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Viral infection can regulate the cell cycle, thereby promoting viral replication. Hijacking and altering the cell cycle are important for the virus to establish and maintain a latent infection. Previously, Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV)-latently infected P8-Se301-C1 cells, which grew more slowly than Se301 cells and interfered with homologous SeMNNPV superinfection, were established. However, the effects of latent and superinfection with baculoviruses on cell cycle progression remain unknown. In this study, the cell cycle profiles of P8-Se301-C1 cells and SeMNPV or Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)-infected P8-Se301-C1 cells were characterized by flow cytometry. The results showed that replication-related genes MCM4, PCNA, and BAF were down-regulated (p < 0.05) in P8-Se301-C1 cells, and the S phase of P8-Se301-C1 cells was longer than that of Se301 cells. P8-Se301-C1 cells infected with SeMNPV did not arrest in the G2/M phase or affect the expression of Cyclin B and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). Furthermore, when P8-Se301-C1 cells were infected with SeMNPV after synchronized treatment with hydroxyurea and nocodazole, light microscopy and qRT-PCR analysis showed that, compared with unsynchronized cells and S and G2/M phase cells, SeMNPV-infected P8-Se301-C1 cells in G1 phase induced G2/M phase arrest, and the amount of virus adsorption and intracellular viral DNA replication were significantly increased (p < 0.05). In addition, budded virus (BV) production and occlusion body (OB)-containing cells were both increased at 120 h post-infection (p < 0.05). The expression of Cyclin B and CDK1 was significantly down-regulated at 48 h post-infection (p < 0.05). Finally, the arrest of SeMNPV-infected G1 phase cells in the G2/M phase increased BV production (p < 0.05) and the number of OB-containing cells. In conclusion, G1 phase infection and G2/M arrest are favorable to SeMNPV proliferation in P8-Se301-C1 cells, thereby alleviating the homologous superinfection exclusion. The results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between baculoviruses and insect cell cycle progression and regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sisal fiber exhibits a fibrous and porous structure with significant surface roughness, making it highly suitable for storing phase change materials (PCMs). Its intricate morphology further aids in mitigating the risk of PCM leakage. This research successfully employs vacuum adsorption to encapsulate paraffin within sisal fiber, yielding a potentially cost-effective, durable, and environmentally friendly phase change energy storage medium. A systematic investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of sisal-to-paraffin mass ratio, fiber length, vacuum level, and negative pressure duration on the loading rate of paraffin. The experimental results demonstrate that a paraffin loading rate of 8 wt% can be achieved by subjecting a 3 mm sisal fiber to vacuum adsorption with 16 wt% paraffin for 1 h at −0.1 MPa. Through the utilization of nano-CT imaging enhancement technology, along with petrographic microscopy, this study elucidates the mechanism underlying paraffin storage within sisal fiber during vacuum adsorption. The observations reveal that a substantial portion of paraffin is primarily stored within the pores of the fiber, while a smaller quantity is firmly adsorbed onto its surface, thus yielding a durable phase change energy storage medium. The research findings contribute to both the theoretical foundations and the available practical guidance for the fabrication and implementation of paraffin/sisal fiber composite phase change energy storage mediums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Both laser/chlorine and laser/PS systems could efficiently degrade CBZ. • HO·, Cl· and ClO· were dominant for CBZ degradation in laser/chlorine system. • CBZ degradation in laser/PS system was primarily attributed to HO· and SO 4. -. • The degradation pathways of CBZ were proposed based on DFT analysis. Residual carbamazepine (CBZ) in water is difficult to remove through conventional treatment processes, threatening the safety of drinking water. Ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) have shown promise in removing refractory organic pollutants, while the low energy and efficiency of traditional mercury lamps hinder their practical applications. In this study, the performance and mechanism of an intensive-energy light source, UV laser, were systematically explored in UV-AOPs (laser/chlorine, laser/persulfate (PS)). It was found that UV laser exhibited a significantly activating ability for chlorine and PS due to its precise wavelength and high pulse energy. When exposed to UV laser (266 nm, 4.2 mW/cm2) combined with 200 μM chlorine and PS, the kinetic rate constants for the degradation of 10 μM CBZ were determined to be 3.160 × 10-3 and 1.227 × 10-3 s−1, respectively. The degradation of CBZ was dominated by hydroxyl radicals (60.98 %) and sulfate radicals (23.15 %) in laser/PS system, while in laser/chlorine system, hydroxyl radicals (54.90 %), chlorine radicals (27.43 %), and chlorine oxide radicals (13.81 %) were primary reactive species. Furthermore, both the laser/chlorine and laser/PS systems demonstrated compatibility with a wide pH range of 5.0–9.0 and high resistance to anionic interference. Moreover, the electrophilic and nucleophilic sites of CBZ and energy barrier of the initial reaction were calculated based on the density functional theory (DFT). Additionally, the degradation pathways of CBZ and the toxicity of transformation products in laser/chlorine and laser/PS processes were proposed and evaluated. These results demonstrated that the UV laser-based processes exhibited promising prospects in eliminating refractory organic pollutants in water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell transplantation has brought about a breakthrough in the treatment of nerve injuries, and the efficacy of cell transplantation compared to drug and surgical therapies is very exciting. In terms of transplantation targets, the classic cells include neural stem cells (NSCs) and Schwann cells, while a class of cells that can exist and renew throughout the life of the nervous system - olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) - has recently been discovered in the olfactory system. OECs not only encircle the olfactory nerves but also act as macrophages and play an innate immune role. OECs can also undergo reprogramming to transform into neurons and survive and mature after transplantation. Currently, many studies have confirmed the repairing effect of OECs after transplantation into injured nerves, and safe and effective results have been obtained in clinical trials. However, the specific repair mechanism of OECs among them is not quite clear. For this purpose, we focus here on the repair mechanisms of OECs, which are summarized as follows: neuroprotection, secretion of bioactive factors, limitation of inflammation and immune regulation, promotion of myelin and axonal regeneration, and promotion of vascular proliferation. In addition, integrating the aspects of harvesting, purification, and prognosis, we found that OECs may be more suitable for transplantation than NSCs and Schwann cells, but this does not completely discard the value of these classical cells. Overall, OECs are considered to be one of the most promising transplantation targets for the treatment of nerve injury disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms governing brain vascularization during development remain poorly understood. A key regulator of developmental vascularization is delta like 4 (DLL4), a Notch ligand prominently expressed in endothelial cells (EC). Exposure to hyperoxia in premature infants can disrupt the development and functions of cerebral blood vessels and lead to long‐term cognitive impairment. However, its role in cerebral vascular development and the impact of postnatal hyperoxia on DLL4 expression in mouse brain EC have not been explored. We determined the DLL4 expression pattern and its downstream signalling gene expression in brain EC using Dll4+/+ and Dll4+/LacZ mice. We also performed in vitro studies using human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, we determined Dll4 and Cldn5 expression in mouse brain EC exposed to postnatal hyperoxia. DLL4 is expressed in various cell types, with EC being the predominant one in immature brains. Moreover, DLL4 deficiency leads to persistent abnormalities in brain microvasculature and increased vascular permeability both in vivo and in vitro. We have identified that DLL4 insufficiency compromises endothelial integrity through the NOTCH‐NICD‐RBPJ‐CLDN5 pathway, resulting in the downregulation of the tight junction protein claudin 5 (CLDN5). Finally, exposure to neonatal hyperoxia reduces DLL4 and CLDN5 expression in developing mouse brain EC. We reveal that DLL4 is indispensable for brain vascular development and maintaining the blood–brain barrier's function and is repressed by neonatal hyperoxia. We speculate that reduced DLL4 signalling in brain EC may contribute to the impaired brain development observed in neonates exposed to hyperoxia. Key points: The role of delta like 4 (DLL4), a Notch ligand in vascular endothelial cells, in brain vascular development and functions remains unknown.We demonstrate that DLL4 is expressed at a high level during postnatal brain development in immature brains and DLL4 insufficiency leads to abnormal cerebral vasculature and increases vascular permeability both in vivo and in vitro.We identify that DLL4 regulates endothelial integrity through NOTCH‐NICD‐RBPJ‐CLDN5 signalling.Dll4 and Cldn5 expression are decreased in mouse brain endothelial cells exposed to postnatal hyperoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is