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In order to enhance the efficiency of the photovoltaic module, a sun concentration and cooling technique is being used in this research. Standard polycrystalline photovoltaic module, photovoltaic module with active cooling system as well as concentrated photovoltaic (C-PV module) and a cooling C-PV system were used in the experiments. On the 5th and 6th of November, the experiments were carried out in Baghdad, Iraq. The photovoltaic panel's frontal water flow serves as the cooling system using evaporative cooling. When compared to a standard PV module, the average power output and maximum power output from the C-PV system is increased by 23.6% and 28.3%. Furthermore, the C-PV system and the C-PV system with cooling technique have an average increase in electrical efficiency of 7 percent and 9 percent, respectively. In comparison to the other three configurations, the C-PV with the cooling system produced significantly more energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic Panel (PV) is one of the widely technologies that conversion the solar energy into direct – current (DC) in the present time. However, increase of panel temperature has a bad effect on the PV outcomes and major obstacle in widespread use, especially in the hot – dry climate. In this study, propose a new arrangement for accelerates the air-cooler motion behind the PV panel surface has introduced and investigated experimentally. Several containers of the air slot channels had fabricated and covered the back surface of PV panel. The test occurred in spring and summer season under varies outside environment climate conditions in terms of solar radiation and ambient temperatures. The investigation conducted in the city of Baghdad; it has longitude 44o and latitude 33o with a PV Panel angle of inclination 30o to the south. The experimental result appeared that, covered the free back surface of PV panel by slot platform helps to controller the panel temperature and maintain distribution of inlet air-cooling to cover PV back surface Panel as more orderly. The test showed that maximum PV panel performance achievement when enter the air-cooling from three direction and the slot platform have an air guided design as a nozzle shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The axial forces' effect on the rotating shaft's performance is often harmful. So, this work is proposed to reduce their impact by using active thrust magnetic bearing for the Gas Turbine Model (ME9001) used in the power plant of south Baghdad station. The sub-optimal design was studied in this research to identify the ideal bearing dimensions in the suggested application. The genetic algorithm (GA) optimization approach with multi-objectives is used as part of the design process. Some of the results that had been reached were the current optimum design of TAMB (thrust active magnetic bearing), a shaft clearance radius of 3mm, and the operating gap varies from 0.5mm to 0.8 mm with a thrust force of 400KN. The saturation flux density of the saturated pure iron is approximately 2.3 Tesla, and the best straight part is from 0 to 1.5 Tesla. It was noticed that the value of flux density in the stator after optimization is approximately (1.7) Tesla, which does not exceed the saturation limit for pure iron flux density, which proves the validity of the design. The current density of the TAMB coil after optimization is approximately (2 A/mm2), which does not exceed the saturation limit. That proves the design validity and reduces the power loss of the TAMB coil. Also, the thrust collar thickness (disk) can be smaller than the back wall thickness of the actuator because the flux density in the back wall will reduce after passing from the actuator to the thrust collar through an air gap, and that gives the advantage in minimizing the thrust collar weight as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 60 specimens, it was collected from Baghdad city hospitals during the period from August 2021 to June 2022. These clinical samples included: burn and wound swabs. collected these samples from Baghdad Hospital/Teaching Laboratories and Yarmouk Hospital/Teaching Laboratories. isolation forty-five of Proteus mirabilis characterized by morphological and microscopic characteristics, biochemical and confirmatory vitak 2 system, determination Proteus mirabilis infection according to age groups By Vitak system, the highest percentages of infection of wound [seventeen cases] was detected among the patients of the 1st g (10-30 yr.), after that 2nd g (31-51yr.) [fifteen cases], while the lowest percentages [one case] was seen in the 3rd group. By Vitak system, 2nd g (31-51yr.), showed the highest percentages of infection in burns [six cases] compared to the patients of the 1st g (10-30yr.) [four cases], while the lowest percentages were seen in the patients of the 3rd g [two cases]. All Proteus isolates were found to be sensitive to the Meropenem. But were 100% resistance property to piperacillin and tetracycline; resistance 90% to cefepime, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin; 70% or less resistance for levofloxacin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumocystis jirovecii is implicated in the pathogenesis of Pneumocystis pneumonia. It is notoriously difficult to cultivate. Therefore, the present study aimed to estimate three conventional methods for its detection compared to the immunofluorescence technique among patients with febrile neutropenia to find an ideal, sensitive, easy, and accurate method for this pathogen diagnosis. In this study, 75 induced sputum samples were taken from inpatients with hematological malignancies and febrile neutropenia in Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period from October 2022 to January 2023. Toluidine-Blue O stain, Gomori methenamine silver stain, and Giemsa stain were used and compared with an immunofluorescence technique as a standard test for Pneumocystis jirovecii detection. Both the Gomori methenamine silver stain and the Toluidine-Blue O stain had high specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 100%, whereas the Toluidine-Blue O stain showed high specificity of 100% but low sensitivity of 57%. On the other hand, although the specificity was high at 90% for the Giemsa staining method, it was considered inaccurate, useless, and ineffective because of its low sensitivity, which was 42.9%, and its relatively low accuracy, which was 81.3%. The Toluidine-Blue O stain and Giemsa stain method required highly experienced technicians and were not accurate and sensitive enough. Gomori methenamine silver staining was also considered one of the best methods statistically compared to the immunofluorescence technique, but it was not the ideal or standard method for identifying the pathogen, especially since pulmonary cysts are severe and patients are immunocompromised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local office buildings suffer from many administrative and organizational obstacles, in addition to the design obstacles, which led to the difficulty of internal movement for occupants and visitors alike, and thus intense density and crowding among them. The common workspaces represent the most crowded and dense spaces within the office buildings in the local reality. Three samples from local office buildings that were selected in Baghdad, Iraq, represent the densest buildings, especially in the transactional spaces that represent (common workspaces). