with its implementation. It begins by highlighting the importance of safeguarding cultural heritage amidst the backdrop of globalization and technological advancements. The emergence of immersive technologies which include Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and the Metaverse, is then introduced as a promising solution to address this challenge. The paper emphasises the transformative power of the metaverse in revitalising our interactions with digital content. Nevertheless, it also identifies various challenges associated with employing metaverse technology for cultural preservation. These challenges encompass technical limitations, ethical considerations regarding cultural representation and ownership, as well as concerns about privacy, data security, and digital rights management. Despite these hurdles, the research advocates for the utilization of immersive technology to protect and celebrate cultural heritage. It underscores the necessity for collaboration among stakeholders, such as technology developers, cultural institutions, communities, and policymakers, to tackle these challenges and ensure responsible and ethical preservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys the energy literature and systematically reviews the path to an inclusive and sustainable energy transition by exploring factors that drive the current energy transitions, countries with advanced energy transition programs, and the roles of energy literacy and justice in energy transition. Utilizing an exhaustive literature search from 2001 to 2023 via the Scopus database, the study identifies strong policy frameworks, technological advancements, economic incentives, and international collaborations as pivotal factors in successful energy transitions. Case studies from the Nordic countries, Germany, and Poland highlight diverse approaches and significant progress, revealing valuable lessons for global application. Although energy literacy emerges as crucial for public acceptance and participation, fostering informed decision-making and supportive behaviors toward renewable energy initiatives, energy justice ensures equitable access to the benefits of energy transitions, addressing socio-economic impacts on marginalized communities. The study identifies a scarcity of research that articulates and integrates energy literacy and justice concurrently within the purview of energy transition. The paper recommends the adoption, integration, and institutionalization of frameworks that concurrently propagate energy literacy and guide fair and equitable energy transitions. The frameworks should encourage active community involvement, promote community ownership of renewable energy projects, ensure transparency and inclusivity, implement measures for equitable economic benefits, protect livelihoods, address historical distrust, and leverage social media to promote energy literacy and justice. Finally, the continuous monitoring and evaluation of energy transition initiatives are crucial to ensure that they meet evolving societal needs and environmental goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe main purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of designing English textbooks based on the concept of the metaverse and using the new term TechBoox, which is a combination of Technology and Boox (modified from book with a greater emphasis on box as a spatial concept). To achieve this goal, this study documents the creation of TechBoox by a group of 23 pre-service English as a Foreign Language teachers in their teacher training program, who have converted learning content and materials from elementary English paper and digital textbooks into a three-dimensional metaverse platform. Thereafter, the research analyzes the participants’ perceptions and experiences regarding TechBoox ideation and creation. This is done through a qualitative case study approach with refleciton papers and semi-structured interviews. The findings suggest, on the one hand, that TechBoox has the potential to overcome the limitations of the static and two-dimensional nature of traditional textbooks through constructability for enhanced immersion, as well as experiential learning via direct participation in avatar movements. On the other hand, the study identifies the technological limitations of the concept in generating immersive content, access devices, potential distractions, and the novelty effect, which highlights the important role of teachers in the metaverse. Based on the findings, this study highlights the critical role of teacher training initiatives of emerging technology integration in language eudcaiton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most promising emerging technology that can reduce the power, area and delay in digital circuits is Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology. The Serial Input-Serial Output (SISO) Shift Register (SR) is a basic component in digital circuits. The SISO SR can be designed using two methods in the QCA technology, directly mapping circuits from the CMOS technology and using the inherent capability of the QCA technology. This paper presents and evaluates the new n -bit QCA SISO SR that not only uses the inherent capability of QCA technology but also has a regular architecture. The proposed n -bit SISO SR is developed based on the building block, which is designed in this paper. In addition, the developed QCA SISO SR has coplanar architecture and it has the ability to correct or change data. The proposed n -bit SISO SR is evaluated for 3, 4 and 5 bits using QCADesigner- E. The results demonstrate that the designed circuits for 3-, 4- and 5-bit QCA SISO SRs require 68 (0.06 μ m 2) , 92 (0.08 μ m 2) and 116 (0.09 μ m 2) cells (area), respectively. The comparison demonstrates that the developed QCA SISO