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Current biomedical enhancers have a high widely recognized mode dismissal proportion. By the means of, debts are in lots of cases polluted with the aid of final electric cable impedance. Customary simple and computerized channels are recognized to smother ECG parts near the electrical cable recurrence. The quit of commotion in an electrocardiogram (ECG) is the focal point of this work, which changed into directed in MATLAB. ECG exam is a part of this assessment, and it involves 3 crucial levels at its middle. The initial step is to get the ECG signal that changed into recorded. Because the way the crude ECG was gotten contains various kinds of clamor, for example, impedance from electrical cables, pattern float, and cathode versatility concerning the patient, the subsequent stage includes eliminating these unsettling influences from the sign. This paper aims to introduce a technique for eliminating clamor from electrocardiogram (ECG) waveforms. The denoising of electrocardiogram signals is examined utilizing various methodologies. The paper presents and examines an original strategy for biometric ID in light of ECG information. The principal thought of the review is to apply Profound Brain Organizations (DNN) for human recognizable proof in light of the crude ECG signal. To further develop a general framework exactness different sign pre-handling and anomaly location strategies have been applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the development and implementation of a 3D functional scheme for educational simulators focused on power supply fundamentals. The growing complexity of electrical systems and the demand for interactive and engaging educational tools have led to the creation of this innovative approach. The scheme incorporates various components such as transformers, circuit breakers, power lines, and control systems, all interconnected in a 3D network. This paper discusses the step-by-step process, from requirement analysis to deployment, highlighting the benefits of 3D visualization in enhancing student engagement and comprehension. The results indicate a significant improvement in learning outcomes and user satisfaction. The potential for broader applications in engineering education is also explored, marking a promising avenue for future research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an ANN based adaptive Auto Reclosing AR which integrated of an operation of distance measuring relay in HV Over Head Transmission Line OHTL. This work is brought to enhance stability synchronism, and reliability during the transient faults of OHTL. Thus, it leads to increase the continuity of the electric power system, especially of hydropower plants are connected to utility grid. This work are used Matlab\Simulink environment to design and simulate a single-phase auto-reclosing, which depends on the Artificial Neural Networks ANN integrated with a distance relay DR. In addition, the simulation model consists of Boolean algebra circuits, and timers are utilised to build Auto-reclosure of a circuit breaker in each phase. The ANN is here trained to recognize angle values of actual impedances (in the positive sequence only) in which it can classify which phase exactly is line to ground fault. The simulation results show the ability of this combination to distinguish among various fault types and giving multi pulses-shot of tripping and reclosing for the specific circuit breaker with a successful mechanism. In this paper, a realistic system with real parameters was represented by the important transmission line (Mosul Dam-East Mosul), which currently is only the main and alone line that connects the northern Iraq network with a national grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper solves the optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem applying sine-cosine optimization algorithm. The main intention of the ORPD problem is to reduce the real power loss in the transmission lines and maintain voltage magnitude at an acceptable level in the system network while satisfying the set of specified operational constraints. The sine-cosine algorithm is a powerful population formed algorithm for solving the optimization problems. The sine-cosine algorithm generates a number of initial candidate solutions, and progresses towards the optimal solution. The proposed method is applied to standard IEEE-14 and 30 bus systems. The simulation results compare favorably with other reported results in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to have a reliable and efficient system for detecting and classifying multiple faults in the electrical power system in order to ensure continuity of power supply and reduce losses and consumer complaints. The paper presents an approach that uses current and voltage measurement method and MATLAB programming to detect and classify multiple faults in transmission lines or BusBar. The results of the study showed that the current and voltage measurement method is successful in detecting and classifying multiple faults. This approach can be useful in improving the reliability of power systems and ensuring continuity of power supply. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of the approach may depend on the specific characteristics of the power system being analyzed. Therefore, further testing and validation may be necessary before implementing this approach in real-world power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for electricity and the distance between the power plants and the loads pose a threat to voltage stability and the equilibrium between supply and demand. The system also experiences significant losses in distribution networks and extreme strain on transmission lines. The reliance of the generation on fossil fuels, on the other hand, poses a future issue in terms of shortage as well as the rise in environmental contaminants. The idea of a microgrid is one of the creative ways to combine dispersed energy sources and the utility grid and manage them as a single system. Microgrid may boost system dependability, improve the distribution network, and lessen the strain on the transmission lines. Distributed generator (DG) is put directly in the load center distribution network or at the distribution network. The voltage profile of the system will be improved and overall power losses can be decreased with the help of optimal DG allocation. This paper presents a method for optimally siting and sizing distributed generation (DG) units in a microgrid by binary particle swarm optimization. The DOLPHIN optimization algorithm (DOA) utilizes under voltage load shedding (UVLS). The Direct Backward Forward Sweep Method (DBFSM) depicts the practical load flow technique suited in radial distribution system (RDS), as it's utilized to display the voltage profile and total losses of each node with and without DG and load shed. Four load models were used (normal, constant current, constant impedance, and ZIP model) with comparisons between them. The RDS of the typical IEEE-33 bus is simulated using MATLAB programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disturbances or harmonics in power system lines can be minimised by Active Power Filters (APF). An advancement of APF technologies and proper application of active power filter is to use good method for current or voltage reference generation are reviewed in this paper. Here we discussed about the critique of harmonics disturbance issues and their effects on quality of power. The basic configuration of APF is combination of series and shunt (hybrid) APF, series APF and shunt APF are explained. This understanding explains the implementation of p-q extinctions to produce reference signals. Apart from this, APF photovoltaic system is also analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of electricity has got equal importance as the generation of electricity. The electricity has to be transferred over tens and hundreds of kilometers through forests, mountains and many, using transmission lines. Thus, transmission lines may be affected in many forms like sagging of transmission lines, breaks in transmission lines, rusting issues based on the metal used for transmission lines. In this paper we are concentrating on the breaks in transmission lines. The transmission line breaks will occur when there is any sudden change in the current or voltage rating. We are using a Raspberry-pi 3B, which controls the power in transmission lines when the current or voltage ratings are not in the threshold values pre-determined. These obtained ratings are auto-updated to the ThingSpeak, through which we can analyze the issues in the electricity transmission. If the ratings obtained are not in the threshold level the Raspberry-pi will turn off the power transmission from that transformer, under which the line has got change in threshold value. And also alerts the power control board by sending a message that mentions the transformer number, as given by power control board and the type of fault occurred. Thus, this project will help the employees of power control board in manually checking the faults occurring and also the important thing, time. This project has to be installed at each transformer, giving each system a unique number and login details. Thus, these details can be analyzed at branch level, assuming a tree. And all these transformers can be analyzed at sub-stations, as stem of the tree and generation station as the trunk of the tree. Thus, complete transmission of electricity can be analyzed from generation station to the household connections clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security constraint optimal power flow study was attracted the researchers over the last decades by using different successful artificial algorithms. However, a little focus has been given to the application of differential evolution (DE) in these studies. This paper presents a study to evaluate and improve the static security of the Iraqi super high-voltage grid at 400 kV (ISHV). By evaluating the security of the power system, secure and insecure operating conditions are determined in the network. An appropriate control action is suggested to alleviate the insecure operating situations in order to avoid the occurrence of a disturbance in the system, which can transfer the system to an emergency state. For this purpose, a security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) is used to evaluate and address the overload on transmission lines and voltage violations for buses that arise when the system is exposed to an emergency state. The proposed formulation also takes into account security constraints, including the branch flow limits and bus voltage limits. An evolutionary optimization technique, namely, differential evolution (DE), is adopted to solve the SCOPF problem and improve the security of the grid. The proposed technique is applied to the ISHV to assess and improve the security of the network. The results clearly reveal that the suggested algorithm is effective in getting the optimal contribution from the generating rescheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing electrical grid has mainly centralized structure. It provides decent quality of power and reliability level, but because of its complexity and largely spread transmission lines, there exist possible failure points. Some publications blame mainly the grid itself instead the central power plants. Providing high reliability to consumers would be too expensive with the current structure of the grid. So there must be used another solution for the consumers that require high reliability and quality of power. In this paper we presented an optimized solution for consumers with high reliability requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a twisted copper cable fault design using replication of an actual architecture network topology VDSL2 17a technology for ITU-993.2 in the Malaysia network. It focuses on the suburban area for the performance degradation capacity using MSAN and EXFO test gear instruments. Various cable faults emulate the Distribution Point (DP) that replicate in the disconnection module was made. The acquisitions data from MSAN and EXFO test gear based on the Loop Line Testing (LLT) parameters, especially in RC parameter on the correlation of the measurement of these two instruments, was collected. The emulation on the disconnection module based on the TDR for validity data range to MSAN was measured. The TDR signal result shows the wave based on cable faults and the correlation between MSAN and EXFO test gear. The network line or cable faults are classified into four conditions which are ideal, Bridge Tap (BT), short and open conditions. The faults were emulated and introduced in the network line with 100 m, 200 m, and 300 m distances between MSAN and Customer Premises (CP). The validity and data trend for its respective cable faults on RC parameter and observability of the MSAN and EXFO was produced. For open fault condition, the trend and pattern of the capacitance parameter shown that as the transmission line is added in capacitance properties, the capacitance series will also increase. Meanwhile, for short fault condition, the resistance properties were the main highlight. As short fault condition is introduced between Tip [A] and Ring [B], the resistance obtained is the lowest. The correlation between MSAN and EXFO results can significantly input the guideline when imposing cable fault in machine learning algorithm applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the variations in power flows along the main power transmission lines of the electric power system of Uzbekistan, taking into account the power generation by large PV power plants (PVP), which will be commissioned by 2024. The paper concludes with recommendations on the modernization of the electric power economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a study of different methodologies for classifying faults in transmission lines. Effective positioning of the relay medium in the network will detect any interruption in the power system. The key issue in the transmission system is usually fault detection. If the fault happens during the power swing, then the fault diagnosis is a tedious one. Early detection of faults is important to ensure the performance of the distributed system. Although there are many solutions for fault detection, it is still a challenge to manage the complexity and uncertainty of system observations to make an accurate detection. For a reliable and high speed protective relay followed by digital distance safety, fault classification is more important. It is a summary of a brief introduction of transmission line faults and a review of the scope of various old approaches in this area. In this report, we present a review study on the detection of faults using machine learning techniques. It presents a brief overview of all the common and hybrid methods that exist. Also, the need for innovative fault classification techniques is discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a finite element method based on electric field distribution for evaluating the electrical performance of an 11 kV high voltage transmission line glass insulator. Glass insulators on wet polluted surfaces were considered. For simulation purposes, the proposed two-dimensional model was designed using AutoCAD software in 2D. Numerical analysis was used to determine the electric field distribution along the glass insulator surface using COMSOL Multiphysics software. It has been shown that a wet polluted surface of a glass insulator has a significant influence on the value of the electric field in the area near the high-voltage end termination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the electrical performance of an 11 kV high voltage transmission line glass insulator. The proposed two-dimensional model was designed using AutoCAD software in 2D. Glass insulator close to dry clean surfaces was considered. The behaviour of the electric field distribution along the creepage distance of a glass insulator under clean surface conditions was analysed using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The results show that the intensity of the electric field stress occurs near the end fitting parts and at a small radius of curvature. The electric field stress is not observed at the top of the glass insulator and at the end of the outer skirt. The strongest electric field strength is near the triple junction region (air-cap-glass) compared to the high-voltage-end terminal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substations are critical components of the electrical grid. Supplying electricity to users via overhead transmission