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to ascertain the nature of the problem within those spaces by programming the space occupancy and measuring the variance rate between the occupancy density calculated within the standards/codes, and the occupancy density calculated from the count of the occupants observed via the survey, and automation of the extracted data using Excel macro software. The extracted variance rate is adopted as a recommendation and specific information to be used in the space programming phase of the current buildings (after conducting the evaluation process) and future buildings to achieve agreement between spatial density (space size) and social density (number of occupants and visitors). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general objective of the research is to better understand changes in land cover and their impact on climatic factors by measuring changes in land cover for the Baghdad city for the period 1999-2021 and evaluating changes in land cover and measuring changes in climatic factors (relative humidity and evaporation). This study from 1999 to 2021 and in two different seasons: the April of the growing season and August the dry season. When using the supervised classification method to determine the differences, the results showed remarkable changes, the study showed the spatial variations in LC from 1999 to 2021 as follows: increase in the vegetation and water bodies during April and decrease this in August while the soil and built up decrease in April and increase this in August. As for the influence of climatic factors, an increase in relative humidity during 1999 and 2021 for April, while it decreased during the years 1999 and 2021 for August. While evaporation decreases during 1999 and 2021 for April and increases during 1999 and 2021 for August. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy, both thermal and photovoltaic, is one of the most important renewable energy sources on the planet. To increase the output power of solar collectors, V-trough reflector systems were built. The experiment was conducted in Baghdad. When the cavity angle was set to 30o, the study discovered that the solar reflector system increased output power by increasing the maximum circuit current as the solar modules were exposed to more incident solar radiation from space at solar noon, the average output power gain was greater than 10.05 percent when compared to a reference module, and the photovoltaic panel's maximum and average efficiencies with both side reflectors were 10.75 percent and 9.78 percent, respectively. As illustrated here, V-Trough reflector systems combined with solar module systems have an advantageous lower cost ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to develop and analyze the performance of a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system placed in Baghdad, Iraq. The installed 60kWp system is made up of 160 modules, each of which contains a 370W Si-mono type and two units of 33.3kW DC/AC inverter. PVsyst software was used to build and simulate the performance study of the planned PV power plant. For the examined system, simulation results are produced for the day, month, and year. The energy produced by the PV system and the energy delivered into the grid are highest in July, August, and September and lowest in December. The performance ratio, reference yield, total production energy, and total energy injected to the grid are 84.8%, 5.506 kWh/m².day, 103.5 MWh, 102.2MWh, respectively. The proposed PV system plant was compared with that installed different world location. The results found the proposed PV system has higher efficiency 18.23 %, low array losses 13% and low inverter losses 1.3 %. Finally, the use of Si-poly PV modules can improve the system efficiency and then increase the energy injected to the utility grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aimed at providing deep investigation and understanding of the behavior of column base connections between steel and concrete columns. Approach: The methodology included selecting of a multi-story building in the capital city of Iraq, Baghdad. Numerical analysis through ETABS was adopted for calculating the performance of the building under dead, live, and lateral loads (earthquake and wind loads). Then the reactions at the critical connections were checked through RAM Connection. Practical implications: Due to the rapid increase in population and demand for larger occupying buildings, upgrading of existing buildings approved to be an economic solution instead of demolishing existing buildings. In Iraq, it became a popular way to upgrade and enlarge an old existing building by adding new steel floors above it. Findings: The analysis results showed that columns base connections were the critical elements impacting the performance of the structure, indicated by greatest deformations occurring at the slope sides of the buildings. From the analysis of the connections, it was thoroughly indicated the importance of the geometry of connections for sustaining the applied loads with significant impacted component of the connections being the base plates and the anchor bolts. Modelling of the connections in ABAQUS showed the accurate validation of the RAM Connection results. Limitations: This research is only focused on critical base connections which were considered as the most impacting joints between reinforced concrete and steel frames. Value: The column base connection type is normally being used for the connection between steel columns and concrete foundation with barely no investigation has been conducted for their use to connect steel columns to concrete columns, or new steel columns to old existing concrete columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in perspective, illumination, occlusion, motion blur, and weatherworn degeneration of signs could all be crucial in identifying road signs. The goal of this research is to evaluate the image processing technique's performance in detecting and recognizing road signs, as well as determine the optimum threshold value range for doing so. The Speed Up Robust Features (SURF) detector was tested in the current work to detect and recognize road signs through Bagdad's streets under various speeds and threshold values. The importance of the threshold's value was highlighted here to occupy an accurate detection and hence recognize road signs at final. The optimum threshold value for best detection resulted usually in the range (20-25) for all speed signs except for the cross sign. The latter recorded its highest precision value at the five threshold values. On the other side, the highest precision value (i.e. 0.86, 0.76, and 0.059) resulted for speed sign 60 followed by 40 and 80-speed signs respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research deals with analyze the performance of Photovoltaic (PV) module using simulation and experimental studies. Firstly, the simulation study is destined to analyze the electrical output characteristics of polycrystalline PV module under the effect of module temperature and solar irradiance using PVsyst software. While the experimental test is investigated