SRs have advantages in comparison to other QCA SISO SR circuits. An efficient architecture has been presented to design novel architecture for n-bit QCA SISO SRs. The designed architecture has coplanar architecture. It not only has regular architecture, but also uses hybrid of inherent capability of the QCA and CMOS technology. The comparison of the obtained results demonstrates that the designed SRs have advantages in comparison with other SRs in the QCA technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tick-borne diseases, caused by bacterial pathogens, pose a growing threat to public health in Europe. This paper provides an overview of the historical context of the discovery of the most impactful pathogens transmitted by ticks, including Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Francisella spp., Ehrlichia spp., and Neoehrlichia mikurensis. Understanding the historical context of their discovery provides insight into the evolution of our understanding of these pathogens. Methods and results: Systematic investigation of the prevalence and transmission dynamics of these bacterial pathogens is provided, highlighting the intricate relationships among ticks, host organisms, and the environment. Epidemiology is explored, providing an in-depth analysis of clinical features associated with infections. Diagnostic methodologies undergo critical examination, with a spotlight on technological advancements that enhance detection capabilities. Additionally, the paper discusses available treatment options, addressing existing therapeutic strategies and considering future aspects. Conclusions: By integrating various pieces of information on these bacterial species, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive resource for researchers and healthcare professionals addressing the impact of bacterial tick-borne diseases in Europe. This review underscores the importance of understanding the complex details influencing bacterial prevalence and transmission dynamics to better combat these emerging public health threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing adoption of battery energy storage systems in renewable energy sources, electric vehicles (EVs), and portable electronic devices, the effective management of battery systems has become increasingly critical. The advent of wireless battery management systems (wBMSs) represents a significant innovation in battery management technology. Traditional wired battery management systems (BMSs) face challenges, including complexity, increased weight, maintenance difficulties, and a higher chance of connection failure. In contrast, wBMSs offer a robust solution, eliminating physical connections. wBMSs offer enhanced flexibility, reduced packaging complexity, and improved reliability. Given that wBMSs are still in a preliminary stage, this review paper explores their evolution, current state, and future directions. A comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art wBMS technologies, including academic and commercial solutions, is elaborated in this paper. We compare wireless communication technologies like Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Zigbee, Near-Field Communication (NFC), Wi-Fi, and cellular networks in the context of wBMSs. We discuss their performance in terms of efficiency, reliability, scalability, and security. Despite its promising outlook, wBMSs still face challenges such as data security, signal interference, regulatory and standardization issues, and competition from the continued advancement of wired BMS technologies, making the advantages of wBMSs less evident. This paper concludes with guidelines for future research and development of wBMSs, aiming to address these challenges and pave the way for a broad adoption of wBMSs across various applications. This paper aims to inspire further research and innovation in the field, contributing to developing an industry-ready wBMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the evolution of zooming and its impact on human perception, blending historical analysis with concepts from enaction and ecological psychology. The paper traces the advancement of magnifying tools from ancient lenses to modern optical instruments, highlighting their transformative role in extending human capabilities to perceive beyond natural limits. Central to this exploration are Zoomable User Interfaces (ZUIs), which exemplify the integration of perceptual theories into technological innovation. ZUIs are presented not just as tools but as interactive platforms that embody enactive and ecological principles, enabling users to engage dynamically with multi-scale digital environments. This approach challenges traditional views of perception, emphasizing an active, embodied experience that aligns with our cognitive abilities, opening up new perceptual agencies. The paper concludes by exploring future possibilities in virtual reality and multimodality, suggesting new directions for zoom technologies to enrich human perceptual experiences. This work offers a narrative that underscores the continuous human quest to enhance our understanding and interaction with the world, marking the expansion of human perception and interaction with our environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disease that develops through a sequence of molecular events that are still poorly defined. This process is driven by a multitude of context-dependent genes that play different roles based on their environment. The complexity and multi-faceted nature of these genes make it difficult to study the genetic basis of IBD. The goal of this article is to review the key genes in the pathophysiology of IBD and highlight new technology that can be used in further research. This paper examines Nanostring RNA probe technology, which uses