and distribution lines. In today's world, rising energy consumption and the expansion of the power grid make substations increasingly vital, necessitating a greater focus on substation reliability, particularly for high-voltage substations. The basic goal in this paper is for determine if simply installation of an arrester at transformer side can adequately protect the 400kV substation. By examining the performance of four distinct installation options for surge arrester placement. PSCAD/EMTDC software is used to simulate appropriate components of the 400kV transmission line and substation. The model was created using real data for simulation the effect of a lightning strike on a phase conductor on a transmission line at various distances from the substation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault location observability is an essential procedure among smart monitoring and outage management system issues used to realize self-healing networks, one of the most important characteristics of modern power systems. Further, the determination of the location of a faulty transmission line in a power grid is a vital topic to facilitate the self-healing network and to maintain the continuity of power supply. The self-healing procedure is to constantly keep the energy supplies to the customers in case of a power system configuration change such as a fault event happening on an electrical power transmission network. Self-healing is an operational aspect of electrical power networks for real-time identification and localization of faulty transmission lines for the whole power network. The implementation of PMUs as an accurate measurement device is a promising key entry for fault location and clearing utilizations. This paper proposes algorithmic models that determine the optimal number of PMUs and their placement sites to achieve a fault observable system whereas the state-estimation issue is examined. The optimization models discussed herein find a configuration of PMU locations with a least number of devices that locates any fault occurring in a transmission power network. An optimization process is presented within a nonlinear programming model coupling a synchronized phasor as well as conventional measurements. As a comparative optimization tool, a zero-one integer constraint linear program is implemented that satisfies global optimality with sufficient precision. Evolutionary algorithms such as a binary-particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms have been adopted to characterize a fault observable power system. The algorithmic models are illustrated with an IEEE-14 bus system. Simulation results are tested on different size power systems to verify the efficacy of the proposed algorithmic approach without taking into account the fault classification, pre-fault loading conditions or considering the fault resistance. We present that this wide-area measuring implementation and its numerical results is an outstanding approach that improves the state-of-the-art in measurement driven methods regarding the finding of an optimal PMU set solution to pinpoint a fault event occurring anywhere in the power transmission grid. As proved via the numerical optimization, the mathematical and evolutionary algorithms are efficient and robust in finding some new benchmark optimal results for faulty conditions occurring in a modern power grid for any IEEE power system and case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As power consumption continues to rise, the ageing of the infrastructure makes it more challenging to maintain control over the flow of electricity through transmission lines in today's world. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices are used to address voltage variations in transmission lines that occur due to changes in load. These issues are addressed by limiting voltage variations in transmission lines. There has been the introduction of a new device known as a distributed power flow converter (DPFC), which uses the distributed FACTS concept and eliminates the need for a common DC-link, which was present in the previous generation of power flow converters. Instead, transmission line exchanges natural shunt and series converters have different strengths. The modified vector control strategy regulates the pulses in both series and shunt converters separately. The DPFC has the exact controllability compared with the UPFC (unified power flow controller); however, a DPFC requires many one-phase series converters instead of many three-phase series converters. The main contribution of this paper is introducing a complete design for DPFC for mitigating power quality issues. The use of DPFC with single-phase series converters lowers the cost of electricity while boosting the dependability of the power; the fundamental research is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results showed that the proposed system effectively reduces total harmonic distortion (THD) by up to 1.28% and mitigates voltage sag and swell issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to find the optimum schedule of unit commitment in a power system by finding the minimum operation cost and optimum combinations of the units at time horizon without violating any constraints, most research does not consider transmission lines losses for unit commitment problem (UCP) and included it in the total cost calculations. In this article, solving and scheduling UCP with and without transmission lines losses is presented based on Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) for IEEE 10 units system. To ensure