by Solar PV tester model (SEAWARD PV200) to measure the output electrical characteristics of PV module under the effect of real conditions of Baghdad city-Iraq. Generally, the Current-Voltage (I-V) and Power-Voltage (P-V) curves are represented as an indices to analyze the performance of PV module. The simulation study concluded that the output power of PV module decreases from (165.1 W to 30.5 W) when the solar irradiance drops from (1000 to 200 W/m²) at constant temperature (25 °C). Furthermore, the output power decrease to (147.3 W) when the module temperature increases from (25 °C) to (50 °C) at constant solar irradiance (1000 W/m²). The experimental study showed that the maximum power of PV was measured a maximum value about (129.8 W) at solar irradiance (950 W/m²) and PV temperature (45 °C) with deviation about (21.38%) from the peak power at Standard Test Conditions (STCs). In addition, the minimum output power was recorded about (73 W) at (500 W/m²) and PV temperature (28 °C) with deviation about (55.7%). The simulation and experimental data were compared for three levels of solar radiation and PV temperature, it was appeared that the maximum relative error of maximum power was recoded about (10.24%) at (950 W/m²) and (45 °C). while the maximum relative error of maximum power was recoded about (8.31%) at (500 W/m²) and (28 °C). in additional, the maximum efficiency was recorded (16.53%) when the values of solar irradiance and module temperature at STCs. Then, the efficiency was beginning to decrease with increasing the temperature. Where, the minimum efficiency was recorded (14.75%) at the module temperature (50 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep apnea obstruction (OSA) is a sleep condition that involves multiple physical upper-airway anomalies. Most cases of sleep apnoea are not identified at sleep laboratories due to limited funding and limits to the practicality of over-the-counter polysomnography (PSG). Thus, unfortunately, there are few studies on the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in Iraq, because it is not recognised as a major community health problem, with many people considering it a simple personal issue. This research study aimed to test the efficacy and applicability of various machine learning techniques based on sleep analysis and demographic information in terms of detecting and classifying OSA severity in Iraqi individuals, dividing cases into mild, moderate, and severe groups by analysing respiratory events using an expert system. The challenge of accurately identifying OSA illnesses using an expert system based on respiratory events was thus investigated in this study. The database for this study was constructed from data for 83 individuals (20 control subjects and 63 OSA patients), collected from an all-night sleep study using a polysomnography device at a specialised sleep clinic in Baghdad. The 63 OSA patients were then divided into three groups according to the degree of severity of their apnoea, which was assessed as mild, moderate, or severe. The proposed approach demonstrated acceptable results with regard to accurately diagnosing and classifying OSA cases based on respiratory events as compared to related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines energy sharing in the context of imbalance between power generation and demand, and the need for better load handling, particularly in light of a growing population. Load interruption is pivotal, as this offers a rapid solution to unbalanced conditions, helping prevent grid breakdown and increasing reliability; however, its enforcement can be otherwise harmful, as classical load reduction techniques can lead to over or under reduction of the load in the electrical grid. In reality, most distribution feeders switch off in such systems without consideration of their priorities and the system may thus not perform as anticipated. In this research, a logarithmic reduction strategy is therefore suggested to lower loads based on both priorities and daily performance. A Tunning Factor Reduction Matrix was scaled based on the size of the grid, with higher priority demands fed with a reliable power source and power reduction restricted to lower priority demands. Using MATLAB software and an Excel spreadsheet, this study thus clarified the proposed optimisation technique using a differential evolution algorithm, which is applied to minimise the error with regard to the amount of load reduction required and the actual load reduction in electric power systems. The proposed algorithm was also tested on a practical data system sample provided by the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity and the control centre of the Iraqi national grid in Baghdad, verifying its use with regard to practical data systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the behavior of buildings located in Baghdad – Iraq, under the influence of seismic using local and international codes to analyze and compare and study this difference in the buildings. After researching and studying the existing structures in the city (high-rise) in densely populated areas (Al-Kadhimiya, and others), which began to expand its buildings upwards, it became necessary to study and analyze these buildings in general. Twenty models (Two different heights and three types of structural systems) were studied. Codes were used for analysis (Uniform Building Code 1997, ASCE 7-2010, Iraqi Seismic Code 1997, Iraqi Seismic Code 2017, and Iraqi Seismic Code 2017 edition 2019), where cooperation was made with a research team that created a modern seismic map based on seismic data extending from the year (1900 - 2020), including the Iraq-Iran border earthquake (7.6 Mw) and the Halabja earthquake (7.3 Mw). Construction system (columns, columns with shear walls, fully shear walls) came from research and study of the city and the types of construction systems used in it, with a height difference, once for 55 m with fifteen floors, and once for a building of 73 m with twenty floors. The results (Base Shear, Displacement, Drift) indicated a large difference between (Uniform Building Code 1997) which ranked the highest, and the last Iraqi code (2019 edition); the lowest position was occupied by the Iraqi code 1997, with a minimal difference between it and the 2017 edition of 2019, while 2017 was high and very close to UBC1997 and the top leaders in the results, The reason for the discrepancy in the results in the Iraqi code is due to the lack of unification and adoption of an official seismic catalog until 2017. The ETABS program (V17.2.0) analyzed and studied the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wet air oxidation considers a proper solution for the treatment of industrial wastewater with high organic and inorganic substances. The main feature of the process is oxidation using air or oxygen at elevated temperatures and pressure. In many cases, a catalyst is used to enhance the oxidation process and reduce power consumption. In this research, a rich hydrocarbons wastewater produced from Al-Rasheed power plant, Baghdad- Iraq, was used as a wastewater source. The wet air oxidation process (WAO) was controlled by many parameters such as initial wastewater concentration, reaction temperature, catalyst dosage and reaction time. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was selected to be an indicator of the treatment behavior. It appears that temperature is an effective operation parameter, oxidation of waste improved from 28% to 79% when temperature increased from 90 °C to 120 °C. Moreover, the oxidation process was limited after 120 min. For the first 30 min, COD was reduced from 1200 to 541 mg. L−1 and after 60 min COD reached 324 mg. L−1. The oxidation rate was limited during the second hour, in which, removal rate changed from 73% to 80% at the end of the experiment. Also, It has been observed that COD conversions are affected by the feed concentration of wastewater and CuSo4 catalyst. High degrees of conversion (>85%) can be achieved by increasing catalyst dosage. In contrast, increasing initial waste concentration reduced removal from 82% to 58%. The WAO conducted in a bubble reactor can be a promising alternative for the destruction of certain rich hydrocarbon pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfall is one of the temporally changing climatic elements of the regions themselves, where they are few for a certain period or severe. Therefore, scientists and researchers interested in studying its prediction. In this study Gumbel method (one of the widely used for extreme values in meteorological studies for predictions) is used to calculate the return period of 24-hours maximum rainfall for selected areas of Iraq, period (2007-2019). The results show for the all period of study where (R5,R10,R25) are prediction period (5,10,25)years Consecutively, maximum rainfall during 24-h for the next five years, not to exceed (65 mm) in all stations while next 25 years the most sever in all stations reach (100 mm) in Baghdad. To determine the effect of severe rainfall values on the prediction of the return period, The same calculations were made without very severe rainfall values for each station resented Ra, Return Period without very tow severe rainfall values resented Rb. By comparing the results of the three cases (R,Ra and Rb) The stations (Baghdad, Khanaqin, Karbala, Nasiryia, Kirkuk and Mosul) R5 decries about (10-5)mm and Rb decries (20-4)mm. while stations (Rutba, Hay, Basra and Diwaniya) R5 decries about (5-1)mm and Rb decries (10-2)mm. Return period R10 and R25 for 24-hours maximum rainfall decreases (20) mm, but not at all stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a design procedure and manufacturing of a small hybrid solar-wind turbine type Savonius vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) compensated with PV panel. The design of Savonius wind turbine (SWT) depend on modified blade shape model according to site condition in Baghdad city with wind speed 3 m/s. The sizing of photovoltaic (PV) system depends on required load (400 W) for lighting. PV panel tilt angle optimized according to Baghdad city location at (latitude 33°20′). Mathematical models were programmed by MATLAB to predict the solar energy incident on the surface all day of the year at angles from (0-90o). The monthly optimum tilt angle can vary significantly during the year between 18o at summer to 65o at winter seasons. The wind turbine can provide 10%-25% from total clean energy especially at cloudy or dusty days with received low solar radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows investigate and analyzed of theoretical and experimental performance of photovoltaic (PV) module under harsh weather conditions of Iraq. The investigation was performed in Baghdad because the weather climate change recently was noticeable and the shortage of electricity supplied from the national grid. The theoretical analysis addressed the parameters, analysis, and characteristics of the PV module were performed by MATLAB emulation software. Open-circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), output power (Poutput) characteristics, and PV module efficiency have been verified from the simulation model of the PV module. These characteristics have been experimentally investigated in order to validate the emulation outcomes. There are a good conformity between emulation and experimental results at different solar radiation and cell temperature weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on children with diarrhea, 45male patients and 32 female in Iraq\Baghdad, child who have been visiting and resting at Kadhimiya-Children's-Hospital, Children's-Hospital in the City-of-Medicine, the City-of-Imams-Kadhimin-Al Salam-Medical, Zafaraniya-General-Hospital, and some Health-Centers. The data gathered in the period from the start of January to the end of April 2018, from the age of days to two years. The research aims to present a clear idea of diarrhea sufferers with sides of sex and age workforce and to examine the various kinds of bacteria that cause diarrhea in youngsters. The result of this research illustrated that diarrhea is larger relatively in males, the place it was 58.44%, while females 41.45% of the entire of 77 patients. Escherichia-coli utilized to be 66.23%, Shigella utilized to be 15.58%, Salmonella was 6.49%, Streptococcus-Fecalise utilized to be 6.49%, and Enterobacter utilized to be5.19%. In this research, the criteria that performed crucial role in E. coli infection have been recognized. This research focused on a pathogen rather than on the most common pathogens among children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is a keratinized skin fungus that causes diseases in animals, especially Cat and Dog. It is able to infected human causes Tinea capitis and Tinea corporis. The aim of this study is to isolate the dermatophytes fungi Microsporum canis and determine its frequency in cats and dogs in Baghdad / Iraq. A total of eighty hair and skin scrapings from cats (40) and dogs (40) were collected. For the culture; Saboruad dextrose agar was used. The Sex, Age, and Anatomical lesion of affected animals were taken into consideration. Cats have a prevailing isolation rate of 11/40 (27.5%). Female cats and dogs showed more frequently isolated rate at (4/7) 57.1% and (7/11) 63.63% respectively. Dogs and cat less than one year old had more M. canis Isolation rate at (4/7) 57.1% and (6/11) 54.54% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the performance of the milling process in light of various operational factors. Including the effect of moisture on the flow balance of the Dura Mill for flour, this suffers from the problem of the mismatch of the total quantities of grain flowing from the silos during a period of 24 hours with the designed energy. The practical aspect was based on the study of the grain flow balancer, which consists of an electronic circuit consisting of a load cell in addition to a digital indicator and an electric motor. The practical results obtained under the weather conditions of the city of Baghdad showed that the reading of the primary grain humidifier that operates electronically proves its accuracy and accuracy up to 98%. The results from the practical part proved that the grain flow is constant, but the humidity when it is fixed to (12.5, 14) % to allow wetting by adding (2.5, 1) L / h of water to get a final humidity of 15% as batches were moistened. Separate up to a content of 16% by adding water moisture levels are set at (6.8, 7.4) % for the raw grains, but in case the moisture of the raw grains rises, the device reduces the amount of water added, in addition to that, if