tissue analyzed without the use of enzymes, transcription, or amplification. Nanostring offers several panels of genes to test, including an inflammation panel of 234 genes. This article analyzes this panel and reviews the literature for each gene's effect in IBD for use as a framework to review the pathophysiology of the disease. The panel was narrowed to 26 genes with significant evidence of mechanistic potential in IBD, which were then categorized into specific areas of pathogenesis. These include gut barrier breakdown, inappropriate recognition of commensal bacteria, immune cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine release, and subsequent impairment of the anti-inflammatory response. The eventual goal of this paper is the creation of a customized panel of IBD genes that can be used to better understand the genetic mechanism of IBD and aid in the development of future therapies in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the capillary is divided into several regions, and the effective pore radius is proposed. The relationship between the effective hole radius and the maximum radius is analyzed. The fractal models of fractal flow rate, average velocity and effective permeability of power-law fluid flow in fractal soil composed of circular cross section capillaries are derived. The effects of different power exponent, viscosity coefficient and fractal dimension on the average flow velocity and effective permeability model are analyzed, and the comparative analysis of different sections is carried out. The reasonable calculation results of the fractal model given in this paper verify the correctness of the model. The introduction of the effective pore radius concept and the derivation of fractal models have advanced our ability to characterize and predict flow behavior. We anticipate that these findings will stimulate further research and practical applications in various domains, benefiting both scientific knowledge and technological advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the effects of digital technologies on academic knowledge production in the field of urban research. It provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution of technology-based urban research literature, delineates the knowledge structure, and investigates prevalent trends. The study employs bibliometric analysis to analyze bibliographical and textual data extracted from scientific documents, which allows for the discovery of the existing epistemological structure of the discipline or research domain. The research was conducted by conducting a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the literature available in the Web of Science Core Collection regarding how concepts such as big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) are discussed in academic papers in the field of urban studies. A total of 2055 academic papers that met the established criteria were identified and analyzed using bibliometric analysis software called Bibliometrix. The results of the research aid in examining the integration of technological advancements into urban research, and reveal the temporal, spatial, and disciplinary distribution of scientific articles, as well as their reflections on new research areas and both frequently studied and yet unexplored topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virtual agglomeration of manufacturing realises the ubiquitous connection and efficient allocation of technological innovation resources, and becomes a new driving force for improving the technological innovation efficiency of enterprises and building a strong manufacturing country. This paper constructs a theoretical framework to investigate the impact of the specialised and diversified virtual agglomeration of manufacturing on the efficiency of enterprise technological innovation. This paper uses the adjusted location entropy and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index to measure the level of specialised and diversified virtual agglomeration of manufacturing. Using Chinese manufacturing data (2008–2021), empirical tests confirm that the specialised and diversified virtual agglomeration of manufacturing can improve the efficiency of enterprise technological innovation. Additionally, the mechanism test results show that the specialised virtual agglomeration of manufacturing improves the technological innovation efficiency of enterprises through competition and knowledge spillover, and the diversified virtual agglomeration improves the technological innovation efficiency of enterprises through knowledge spillover. However, the effect of specialised virtual agglomeration of manufacturing on the efficiency of enterprises` technological innovation will be adjusted by the age of enterprises. These results are pivotal for understanding the realistic path of virtual agglomeration of manufacturing to improve the technological innovation efficiency of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to verify the impact of capital structure on business model innovation and firm performance and the mediating effect of business model innovation. We use the data of the Chinese growth enterprises market (GME) listed high-tech firms from 2016 to 2022 as a dynamic panel data model with the system–generalized method of moments (sys-GMM), adopting return on asset and earning per share as firm performance. Our results show that capital structure has a lag effect on firm performance. The total debt ratio in the last period has a significant non-linear impact on the performance and business model innovation level of nowadays, presenting a U-shaped relationship. The first-order lag short-term debt ratio positively improves firm performance. Business model innovation significantly promotes better firm performance, and business model