a solid combustible mineral, and coal-bearing strata have important hydrocarbon generation potential and contribute to more than 12% of the global hydrocarbon resources. However, the deposition and hydrocarbon evolution process of ancient coal-bearing strata is characterized by multiple geological times, leading to obvious distinctions in their hydrocarbon generation potential, geological processes, and production, which affect the evaluation and exploration of hydrocarbon resources derived from coaly source rocks worldwide. This study aimed to identify the differences on oil-generated parent macerals and the production of oil generated from different coaly source rocks and through different oil generation processes. Integrating with the analysis of previous tectonic burial history and hydrocarbon generation history, high-temperature and high-pressure thermal simulation experiments, organic geochemistry, and organic petrology were performed on the Carboniferous-Permian (CeP) coaly source rocks in the Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. The oil-generated parent macerals of coal's secondary oil generation process (SOGP) were mainly hydrogen-rich collotelinite, collodetrinite, sporinite, and cutinite, while the oil-generated parent macerals of tertiary oil generation process (TOGP) were the remaining small amount of hydrogen-rich collotelinite, sporinite, and cutinite, as well as dispersed soluble organic matter and unexhausted residual hydrocarbons. Compared with coal, the oil-generated parent macerals of coaly shale SOGP were mostly sporinite and cutinite. And part of hydrogen-poor vitrinite, lacking hydrocarbon-rich macerals, and macerals of the TOGP, in addition to some remaining cutinite and a small amount of crude oil and bitumen from SOGP contributed to the oil yield. The results indicated that the changes in oil yield had a good junction between SOGP and TOGP, both coal and coaly shale had higher SOGP aborted oil yield than TOGP starting yield, and coaly shale TOGP peak oil yield was lower than SOGP peak oil yield. There were significant differences in saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic parameters in coal and coaly shale. Coal SOGP was characterized by a lower Ts/Tm and C31-homohopane22S/ (22Sþ22R) and a higher Pr/nC17 compared to coal TOGP, while the aromatic parameter methyl dibenzothiophene ratio (MDR) exhibited coaly shale TOGP was higher than coaly shale SOGP than coaly TOGP than coaly SOGP, and coal trimethylnaphthalene ratio (TNR) was lower than coaly shale TNR. Thus, we established oil generation processes and discriminative plates. In this way, we distinguished the differences between oil generation parent maceral, oil generation time, and oil production of coaly source rocks, and therefore, we provided important support for the evaluation, prediction, and exploration of oil resources from global ancient coaly source rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cation/proton antiporter (CPA) superfamily plays a crucial role in regulating ion homeostasis and pH in plant cells, contributing to stress resistance. However, in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), systematic identification and analysis of CPA genes are lacking. Results: A total of 33 StCPA members were identified and classified into StNHX (n = 7), StKEA (n = 6), and StCHX (n = 20) subfamilies. StCHX owned the highest number of conserved motifs, followed by StKEA and StNHX. The StNHX and StKEA subfamilies owned more exons than StCHX. NaCl stress induced the differentially expression of 19 genes in roots or leaves, among which StCHX14 and StCHX16 were specifically induced in leaves, while StCHX2 and StCHX19 were specifically expressed in the roots. A total of 11 strongly responded genes were further verified by qPCR. Six CPA family members, StNHX1, StNHX2, StNHX3, StNHX5, StNHX6 and StCHX19, were proved to transport Na+ through yeast complementation experiments. Conclusions: This study provides comprehensive insights into StCPAs and their response to NaCl stress, facilitating further functional characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A small pilot study published in Clinical Autonomic Research suggests that new classes of glucose-lowering drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1ra) and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), may reduce resting sympathetic nerve activity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and economic cost, and current drug therapies have limited success in improving outcomes. The study compared resting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in patients with HFpEF taking GLP1ra or SGLT2i to those not taking these drugs and found that the drug group had significantly lower MSNA. The mechanisms behind this reduction in sympathetic activity are still unknown, and further research is needed to fully understand the impact of these drugs on sympathetic neural control in