the amount of grain flow changes, the device reduces The amount of water in order to stabilize the required moisture value is 14%. From results we noticed that the highest. The results shows that the highest flow rate were in day (23 Dec. 2021) at 10:30, while the higher amount of water gained were in day (12 Feb. 2022) which was 1530. The deviation rate for the total quantities withdrawn from the silo after 8 hours was 0.9%. In this study, two cultivars of local soft wheat and five cultivars of imported wheat were rehydrated, and their most important characteristics were determined by using a 24-hour rest period to moisten the soft wheat to the moisture content (16 and 17%). While the results showed decreasing the extraction rates of wheat and significant decreases in the flour moisture, and brightness of flour with increasing wheat final moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method of solar-thermal conversion that shows promise is the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC). It can generate hot water at a modest performance level, according to a previous model. By modifying and managing the system's thermal performance, this research intends to create a PTC system with new features. The preliminary model, which used four copper pipes instead of one to gain more heat from the sun and was covered in insulation material to prevent heat loss while the water pipes were being transported, was still in its infancy. The model was evaluated for a range of solar radiation of 300,400,500,600,780 W/m2 and water mass flow rates of 0.00305, 0.0055, and 0.0082 kg/s outside (directly facing the sun). The parameters. given were measured throughout. the day under the climate of Baghdad city in 33˚ direct to the sun. Thermal insulators are also employed. The back surface of the reflector. is insulated with Armaflex insulation. The results indicated that.the maximum thermal efficiency was 63.2 % at 780 W/m2 solar. radiation and 0.00825 kg/s mass flow rate. and the higher temperature. difference was measured 45˚ at minimum mass. flow rate 0.00305 kg/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glycoprotein Osteopontin (OSP) has been detected in various cell types in both human and animal organisms, including skeletal, immune, smooth muscle, epithelial, and endothelial cells. Moreover, Osteopontin has been acknowledged in the renal system, particularly in the dense ascending limbs of the Henle loop and distal nephrons, as well as in urine. Protein plays a crucial role in both bone mineralization and bone resorption processes. Osteopontin also plays a role in regulating processes outside of its primary function, including immunity and inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Plasma Osteopontin levels were correlated with Diabetic Nephropathy Progression in this study. Ninety patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy served as the study's sample, and a control group of thirty people served as a comparison. Participants were sought out and enrolled in the study from the Iraqi cities of Baghdad and Maysan. Participants' urine was collected for analysis of protein concentration in the urine. Serum creatinine (s-Cr), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated haemoglobin A1c (Hba1c), and serum osteopontin were also measured from the collected blood and serum samples. Stage 2 (microalbuminuric) patients had significantly lower Osteopontin levels compared to controls (P<0.001), and stage 3 (macroalbuminuric) patients had significantly higher Osteopontin levels compared to controls (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference in Osteopontin levels between those with stages 2 and 3 of diabetic nephropathy (p=0.032). These results show that the levels of Osteopontin in the blood rose steadily throughout the progression of diabetic kidney disease, reaching a peak in the macroalbuminuric group. An increase in plasma Osteopontin levels was associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy, according to the study results, it seems likely that measuring Osteopontin plasma concentration can be a useful diagnostic biomarker for estimating the severity of diabetic nephropathy and its long-term prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land surface temperature (LST) is an importantinfluencer on many types of land cover like vegetation, surface water, soil etc., so constant and accurate mapping of LST is important for the understanding of different land cover types. using satellite imagery taken from Landsat 8 TIRS sensor, and by the method of a single window algorithm (SWT) the LST will be mapped for southern region of the province of Baghdad, Iraq. because of LST changing depending on the type of land cover it is measured from;it'sproposed that using satellite imagery to measure LST provides a larger more comprehensive view of LST in a region and is more accessible and cost-efficient than the use of ground stations to measure LST. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important thinks is to study in our research the evaluates a bromide ion concentrations and then determines the values of the total organic carbon(TOC) and what is expected to be of the tri halo methane compounds (THMs) to stand and a range of displacement towards the brominated compounds that causes cancerous diseases,For this we collected sample by the plastic cans (one-liter), taken from the Karkh water treatment project in Baghdad city thru the period from April until October (seven months), when we have covered all the seasons. The values of bromide ranged between (0.305 - 0.460) mg I L of surface water, which is high compared to the specified and internationally and locally permissible values of 0.03 mg I L. The bromated ion(BrO3-) value expected from ozone sterilization was between 0.49-0.73 mg I L which is also high compared to the specified and internationally and locally permissible values of 0.01 mgIL.The values of the total organic carbon ranged between (1.5-1.9) mg IL for surface water, the tri halo methane(THM) value expected and they are within the specified and internationally permitted values according to the Iraqi specifications 417 for the year 2004 which are 0.15 mgIL, the relationship between the bromide ion values and the predicted bromates was statistically studied, and there was a significant correlation between them according to the Pearson Statistical Equation. This means the synthesis of side compounds that cause cancerous diseases due to the reactions of the bromide ion with the sterilization materials. Therefore, the proportions of the bromide ion must be reduced to the surface water before proceeding to sterilization operations to avoid the ironing of the aforementioned toxic compounds [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calendula officinalis L. is Mediterranean plant known for its clinical and medicinal application. It is yellow to orange flower grown up in spring usually. Two different extracts were obtained from the leaves of this plant, polar (methanolic) and non-polar (hexanic). GC-MS analysis for these extracts results of total 27 components. Fifteen of them were in methanolic extract with the superior of n-hexadecanoic acid and oleic acid at the percentage of 32.22 and 31.48 %, respectively. Also, hexanic extract showed twelve different compounds with the