innovation does exist in the mediating effect between enterprise capital structure and its performance. These results remain robust to different sample sizes or proxy variables. This paper proposes some suggestions for firm operations and government policies based on the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeMethodology/approachFindingsResearch implicationsPractical implicationsOriginality/value/contribution of the paperThere is no doubt that technology impacts organizational processes and key performance. However, the success of an organization is influenced by the openness and willingness of staff to accept a specific technology. This study focuses on B2B marketing employees and aims to determine employee readiness and acceptance of new technology based on the impact of technology characteristics on employee perceptions with an ensuing effect on technology readiness and technology acceptance.This study employed the Stimulus-Organism-Response theory, and made use of views pertaining to Technology Readiness Index (TRI), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and Task-Technology Fit (TTF). Thus, the study investigated the impact of functionality, reliability, compatibility, and innovative features on perceived technological usefulness, task-technology fit, and trust in technology, and, further, their influence on technology readiness and technology acceptance. An online questionnaire was employed to collect data from B2B marketing employees in China working in companies that introduced at least one new technology for work purposes in the last 24 months. Based on a convenience sampling method, 450 valid questionnaires were collected. PLS-SEM was used to analyze the data.Functionality, reliability, compatibility, and innovative features had significant positive effects on perceived technological usefulness and task-technology fit. Functionality, reliability, and compatibility had significant positive effects on trust in technology. Among the four technology characteristics, the strongest influence was recorded in the case of compatibility on task-technology fit, while innovative features represented the only variable that displayed a non-significant relationship with an employee perception and trust in technology. Task-technology fit had significant positive impacts on perceived technological usefulness, trust in technology, technology readiness, and technology acceptance. Perceived technological usefulness and trust in technology displayed significant positive effects on technology readiness and technology acceptance. Among the three B2B marketing employee perceptions, the strongest relationship was the one between task-technology fit and trust in technology. Technology readiness had a significant positive influence on technology acceptance. Mediating effects were also computed, with indirect effects complementing the direct ones. Task-technology fit partially mediated the effects of functionality, reliability, compatibility, and innovative features on trust in technology. Trust in technology partially mediated the effects of task-technology fit on technology readiness and technology acceptance. Technology readiness partially mediated the effects of perceived technological usefulness and trust in technology on technology readiness. Innovative features, displaying a non-significant effect on trust in technology, had an indirect effect on it through task-technology fit.This study proposes a new research vein on B2B marketing employee technology adoption by investigating technology readiness and technology acceptance as dependent variables, as well as the impact of the former on the latter. Moreover, this research defined B2B marketing employee perceptions as perceived technological usefulness, task-technology fit, and trust in technology by combining two theories, TAM and TTF and arguing the importance of trust in technology in explaining employee behavior regarding technology usage. Trust in technology could compensate for lack of technology and build positive expectations about the effects of technology use, thus, acting as a trigger to adopt technology. Additionally, the selection of the characteristics of technology had as roots user perceptions, thus, integrating the two research streams on the impact of technology found in the literature, the user-centered and the technology-centered.B2B marketing managers can make use of the research findings by making sure that an implemented technology renders benefits connected to functionality, reliability, compatibility, and innovative features, as all of them were perceived by B2B marketing employees to be useful, supportive in meeting job requirements and being prerequisites of trust in technology. Managers should emphasize the matching between job requirements and technology features as compatibility, task-technology fit, and trust in technology showed the strongest connections. If employees understand that technology helps them in doing their jobs, they will build trust in technology and will be open to engage with technology and adopt it.The paper proposes a new avenue of exploring technology usage behavior. To this aim, the paper presents a model built on SOR, adding to the literature a different perspective. The stimuli (S) were technology characteristics built from the literature to match the four independent variables of TRI, namely optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, and insecurity. The organism variables (O) were drawn from TAM, adapting perceived usefulness from the model perceived, from TTF making use of task-technology fit, and adding trust in technology to these two in order to form employee perceptions on new technology. TAM and TTF were combined to document the appropriateness to use task-technology fit over perceived ease of use, moving