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This paper presents an agent-based simulation (ABS) and cellular automata (CA) coupled model to simulate the spatial evolution of the population of China over the past 2000 years. In the model, agents are used to simulate individuals who live in a geographic environment represented by the CA. The choice to migrate is influenced by climate change, potential agricultural productivity change, and waves of mass migrations. Using the simulation, we can observe the spatial evolution of the population, as well as the shift of the population center of gravity, and we can analyze the driving forces of these changing spatial patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on accurately identifying farmers' livelihood risks, this paper investigates the effects of farmers' livelihood assets on their livelihood risks and adaptation strategies. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with farmers in Rugao City. The results show that natural risks and market risks are the main livelihood risks for farmers in agricultural production. Farmers' social, financial and human assets can mitigate their livelihood risks in agricultural production, while natural and physical assets have the opposite effects. Most farmers chose crop variety adjustment, water and fertilizer management, agricultural finance and agrotechnical support to deal with livelihood risks. Social, natural and physical assets have significant and positive effects on farmers' adoption of adaptation strategies, while human and financial assets have relatively weak influences. • We examine the effect of livelihood assets on livelihood risks and adaptation strategies. • Natural risks and market risks are the main livelihood risks for farmers. • Most farmers adopted adaptation strategies to deal with livelihood risks. • Social, financial and human assets can mitigate farmers' livelihood risks. • Social, natural and physical assets facilitate adopting adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]