HFpEF patients. [Extracted from the article]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by a complex tumor microenvironment. Angiogenesis is of paramount importance in the proliferation and metastasis of PDAC. However, currently, there are no well-defined biomarkers available to guide the prognosis and treatment of PDAC. In this study, we investigated the interactions between tumor-associated endothelial cells (TAECs) and tumor cells in PDAC, and identified a specific subset of TAECs characterized by high expression of COL4A1. COL4A1+ endothelial cells interact with tumor cells through the COLLAGEN signaling pathway to promote tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. We also observed activation of HOXD9 in COL4A1+ endothelial cells. Based on these findings, we developed a prognostic model called TaEMS, which accurately predicts patient prognosis. TaEMS identified high-risk patients enriched in cell cycle-related pathways and low-risk patients enriched in focal adhesions, smooth muscle regulation, and immune pathways. Moreover, high-risk patients displayed a reduced level of immune cell infiltration, indicating the presence of a "cold tumor" phenotype. Overall, our study uncovered an intricate crosstalk between TAECs and tumor cells in PDAC, emphasizing the role of HOXD9 and highlighting the potential of TaEMS as a prognostic biomarker for precise therapies. • COL4A1+ endothelial cells displayed a close association with tumor cells and protumor cells. • COL4A1+ endothelial cells regulate tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. • The prognostic model, TaEMS, accurately predicts patient prognosis and response to anti-angiogenic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and the development of potential treatment compounds, safe and reliable therapies of neuropathic pain remain poor. Multiple stress/cell death pathways have been shown to be implicated in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of stress/cell death pathways and present an overview of the roles and molecular mechanisms of stress/cell death pathways in neuroinflammation during neuropathic pain, covering intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, autophagy, mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and phagoptosis. Small molecule compounds that modulate stress/cell death pathways in alleviating neuropathic pain are discussed mainly based on preclinical neuropathic pain models. These findings will contribute to in‐depth understanding of the pathological processes during neuropathic pain as well as bridge the gap between basic and translational research to uncover new neuroprotective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Complex matrices with amounts of protein and fat do not affect RPA amplification. • Limiting template concentration contributes significantly to RPA specificity. • High sequence similarity causes higher LOD of cows in mixtures with goats. • A dual RPA assay of goats and sheep for further rapid special dairy identification. • Special dairy with whey protein could be at risk of error if defined as adulterated. The authentication of dairy species has great significance for food safety. This study focused on a more rapid method for identifying major dairy species, and specific recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based assays for cattle, goat, sheep, camel and donkey were developed. Through the developed RPA-based assays, goats and sheep could be simultaneously identified and bovine families could be differentiated. The performances of the RPA assays were validated using 37 milk powder samples, of which 16.2% (6/37) were suspected of being adulterated and 24.3% (9/37) were potentially at risk of being wrongly identified as adulteration. The effectiveness of the developed assays for crude DNA detection was also validated by a rapid nucleic acid extraction kit, and results showed that the presence of large amounts of protein and fat did not affect the qualitative results. Therefore, these assays could combine with the rapid nucleic acids extraction methods for being used in field detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Direct photolysis of iohexol had significant dependence of UV wavelength spectral. • Distinctive photogenerated intermediates were observed with different photosensitizers. • Reactive sites and transformation pathways of iohexol were proposed. • Iohexol elimination and DBP yields by UV-LED irradiation followed the order of 255 > 265 > 275 > 285 nm. Iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) are ubiquitously present in water sources and challenging to eliminate using conventional processes, posing a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems. Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LED) emerge as a promising technology for transforming micropollutants in water, boasting advantages such as diverse wavelengths, elimination of chemical additives, and no induction of microorganisms' resistance to disinfectants. The research reveals that iohexol (IOX) degradation escalates as UV wavelength decreases, attributed to enhanced photon utilization efficiency. Pseudo-first-order rate constants (k obs) were determined as 3.70, 2.60, 1.31 and 0.65 cm2 J−1 at UV-LED wavelengths of 255, 265, 275 and 285 nm, respectively. The optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and anions undeniably influence the UV-LED photolysis process through photon competition and the generation of reactive substances. The influence of Cl− on IOX degradation was insignificant at UV-LED 255, but it promoted IOX degradation at 265, 275 and 285 nm. IOX degradation was accelerated by ClO 2 −, NO 3 −and HA due to the formation of various reactive species. In the presence of NO 3 −, the k obs of IOX followed the order: 265 > 255 > 275 > 285 nm. Photosensitizers altered the spectral dependence of IOX, and the intermediate photoactivity products were detected using electron spin resonance. The transformation pathways of IOX were determined through density functional theory calculations and experiments. Disinfection by-products (DBPs) yields of IOX during UV-LED irradiation decreased as the wavelength increased: 255 > 265 > 275 > 285 nm. The cytotoxicity index value decreased as the UV-LED wavelength increased from 255 to 285 nm. These findings are crucial for selecting the most efficient wavelength for UV-LED degradation of ICM and will benefit future water purification design. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Zein-carrageenan particle/gel-coating was formed by Ca2+ induction to deliver curcumin. • Particle/gel-coating enhanced encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of curcumin. • Curcumin in the particle/gel-coating exhibited better thermal and photo stability. • Particle/gel-coating delayed curcumin release in simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Zein, curcumin (Cur), and ι -carrageenan (ι Car) were used to prepare core–shell biopolymer nanoparticles (Zein-Cur- ι Car). These nanoparticles consisted of a nutraceutical-loaded protein core (curcumin-loaded zein nanoparticles) and a gelled polysaccharide shell (calcium cross-linked ι -carrageenan). The size, charge, morphology, and interactions of the nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, zeta-potential analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier Transform infrared analysis. Ionic bridging, electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic attraction were involved in particle formation. The high encapsulation efficiency (93.2%) and loading capacity (6.2%) indicated that curcumin was well encapsulated within nanoparticles with optimized compositions (zein: ι -carrageenan 100:40). These particles had relatively small diameters (351.8 nm) and effectively delayed the light and thermal degradation of curcumin. Moreover, the curcumin within the nanoparticles was released in a sustained manner under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, which may improve its oral bioavailability. In summary, calcium carrageenan-coated zein nanoparticles have potential for the encapsulation, protection, and controlled release of hydrophobic nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to severe motor, sensory and autonomic nervous dysfunction, cause serious psychosomatic injury to patients. There is no effective treatment for SCI at present. In recent years, exciting evidence has been obtained in the application of cell-based therapy in basic research. These studies have revealed the fact that cells transplanted into the host can exert the pharmacological properties of treating and repairing SCI. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of special glial cells. The application value of OECs in the study of SCI lies in their unique biological characteristics, that is, they can survive and renew for life, give full play to neuroprotection, immune regulation, promoting axonal regeneration and myelination formation. The function of producing secretory group and improving microenvironment. This provides an irreplaceable treatment strategy for the repair of SCI. At present, some researchers have explored the possibility of treatment of OECs in clinical trials of SCI. Although OECs transplantation shows excellent safety and effectiveness in animal models, there is still lack of sufficient evidence to prove the effectiveness of their clinical application in clinical trials. There has been an obvious stagnation in the transformation of OECs transplantation into routine clinical practice, and clinical trials of cell therapy in this field are still facing major challenges and many problems that need to be solved. Therefore, this paper summarized and analyzed the clinical trials of OECs transplantation in the treatment of SCI, and discussed the problems and challenges of OECs transplantation in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]