the focus from the effort entailed to use the technology onto the matching between a job requirement and the technology. As responses (R), technology readiness and technology acceptance were used, combining dependent variables used in TRI and TAM. It is probably for the first time that these two variables are investigated so comprehensively in the same model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an electro-hydraulic servo resonance technology is proposed to meet the loading requirements of a high-frequency sound fatigue test for large tonnage. First of all, we analyze the static and dynamic loading structure of electro-hydraulic servo vibration and establish the vibration equation of the system. Additionally, the modal and vibration characteristics of the system are analyzed by simulation, which verified the feasibility of the proposed electro-hydraulic servo resonant loading technology. Finally, the influence of various factors such as sample stiffness, lead screw stiffness, class II spring stiffness, class II weight mass, lower beam mass, and upper beam mass on the natural frequency and amplification coefficient of the system is analyzed. In this paper, a new technology is proposed to provide theoretical support for the research and development of large-tonnage high-frequency noise fatigue testing equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union, in pursuit of the goal of reducing emissions by at least 55% by 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050, is deploying different actions, with industry decarbonization as a key strategy. However, increasing electricity demand requires an intensification of energy generation from clean technologies, and the energy system's expansion is hindered by renewable generation's climatic dependencies and the imperative for substantial electrical infrastructure investments. Although the transmission grid is expected to grow, flexibility mechanisms and innovative technologies need to be applied to avoid an overwhelming growth. In this context, this paper presents a thorough assessment, conducted within the FLEXINDUSTRIES project, of the flexibility potential across seven energy-intensive industries (automotive industry, biofuel production, polymer manufacturing, steel manufacturing, paper mills, pharmaceutical industry, and cement production). The methodology followed during the analysis entails reviewing the state-of-the-art existing flexibility mechanisms, industries' energy markets engagement, and technical/operational readiness. The results highlight the feasibility of the proposed actions for enabling energy market flexibility through demand-response programs, quantifying energy opportunities, and pinpointing regulatory and technical barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of digital economy, the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises has become the main trend of development. This paper constructs an effective and reliable hierarchical framework for identifying critical factors of digital innovation in manufacturing enterprises based on the three stage hybrid DEMATEL–ISM–MICMAC method. Through literature reading and expert judgment, this paper determines the 19 factors that affect the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises. The DEMATEL technique is used to establish the causal relationship between the factors, the ISM technique is used to stratify the factors, and the MICMAC technique is used to divide the types of influencing factors according to the driving force and dependence, and analyze the correlation between each level and its influence on the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises. The results show that social capital, learning organization, digital technology, and knowledge are the most important influencing factors in the process of digital innovation in manufacturing enterprises. In particular, the two key factors of social capital and learning organization should be paid attention to by manufacturing enterprises. This research can help the managers of manufacturing enterprises to find out the key influencing factors of the digital innovation of manufacturing enterprises, and give targeted suggestions to promote the process of enterprise digitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though technologies have always been useful for promoting lifelong learning, in recent decades, the use of generative Artificial Intelligence like ChatGPT has come to radically influence the way we perceive learning, learner and educator. Technology positivists assume that newer technologies will enhance lifelong learning whereas its critics argue that the learning gap that currently exists will widen further because, given the existing global inequalities, its benefits will continue to be disproportionate. Nested in an unequal history of technological innovation, this paper investigates the potentials and limitations of learning technologies in enhancing lifelong learning. The paper argues that digital inequality, artificial community, and epistemic exclusion are three major limitations of learning technologies; therefore, they have almost no resonance with life-wide and life-deep approaches to lifelong learning. The findings are crucial for setting post-2030 global goals on education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Kosovo endeavors to meet global standards amidst rapid technological advances and increasing international market demands, its path to sustainable development encounters notable obstacles. This research paper investigates the challenges faced by the Kosovo's business sector, stemming from a significant lack of qualified workforce. This shortage impedes not only competition and business growth but also stifles innovation, adaptation to technological advancements, and