the robustness and effectiveness of the Salp Swarm Algorithm, it is tested to a typical power systems; each is multiple of ten generation units (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 units) systems and compares the results of a variety of techniques for solving UC at a 24-hour and 10% spinning reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Transmission line Tower is one of the most important life line structures in the distribution of power from source to different places for several purposes. And these towers carry heavy electrical transmission conductors at sufficient and safe height from ground. In addition to their self-weight they need to withstand all forces of nature like strong wind, earthquake. Therefore transmission line towers should be designed considering both structural and electrical requirements for a safe and economical design. The increasing demand for electrical energy can be met more economical by developing different light weight configurations of transmission line towers. In this project, tower is designed for a wind zone carrying 220KV. Tower is modeled using constant parameters such as angle section, wind zone, material etc. The wind loads are calculated using IS: 875(2015) Part-3. After completing the analysis, the study is done with respect to deflection, stresses and axial forces. The main objective of this paper is to determine the most efficient tower and its configuration based on IS: 800. Using STAAD PRO vi8 analysis and design of tower has been carried out as a three dimensional structure. Then, the tower members are designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) is the next device for the Chinese magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) program which aims to bridge the gaps between the fusion experiment ITER and the demonstration reactor DEMO. CFETR will use either the hybrid or the steady-state plasma operating scenario to generate over 1 GW of fusion power. ICRF is a key H&CD system which will play a very important role for CFETR. The ICRF system will deliver 30MW of RF power to the plasma with frequency in the range 40-90MHz using an ITER-Like antenna through located in a mid-plan port. The concept and engineering design of CFETR ICRF system have been carried out and progresses have been made. To establish a solid technical base for a successful construction of CFETR, a national big science facility aiming at developing key technologies and systems for CFETR, called Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT), has been approved by the Chinese government. The construction of CRAFT has started. This paper reports on the conceptual design of the ICRF system for CFETR; it describes the potential of heating schemes, and describes the design activities of the high-power RF sources, transmission lines and ITER-type antenna. The status of the R&D for key CFETR ICRF system components is presented, and the strategy to test the system in the Comprehensive Research Facility for Fusion Technology (CRAFT) is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static VAr compensators (SVCs) are one of the types of FACTs devices which can control the transmission line voltages. A SVC generally regulates and controls voltage to the required set point under the normal steady-state conditions as well as abnormal conditions. In addition, a SVC can also reduce losses, increase transfer capability and maintain a constant voltage. The stepped distance protection is used for the protection of long transmission line. The distance relay continuously measured the impedance of transmission line in terms of distance. The apparent impedance measured by the distance relay is also affected due to presence of static VAr compensator. This paper represents the modeling and simulation analysis of stepped distance protection along with static VAr compensator. A detailed model of SVC is proposed which is integrated into 230kV and 300km long transmission line system. Simulation results show the effect of SVC on stepped distance protection operation during the different kind of abnormal condition. In this paper represents the impact of SVC on relay load ability limit; the setting of SVC control parameter and mode of operation for SVC is taken in to consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In power systems the voltage fluctuations are caused by the loading types, impedance of transmission lines and due to single-phase loads are unevenly distributed. This case becomes severe due to the reverse current flow of the DG system in micro grid systems. In this paper a methodology of cooperative control between the D-statcoms that is the voltage fluctuations are reduced in DG systems by controlling the D-statcoms. The DG systems' control is noticed by a PID controller for two different DG systems and a prototype of hardware was also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transmission line is a vital backbone for electrical power delivery. Most of the electrical transmission in Java and Bali, Indonesia is dominated by a 150kV transmission line network. Java and Bali are considered volcanic islands, so the number of lightning strokes to the transmission line is more than two million every year. It was recorded that negative lightning stroke was dominated 93.03% of the lightning faults and positive lightning stroke took 6.97% of faults. A fault caused by direct lightning stroke to tower transmission may cause an electrical shutdown, so it is interesting to make an estimation of voltage breakdown at insulation string installed on the tower as lightning hits the