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Using the results of more than 20 different global models with a particular emphasis on two rapidly growing large countries (China and India), this paper discusses the cost estimation methods that are used in setting up information for organizing models and to illustrate their global applicability to China, Korea, Japan, India, Indonesia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, Africa, and the United States. Some clear points emerge from the intermodal comparison exercise. First, no single technology can play a leading role in global emission mitigation. Second, although participation of all the regions is important, regions where future demographic and economic growth is concentrated will share a large part of this burden. Third, different technologies are important for different regions for mitigating emissions in the most cost-effective way. Fourth, if stringent climate policy targets are to be met, then emission-reduction actions need to be undertaken as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although global warming is generally linked to increasing levels of carbon dioxide, there are many other gases produced from industrial, agricultural, and energy-generating sources that can also cause the Earth's temperature to rise. Individually these gases are not likely to make a significant contribution, but, taken together, it is believed that they can rival the effects of carbon dioxide. This paper reviews the current trends of the most abundant or the most effective of these non-CO2 greenhouse gases. Methane, nitrous oxide, and the major chlorofluorocarbons (F-11 and F-12) have been the most notable greenhouse gases other than CO2. Although these gases will continue to play a role in global warming, new compounds are likely to become increasingly important. These include the fluorocarbon replacement compounds in the hydrofluorocarbon and the hydrochlorofluorocarbon groups and gases that are nearly inert in the atmosphere, persisting for thousands of years, such as the perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate policy is often discussed as a lever with which to bring about climate-friendly technical innovation and diffusion. However, quantitative policy assessments routinely treat technological change as a factor that is independent of policy. Stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 cannot be achieved through marginal changes in the way we supply and use energy. The only path to stabilization of climate over the next century that is consistent with widely accepted population and economic-growth scenarios involves substantial decoupling of energy services from carbon emissions. The required rate of structural and technical change for such a goal has been experienced only in the wake of economic and resource crises and for periods of a decade or less. Historic rates of structural and technical change averaged over a century are far from adequate for stabilizing climate. In this paper, we review technical changes in the energy system and a few instances in which energy economic models have begun to include technical change as an endogenous feature of their assessments. Finally, we consider the implications of considering endogenous technical change for critical climate policy questions, such as the cost of control and the appropriate timing of the emissions mitigation effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]