overall expansion. This study methodically examines the repercussions of this skills deficit on local enterprises through a detailed statistical data analysis, interviews with business representatives, and an extensive review of prior research. Additionally, it assesses how visa liberalization could influence the local labor market by potentially intensifying brain drain--where skilled individuals might emigrate in search of better opportunities, thereby further depleting local talent pools. The paper proposes targeted recommendations to enhance educational systems, vocational training, and workforce development strategies. These suggestions aim to foster sustainable, innovative, and vigorous economic growth, enabling Kosovo to integrate more effectively into the global economy and harness the advantages of increased labor mobility. This analysis provides critical insights into strategic planning necessary to overcome labor market challenges, crucial for Kosovo's economic and social progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores various dimensions of leadership in contexts of a new age, emphasising critical thinking, mental flexibility, and innovative development methods. It addresses challenges posed by technological advancements and leaders' need to cultivate adaptability, creativity, and foresight. Using unconventional approaches, such as the sweat lodge method and exploration of altered states of consciousness, provides intriguing avenues for enhancing leadership qualities. Additionally, the role of substances like psilocybin in fostering creativity and wellbeing is examined. Ultimately, this paper underscores the irreplaceable role of human cognition and leadership amidst technological progress, advocating for continual development in leadership practices to navigate modern complexities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact and implications of ChatGPT and other generative AI technologies within the African context while looking at the ethical benefits and concerns that are particularly pertinent to the continent. Through a robust analysis of ChatGPT and other generative AI systems using established approaches for analysing the ethics of emerging technologies, this paper provides unique ethical benefits and concerns for these systems in the African context. This analysis combined approaches such as anticipatory technology ethics (ATE), ethical impact assessment (EIA), and ethical issues of emerging ICT applications with AI (ETICA) with specific issues from the literature. The findings show that ChatGPT and other generative AI systems raise unique ethical concerns such as bias, intergenerational justice, exploitation of labour and cultural diversity in Africa but also have significant ethical benefits. These ethical concerns and benefits are considered crucial in shaping the design and deployment of ChatGPT and similar technologies responsibly. It further explores the potential applications of ChatGPT in critical domain areas such as education, agriculture, and healthcare, thereby demonstrating the transformative possibilities that these technologies can have on Africa. This paper underscores the critical role of AI governance as Africa increasingly adopts ChatGPT and similar AI systems. It argues that a comprehensive understanding of AI governance is essential not only for maximising the benefits of generative AI systems but also for facilitating a global dialogue. This dialogue aims to foster shared knowledge and insights between the Global North and the Global South, which is important for the development and creation of inclusive and equitable AI policies and practices that can be beneficial for all regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reimagine ethical leverage in technology for peaceful synodality (the term peaceful synodality is coined to mean a synodality that welcomes participation and inclusion of people from different backgrounds and views without compromising the truth and respecting their dignity and journeying together) through the lens of the bioethics of synodality with technology. The concept of this paper is that technology can be leveraged ethically to promote peaceful synodality in the Catholic Church and that such an approach to technology is rooted in reimagining a bioethics of synodality that emphasize the need for journeying hand in hand with the speed at which technological advancement moves in order to enhance ethical decision-making processes. Ethics has moved at a different pace than technology, especially in matters involving human life. Ethics has been viewed as problematic in technology, especially where science wants to be neutral, but rethinking ethics as a companion of emerging technologies will be helpful in directing the ethical uptake of technology. To argue this thesis, the paper will employ a review of relevant literature while presenting the theological and ethical perspectives of synodality. By and large, an interdisciplinary approach will be employed where various disciplines play a key role. Such methodology advances the theme of reimagining Catholic ethics by offering a fresh perspective on the ethical implications of technology in the context of synodality. By emphasizing the importance of journeying together through enhanced ethical guidelines for proper decision-making and by exploring how technology can respect human rights and dignity among other values, this paper contributes to a broader conversation about how Catholic ethics can be reimagined in light of technological developments. Ultimately, this paper argues that a bioethics of synodality with technology can offer a vision for technology that is grounded in Catholic social teaching that promotes universally accepted human dignity and the common good. A cross-cutting method will also be