majority of n-hexanoic acid and cis- vaccenic acid at the percentage of 35.38 and 20.15 %, respectively. Phytochemical study of this plant exhibited the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. In addition, glandular multicellular multiseriate stalk trichomes and anomocytic stomata were depicted in fresh leaves microscopical analysis. While the analysis of dry leaves revealed the presence of stone cell, fiber, starch, and pitting vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world has increased its interest in the various pollutants of the environment that have a direct and indirect impact on human life, and affect the land cover as a result of various human activities. Of the rest, which is 23 years, enough for decomposition in the soil and transmitted directly to humans or indirectly by absorbing broad-leaved vegetables from the soil and then humans. The purpose of the research is to measure the concentration of radioactive hazards of the most dangerous lead isotopes in the soil by taking samples and analyzing them using remote sensing technology and geographic information systems. The city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, was chosen as the study area due to the concentrations of human density and various activities in industries, and the increasing number of infections with malignant diseases such as cancers and malignant tumors, which formed a phenomenon that predicted the dangers surrounding the population. Forty-eight soil samples were taken from different areas in Baghdad (industrial, agricultural, residential communities, types of international, public and secondary transportation routes, factories for the production of batteries and plumbing in their areas). The samples were analyzed in university laboratories using crystallographic spectroscopy. The average concentrations of the radioactivity of the most important isotopes of lead, which is pb-214, were recorded. We received varying values of radioactivity concentrations, some of which exceeded the permissible global standard, and some were within the permissible. To determine the location of the samples with high accuracy, the Global Positioning System (GPS) was used, installing the samples as simulation points with Landsat satellite images (OLI), analyzing them and extracting soils and dense agricultural areas using the Spectral Indicator (SAVI), applying GIS tools, or determining the location of the samples with high accuracy. The effect of the distribution of heavy isotope Pb-214 in the Baghdad city area, predictive maps were produced using the interpolation technique and the identification of soil contaminated areas for Pb-214, which has an energy of 241 KeV, which is the cause of many malignant tumors that infect humans, the highest concentration was recorded at 180 Bq In Al-Waziriya neighborhood Battery Factory No1 and the lowest concentration at 40 Bq in location No 4, 15, and 45, which represents Dora-Expressway, Mansour-Street, Fuel-Express, Mahmoudiya-Road2.We believe that this study will contribute to avoiding areas with contaminated soils, protect residents and owners of activities, and be a source for decision-makers to develop appropriate solutions to reduce injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella in chicken was discovered in Baghdad. To identify Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella spp, and Salmonella Arizona, a PCR technique employing particular primers was devised. It was also utilized for the detection of the Salmonella at the genus and species levels in samples of broiler chicken. We validated this method through the analysis of DNA extract from 150 samples (chicken feces, feces swabs) collected from diarrheal broiler chicks from January to September (2021). From January to September (2021), this approach was confirmed by analyzing DNA extract from 150 samples (chicken feces, feces swabs) obtained from diarrheal broiler chicks. By utilizing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), we discovered the presence of (17) out of (150) Salmonella by percentage (11.3 percent), including 7 (41.1 percent) Salmonella enteritidis, 5 (29.4 percent) Salmonella typhimurium, 4.(23.5 percent) Salmonella spp., and 1 (5.8 percent) Salmonella Arizona. Trimethoprim, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Ceftriaxone were sensitive and resistant to Erythromycin and Tetracycline, but notably sensitive to Nitro Furantoin, according to antibiotic sensitivity tests done using the antibiotics disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical effects in the boiler of steam power plants are a very complex problem and dangerous because of unstable pressure in the upper drum boiler. This work deals with an experimental investigation of the drum water level system in (Al-Quds power plant) in Baghdad / Iraq to explain the dynamic behavior of the system under a given operating condition. Mathematical equations of the boiler model are solved. The rapid elevation in the heat input (mass flow rate of fuel) has a dynamic effect on the riser tubes properties in the natural water circulation tube in a steam power plant's boiler. These are typically calculated under increasing heat input by ratio 10% and 20% for upper drum parameters. The outcomes represented that the rapid rise in the fuel flow rate leads to increase rates of evaporation and consequently caused a high elevation in the quality and this causes tube overheating. The temperature of the riser rising above the saturation temperatures slightly because of the steam temperature altitude and the dynamic influence resulting from a sharp rise in the thermal flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity and overweight and the associated health problems became a global health concern. One of widely used approach for treatment of obesity is by natural pharmaceutical products including medicinal herbs and plants. The study aimedto determine the effects of a natural pharmaceutical product lipo-6® as a sliming product on Body Mass Index (BMI) and some biochemical parameters, namely, lipid profile Total protein and Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). A commercial slimming herbal product was purchased from the local community pharmacy in Bagdad, Iraq. Thirty healthy volunteers were assigned in to three groups. Group 1 and group were a treatment; whereas, group 3 was a control group given a placebo treatment. The treatment groups showed a significant difference in BMI, TP, HbA1C, HDL-C, TG and VLDL-C, compared to control groups. Cholesterol showed significant decrease in G1, G2 after treatment and compared with before treatment with Lipo 6® and compare with C1, HDL-C did not showed any significant difference in all groups except G1, which showed significant decrease after treatment with Lipo 6®. LDL-C showed significant decrease in G1, G2 after treatment with lipo6® compared with before treatment and compared with C1, while VLDL-C showed significant increase in G1, G2 after treatment compared with before and with C1, C2. The study concluded that the herbal pharmaceutical product Lipo 6® was effective for controlling body weight with a beneficial effects on blood lipid and glucose levels in obese people. The study is the first to measure the bio-effects of a commercial medicinal herbal combination available in the Iraqi market [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthy skin is an important layer that gives appearance and self-confidence. The skin is affected by internal and external factors that surrounding the body. The problem of skin diseases is considered as one of the widespread diseases. The occurrence of these diseases varies from place to place depending on the nature of climate, the culture of the people, and their economic condition. A cross-sectional study of skin diseases was conducted at the dermatology centre for outpatient clinic of Baghdad hospital. The study is based on 7555 patients of all ages who are attended to this hospital in order to determine the prevalence of skin diseases. The study shows that the most prevalence skin diseases were infectious diseases with recorded percentage (41.1%). Other reported skin diseases are: eczematous diseases (30.6%), psoriasis (19.7%), acne vulgaris (3.2%), urticaria (3.1%), vitiligo (1.9%), rosacea (0.3%), and skin cancer (0.1%). There were no significant differences between the results of infectious skin diseases in both males and females except for warts (P≤0.05). However, significant differences (P≤0.05; P≤0.01) were observed in the results for non-infectious skin diseases between the two genders except for atopic dermatitis. The lowest prevalence percentages of skin diseases were found in the children under six years (7%) and the elderly patients above sixty years (5.1) %. The highest percentage of (25.3%) was recorded with the age group (31-45). Infectious diseases recorded the highest percentage, followed by eczematous diseases and psoriasis. Most prevalent skin diseases were observed at ages between 20 and 45 years old, and the highest percentages of skin diseases at the same age duration were contact dermatitis and psoriasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure that people have access to safe drinking water, it is necessary to evaluate quality of the water produced in water treatment plants (WTPs) and to maintain high performance efficiency. This work aims at using a combined Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) and water quality index (WQI) to evaluate and characterize the water quality produced by eleven WTPs in Baghdad City and their efficiency during autumn 2019 to summer 2020. Nine water quality parameters (WQPs) including pH, turbidity (TUR.), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al) and total coliform (TC) were measured. A comparison of the WQPs levels of the treated water with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Iraqi Criteria and Standards of water's chemical limits (ICS) showed that all WQPs exceeded these guidelines except pH and NO3-. Due to the comparison, the water produced by the eleven WTPs was unsuitable for drinking. Based on result of the CPI classification, the Al-Sader, Al-Baldiat, and Al-Kadhimiya WTPs were slightly polluted, CPI(0.41-1.00) while the other WTPs were medium polluted, CPI (1.01-2.00). The water produced by the eleven WTPs was classified in terms of WQI values as poor (51-75) to very poor (76-100) for all WTPs during the study period except Al-Wathba, Al-Qadisya, Al-Dora and Al-Rasheed which are classified as Unsuitable for Drinking(WQI>100). In the current study, a new tool was introduced to evaluate the performance efficiency in terms of CPI and/or WQI values. Based on this tool, the efficiency of the eleven WTPs during the study period ranged from low to very low for the older WTPs to medium for the newer WTPs. This assures the necessity to undertake serious actions in monitoring the water treatment plants and in managing it properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute gastroenteritis is a common childhood illness that costs developing countries a lot of money. Children in developing countries are at a higher risk of morbidity and mortality than their counterparts in developed countries. Human enteric adenovirus causes acute diarrhea on a sporadic basis, as well as in outbreaks, also associated with persistent infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. The current research is an attempt to study the association of adenovirus F in the incidence of acute gastroenteritis of children younger than 5 years and to find out the rapid and accurate test to detect this virus. In this research, the stool samples gathered from children with acute gastroenteritis and control group in Baghdad city to evaluate the real-time PCR method with chromatography immunoassay test to detect enteric adenovirus as causative of diarrhea. The result showed that the adenovirus was detected in stool samples by using chromatographic immunoassay in 5(10%) of children with acute gastroenteritis, and 2(4%) of control group. while, the result of enteric adenovirus detection by RT-PCR exhibited the presence of 7(14%) samples positive of patients group, and 3(6%) samples positive of control group. The results of adenovirus detections showed that the sensitivity of RT-PCR was (100%) higher than the sensitivity of chromatography immunoassay method which was (70%). This study concluded that the real-time PCR method can be represents a reliable and accurate tool for identification and differentiation of viral etiology of acute gastroenteritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, annual patterns of aerosols and cloud parameters and their anomalies were examined during the period 2008-2017 for selected cities in Iraq. Specifically, Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba and Basrah. The results indicate that the north western and south western parts, which are the sources of the majority of dust storms in Iraq, have a high aerosol optical depth AOD and an aerosol index AI corresponding with low angstrom exponent AE. The AOD ranges from 0.25 to 0.35 in.Mosul, Baghdad, and Rutba and more than 0.4 in.Basrah. In Basrah, AI is around 2 and in Baghdad it is around 1.5. The value of AI in Mosul and Rutba is less than 1.25. AE ranges from 0.7 to 0.8 for Baghdad and Mosul, while it is 0.3 for Rutba, and around 0.6 for Basrah. The result also indicates that the patterns of cloud optical thickness COT, precipitation PPT are opposite to water vapor WV. COT, PPT have higher values in the northern areas and decreased towards the south, while the WV has a higher value in the southern areas and decreased towards the north. High CF values also concentrated in the upper mountain areas and decreased gradually towards the south areas. The northeast and southeast are characterized by the highest CER values, while the desert north west and southwest desert areas have the lowest CER. The four cities have nearly the same value of CER about 12. CF was around 0.35, 0.3, 0.23, and 0.25 for Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, and Basrah respectively. It is clear from the figure that Mosul recorded the highest value of COT, about 24, Rutba around 15, around 17 for Basrah, and Baghdad around 13. And PPT was around 375, 175, 110, and 125 for Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba and Basrah. WV was 1 for Mosul, 1.5 for Baghdad and Basrah, and around 1.02 for Rutba. The cloud parameters in general fluctuate between negative and positive values during most of the ten year period (2008-2017). Two dust storms that occurred over Iraq in early March 2011 and mid-April 2009 were analyzed to explore how thick sand and dust