ground wire on the top of the tower. This paper proposes the use of a tower model adapting the insulator string model attached to the surge impedance of tower transmission. The implementation of several different lightning waveforms to hits the tower model during simulation is aimed to calculate the maximum amplitude of voltage along the insulator string. If the voltage peak is above the critical flashover voltage of the insulator, then back flashover occurs and initiates the ground fault. The results and analysis of breakdown voltage obtained from this work give significant information to improve the performance of insulation string at electrical tower transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country with the highest lightning density in the world. Lightning strikes are the highest cause of failure in transmission lines which will interrupt the availability of electricity. PLN as an asset owner and manager of transmission lines wants to make sure the reliability of its assets from any disturbances. To minimize the impact of lightning strikes on the transmission line, PLN utilizes data from the lightning detection system installed since 2017 to support the planning and operational processes. To improve the performance of transmission lines against lightning strikes, several mitigation options are implemented in the field such as installation of separated ground wire on towers, installation of transmission lightning arresters, and installation of active air terminals. The performance of each options was known by comparing their successful rate in protecting the transmission line. Each options used gives varying results with an average successful rate above 96% as shown in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country with the highest lightning density in the world. Lightning strikes are the highest cause of failure in transmission lines which will interrupt the availability of electricity. PLN as an asset owner and manager of transmission lines wants to make sure the reliability of its assets from any disturbances. To minimize the impact of lightning strikes on the transmission line, PLN utilizes data from the lightning detection system installed since 2017 to support the planning and operational processes. To improve the performance of transmission lines against lightning strikes, several mitigation options are implemented in the field such as installation of separated ground wire on towers, installation of transmission lightning arresters, and installation of active air terminals. The performance of each options was known by comparing their successful rate in protecting the transmission line. Each options used gives varying results with an average successful rate above 96% as shown in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing modes of the modern power system on active power is a complex problem of nonlinear mathematical programming. Despite the existence of many methods and algorithms for solving this problem, the issues of their improvement in the direction of correctly taking into account the factors that affect the regime remains an important problem. One of such factors is functional inequality constraints. The paper presents a new algorithm for optimising the modes of power system, taking into account losses in networks and functional constraints in the form of inequalities on power flows of controlled power transmission lines (PTL). A characteristic feature of the algorithm is taking into account the losses in branches by transferring them to the nodes of the electrical network. The algorithm's efficiency is investigated by the example of optimization of the mode of a complex electric power system with four thermal power plants participating in the optimization, ten PTL, in two of which the active power flows are controlled. In this case, the power flows in the controlled lines are determined by linearized formulas using the power distribution coefficients of the nodes. The economic effect on the total fuel consumption due to the use of the proposed algorithm is 0.45%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electronic systems where the input is directly connected to AC power lines, prevention of electric shock hazards is important. One way to prevent electric shock can be done by isolating the input part of the electric grid inductively. Information from outside enters the system input by detecting changes in magnetic flux. The purpose of this research is the use of magnetic flux as a digital input signal in a system that is directly connected to the power grid, the application of an Owen bridge to improve the performance and interfacing to the microcontroller system. In this paper we will discuss how information is transmitted through changes in magnetic flux and the application of Owen bridges and differential amplifiers to detect electric currents caused by flux changes. The system developed is a development of an existing remote on-off switch circuit using an adapter transformer for isolation from AC power lines and flux change detection. The research was conducted in a simulation using the LTspice XVII freeware software from Analog Devices, Inc. The use of Owen bridges and differential amplifiers can improve system performance by decreasing the primary coil current ILp1_max = 161mA to 3mA and power dissipation Rdrop which is smaller from 1.3W to 0.46W. In addition to the primary coil current being smaller, the change in primary current ILp1 that the circuit can detect is smaller, from ILp1 = 7mA to 0.1mA or 70 times smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]