used, given that ethics has basically constant principles, yet technology keeps on changing. Reimagining ethics means studying the advancement brought about by biotechnology and seeing to what degree human beings are affected in their basic rights and the risks versus the benefits brought about by the same. The assumption is that decisions made regarding the ethics of various technologies will be at par with the rate at which new technologies emerge and are employed. What is of vital importance is that ethics can have the power to journey together with technology, not as an adversary but in synodality. Reimagining ethics means being ever alert in the developing technologies that serve humanity so that in consultation with various experts, the best practices can be embraced within the ethical guidelines for the common good. The outcome of this research is that reimagining Catholic ethics involves listening to the needs of humanity and how technology is bringing solutions to them. Participating in bioethical debates, training on bioethics and listening to experts in various fields will enable a critical, analytical and pneumatological discernment of how ethical decisions on frontier technologies can benefit non-humans and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What constitutes good intelligence is best understood by practitioners but has not been explored through empirical analysis and in the context of a digital age. This paper presents the first research inside all the agencies that form the Australian National Intelligence Community exploring how they are impacted by big data. Intelligence is often opaque to outsiders, yet understanding the characteristics of good intelligence is important to societies that rely on intelligence agencies for national security. This paper reflects the previously unheard perspectives of members of the agencies that form the Australian National Intelligence Community – where there is a significant empirical gap. Semi-structured interviews with 47 participants explored the impact of big data on intelligence and decision-making in Australia. This paper finds that intelligence must meet the following characteristics, many established in historical literature, in order to be considered good intelligence; (i) timely, (ii) purposeful, (iii) actionable, (iv) accurate, (v) provides value-add for an intended audience, and, (vi) is unbiased. This article explores and unpacks each of these characteristics of good intelligence and finds they remain critical in a big data era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have recently witnessed the rapid development of several emerging technologies, including the internet of things, which lead to a high interest in wireless sensor networks. Tiny sensor nodes are now important parts of a large number of complex systems, with numerous applications, including military, environment monitoring, and surveillance and body area sensor networks. A wireless sensor network builds the core part for IoT. Besides this, lifetime maximization is the biggest challenge in the wireless sensor network. Also, In a wireless sensor network, it is difficult to find an optimal node deployment approach that would minimize costs, be robust to node failures, decrease computing overhead and communication, and maintain a high degree of coverage and network connectivity. There is numerous literature addressed this challenge which is discussed in this paper; still there are lot many challenges yet to be addressed. Considering this scenario, in this paper, we propose a scheduled-based node deployment algorithm using Firefly Optimization (FA) to offer a circumstance where we have a group of target points that satisfy p-coverage and sensor nodes that satisfy q-connectivity, with subject to the selection of the optimal number of a sensor node that has the highest energy and minimum distance. The multiple parameters as no. of sensor nodes, distance, survivability factors, coverage, and connectivity of the sensor nodes are considered for designing the fitness function. A comprehensive statistical analysis is done using the simulation results to prove the proposed scheme's efficiency with other existing state-of-the-art methods under various p-coverage and q-connectivity configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused deposition modelling (FDM) and laser-based additive manufacturing (LBAM) are the essential technologies of 3D Printing under the technological platform of additive manufacturing (AM). This process involves layering tiny layers of a chosen material until the desired three-dimensional shape is achieved. FDM and LBAM have been commercialised and are also being deployed in a variety of medical fields. These technologies are worthwhile in reducing expenditures, increasing precision, and lowering operating and post-operative hazards, and the most crucial part is customisation. FDM is witnessing significant growth as an AM technology primarily because of its exceptional ability to construct functional parts with complex geometries. This study aims to investigate the effect of different process parameters such as build orientation, layer thickness, raster angle, air gap, printing speed, infill density, and extrusion temperature on the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts. This paper explores FDM and LBAM, the technological developments that have various applications in the medical field. Using a laser beam to fuse or melt successive layers of wire or powder material together to form three-dimensional objects is known as LBAM. It is one adaptable manufacturing process that is widely used to create metallic components with improved characteristics. By implementing FDM or LBAM technologies, surgeons can provide patients with precise and better information. The patient's