storms affect the properties of aerosols, clouds, water vapor, and precipitation. To study how accumulated precipitation during one month can affect the parameters of aerosols, clouds, and water vapor, two cases of severe precipitation were considered. In each case, parameters were analyzed during the month of the event and one month earlier and one month after the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a rotor of a small wind turbine is designed, manufactured and tested by the wind tunnel. This model is an effective design, it is self-starts and more energy can be produces at low wind speeds rather than other rotors now available. The type of proposed design is the standard die-casting aluminum multi-wing rotor sickle. It correlates the advantages of a self-starting rotor and reduces the disadvantages of composite material manufacturing. The performance limits and wind power curve are determined and approved the blades sickle type are suitable for low speed winds and generates up to 20% more static pressure than standard airfoil blade profiles. The blade design is 5-7% more efficient, which saving power. This project is performing under the support of CRDF GLOBAL grant to the Ministry of Science and Technology researchers/Iraq [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate Cancer (PC) is a worldwide common men's cancer. Osteopontin OPN is a sialoprotein that helps to reconstruct bone tissue, its overexpressed in malignant. OPN is a promising PC diagnostic biomarker. the current study sought to determine the relationship between OPN levels and other biomarkers such as sex hormones, lipid profile (LP) , and renal function test (RFT) in PC Iraqi patients. The study included 80 patients (ranging in age from 49 to 83 years) divided into four groups, each with twenty patients. The patients were classified according to disease stages by consulting medical professionals, while 40 apparently healthy participants served as controls (according to age with a range of 45 to 80 years). in the span of many months, January 2020 to April 2020, blood samples were collected from patients at Oncology Teaching Hospital in Medical City in Baghdad. parameters biochemical OPN, sex hormones (Testosterone, Progesterone, Estradiol, and Prolactin), Lipid Profile LP (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and VLDL), and RFT (Urea and Creatinine) levels were determined in patients and controls, and then a correlation between OPN levels and sex hormones, LP, and RFT biomarkers was established. the results of this study revealed a significant increase in OPN, sex hormones (Progesterone, Estradiol, and Prolactin), LP (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL), and RFT (Urea and Creatinine) levels, whereas testosterone hormone and HDL levels were significantly decrease in PC patients compared to controls, Correlation between OPN with sex hormones (Progesterone, Estradiol, and Prolactin), LP(Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL), and RFT (Urea and Creatinine) was positive. while it was negative with testosterone hormone and HDL. the study came to the conclusion that OPN has a strong association with Urea, LDL, and testosterone hormone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important factor in global climate change, vegetation growth, and glacier. Its impact will be more in monsoon area because of monsoon failure and uncertainty and unpredictable in rainfall. In this article we perform LST estimation using LST algorithm on Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) Sensor and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) dataset of Baghdad city for the period June 2021-2022. TIRS sensor exhibits two thermal Band 10 and 11. LST algorithm require brightness temperature value of both band 10 or 11 as well as land surface emissivity calculated from OLI bands (NIR and RED) for estimation of LST. However, the estimated emissivity values over few land use/land cover of Landsat-8 OLI have been compared with the literature values. The results show that the satellite derived emissivity values are in the acceptable range and the NDVI is effective in deriving surface emissivity. The derived surface temperature values are found to be in good agreement with the field measured values, indicating that the methodology can be adopted for the study over urban areas. As well as, these results shown that there is a thermal contrast in LST of June 2022 is higher than June 2021 by approximately 0.5 C°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as adsorbents in the removal of different pollutants from oil wastewater discharged from petroleum refineries. This paper aims to investigate the ability of NP type Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) to eliminate chemical oxygen demand (COD) from oily wastewater produced from an oil refinery plant located in Baghdad, Iraq. The work was carried out under the effect of the dosage of NPs (0.02–0.10 g), reaction time (5– 120 min), and mixing speed (100–250 rpm) using a batch-scale reactor. The experiments were designed to belong to the RSM-Central composite design statistical method. Minitab statistical program was performed to analyze the results and find the mathematical correlations and optimum values of the operational variables. Results reveal the treatability of this type of NPs to minimize COD concentration in discharged oily wastewater. The removal efficiency of COD reaches 99.58% at optimum values of 0.06 g, 64.24 min, and 174.24 rpm for NP dosage, reaction time, and stirring speed, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demulsifiers are very important additives in the oil industry due to their crucial role in solving the water – in – oil emulsions problem. Inventing new demulsifiers have gained a lot of researchers' attention; factors like efficiency, versatility, cost and safety were taken into consideration when preparing new demulsifiers.Recycling industrial waste materials has many great benefits economically and environmentally and in this research methyl methacrylate has been prepared from the depolymerization of Plexiglas wastes, Plexiglas is the trade name for poly methyl methacrylate sheets. The (DM) which refers to depolymerized methyl methacrylate was purified and tested by using many methods such as boiling point, infrared spectroscopy; refractive index and gas chromatography GC to determine its purity. Then the depolymerized methyl methacrylate was used in an oil demulsifier mixture in treating water in oil emulsions in crude oil and HFO which refers to heavy fuel oil. The crude oil samples were taken from Al – Hilla 2 power plant while the HFO samples were taken from the South Baghdad 2 power plant. In this research, the spectr oil test had been used after treating the crude oil to determine the demulsification process by measuring the Na and K salts concentration.The purity of the DM was 96.4% according to the GC test. The spectroil results showed that when the DM was used in a demulsifier mixture with water miscible chemicals and chemicals with sufficient solubilities like acrylic acid and butyl acrylate the best demulsification results were obtained (when using 30% wash water) for both crude oil and heavy fuel oil (HFO) with a demulsifier concentration ranging from (200 – 300) ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]