adaption period for customised prostheses/implants is shorter, less painful, and less stressful. Where regular implants are often insufficient for some patients with complex circumstances, the ability to quickly manufacture personalised implants by using these technologies is quite helpful. This paper provides readers with an insight into the capabilities of FDM and LBAM in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern language generation model ChatGPT, created by Open Artificial Intelligence (AI), is recognised for its capacity to comprehend context and produce pertinent content. This model is built on the transformer architecture, which enables it to process massive volumes of data and produce text that is both cohesive and illuminating. Service is a crucial component everywhere as it provides the basis for establishing client rapport and offering aid and support. In healthcare, the application of ChatGPT for patient service support has been one of the most significant advances in recent years. ChatGPT can help overcome language obstacles and improve patient satisfaction by facilitating communication with healthcare personnel and understanding of care. It can assist in enhancing the entire patient experience by offering personalised information and support to patients and making it more straightforward for them to communicate with healthcare professionals. Its goal can be to expedite and streamline service by promptly and accurately responding to customers. Businesses of all sizes increasingly use ChatGPT since it allows them to provide 24/7 customer support without requiring human contact. This paper briefly discusses ChatGPT and the need for better services. Various perspectives on improving customer and patient services through ChatGPT are discussed. The article also discussed the major key enablers of ChatGPT for refining customer and patient assistance. Further, the paper identifies and discusses the critical application areas of ChatGPT for customer and patient service. With its ability to handle several requests simultaneously, respond quickly and accurately to client questions, and gain knowledge from every interaction, ChatGPT is revolutionising customer and patient service. Its accessibility and compatibility with various communication channels make it a desirable solution for businesses looking to improve support. As technology advances, ChatGPT is positioned to become an essential tool for businesses wishing to provide speedy and customised service. Although ChatGPT may give convincing solutions, the chance of providing accurate and updated information poses a problem for its usage in service jobs that need accurate and up-to-date information. In future, various services will become better and more efficient due to ChatGPT and AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent statistics indicate that as of 2023, the global renewable energy capacity has reached new heights, with Saudi Arabia significantly contributing to this growth through its strategic initiatives. The kingdom is particularly focusing on harnessing solar power, given its abundant sunlight, and is also exploring wind energy, leveraging its vast desert landscapes. These efforts are part of Saudi Arabia's broader strategy to become a global leader in renewable energy. This paper provides a detailed exploration of Saudi Arabia's ambitious journey from a fossil-fuel-dominated energy sector to a more sustainable, renewable-energy-driven future. Anchored in the broader context of global energy trends, the study emphasizes the critical shift toward renewable resources, with a particular focus on Saudi Arabia's unique position in this global movement. Key to this transition is Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, a strategic framework that guides the country's renewable energy policies and initiatives. A comprehensive review of these policies, including other governmental and international collaborations that support renewable energy development, is offered. The current state of renewable energy in Saudi Arabia is assessed, including an overview of existing projects and production statistics. The paper also explores emerging technologies such as energy storage systems and smart grid solutions, emphasizing their role in Saudi Arabia's energy transition. An impact assessment is conducted to understand the environmental, economic, and social effects of this energy shift. The paper also includes a comparative analysis of other countries' renewable energy transitions, extracting lessons and best practices applicable to the Saudi context. Strategic recommendations and reflections on Saudi Arabia's future role in the global energy landscape are provided for stakeholders in energy policy, environmental planning, and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview on the state of the art in copter drones and their components. It starts by providing an introduction to unmanned aerial vehicles in general, describing their main types, and then shifts its focus mostly to multirotor drones as the most attractive for individual and research use. This paper analyzes various multirotor drone types, their construction, typical areas of implementation, and technology used underneath their construction. Finally, it looks at current challenges and future directions in drone system development, emerging technologies, and future research topics in the area. This paper concludes by highlighting some key challenges that need to be addressed before widespread adoption of drone technologies in everyday life can occur. By summarizing an up-to-date survey on the state of the art in copter drone technology, this paper will provide valuable insights into where this field is heading in terms of progress and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]