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Paper conservators today face a growing preservation mandate that demands a comprehensive education. These remarks refer to the education of North American paper conservators. The path required to attain the necessary knowledge and skills to preserve works on paper has changed drastically over the past two generations starting with the establishment of graduate degree-granting programs and their dynamic and responsive curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a growing interest in the interaction in academic pedagogical settings, the role of texts in the actual interaction has not been systematically addressed. This article examines the practices and orientations through which written documents have a significant role in the openings of supervision encounters. We use videotaped recordings of supervision encounters and adopt conversation-analytical methodology to analyze the data. The analysis consists of two main foci: (i) the initial moments of the encounter prior to the actual supervisory activity, and (ii) the launching of the supervisory activity and the negotiation of what that activity will entail. We analyze the orientations toward the document as the necessary object of the joint activity and the prominent bodily orientation toward the papers during the initial moments of the encounter. Furthermore, when the participants move from the initial moments of the encounter toward the main activity, the paper document plays a major role in that interaction. In our conclusions, we summarize our observations as shared, implicit orientations related to the role of the document. These assumptions constitute the 'implicit pedagogy' of the supervisory encounter. We will discuss some of the consequences of this type of pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert den Wandel und die Neuerungen innerhalb der Germanistik der Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) anhand eines Abrisses über die lokalspezifischen Entwicklungslinien des Studiengangs seit den 1980er Jahren. In den späten 2000er und den aktuellen 2010er Jahren waren und sind die lokalen Entwicklungen stark von den Auswirkungen der 2008 ausgebrochenen Wirtschaftskrise geprägt, die Spanien mit besonderer Härte getroffen und durch die damit verbundenen Stellenstreichungen auch das aktuelle Unterrichtskonzept der Germanistik und des DaF-Unterrichts der UAB beeinflusst hat. Nach Erläuterungen zu diesem Unterrichtskonzept werden abschließend die Herausforderungen und Perspektiven im Bereich der künftigen instituts- und lokalspezifischen Curriculumplanung erläutert. This paper focusses the changes and innovations within the German program at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) by describing the program's local development trajectories from the 1980 s onward. Since the late 2000 s and the current 2010 s these development trajectories have been characterized by the effects of the economic crisis in 2008, which hit Spain drastically and has, due to staff cuts, also influenced the current German program's teaching concept. After a description of this concept this paper focusses on the challenges and prospects regarding the local curriculum design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Das Studium in Schweden und somit auch das Deutsch- bzw. Germanistik-Studium sieht eine Wissenschaftsorientierung von Beginn an in allen Bereichen der Lehre vor, d. h. auch in Lehrveranstaltung zu Sprachfertigkeit und zur Landeskunde der deutschsprachigen Länder. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zunächst diese spezifischen Hintergründe, um sich sodann mit der Frage auseinanderzusetzen, wie die Lehre der Landeskunde an schwedischen Universitäten stärker wissenschaftsorientiert gestaltet werden kann. Einblicke in Curricula und Unterrichtspraxis sowie Daten aus einem kürzlich abgeschlossenen Dissertationsprojekt verdeutlichen zudem das Potenzial kulturwissenschaftlich orientierter Landeskunde-Ansätze für eine explizite Wissenschaftsorientierung. In Sweden, university studies and hence also German Studies require research-based teaching on all levels. This even includes regular language courses and courses on Landeskunde, i.e. on culture, history and society. This paper describes the specific context of German Studies in Sweden and demonstrates how seminars on Landeskunde can be developed in an even more research-oriented way. By analysing existing curricula and specific teaching practices as well as by utilising results of a recently completed PhD project this paper delivers new insights into teaching German at Swedish universities and illustrate the learning potential of a cultural-studies-based concept of Landeskunde for research-oriented teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to a survey of the concept of time in the Book of Ben Sira. In addition to a short review of the position of different scholars on this subject, this paper will examine the occurrences of the term “time” in Ben Sira. What situational changes does Ben Sira indicate when he uses the word “time?” The paper will focus on the function of this term in the thought of the sage Ben Sira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Beitrag beschreibt den Prozess der Umstellung eines Deutschprogramms an einer japanischen Universität auf ein konsequent aufgabenbasiertes Curriculum. Es werden die Erfahrungen, Probleme und Ergebnisse dieser Veränderungen aus der Sicht der beteiligten Lehrenden dargestellt. Im Anschluss an einen kurzen Überblick zur Situation des Deutschunterrichts in Japan werden zunächst die Gründe für die Entwicklung des neuen Programmes aufgezeigt sowie die theoretischen Überlegungen, die ihnen zugrunde lagen. Im Zentrum des Beitrags stehen die im Verlauf von vier Jahren zutage getretenen und zu bewältigenden Konflikte sowie das gemeinsame Ringen der Lehrenden um Lösungen. Die Darstellung schließt mit einem Blick auf bisher erreichte Ergebnisse. In this paper we describe the implementation of a strictly task-based curriculum in a German language program at a Japanese university, illustrating the experiences, challenges and results from the point of view of the teachers involved. After a brief overview of the situation of teaching German at Japanese universities in general we explain the reasons leading to the development of the new program as well as the underlying theoretical considerations. The focus of this article is on the conflicts, which emerged over the course of the four years since the implementation of the task-based curriculum, and the combined efforts of the teaching staff to find solutions. Finally, we present an overview of the achievements to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a variety of data sources that can be used for educational research as well as for educational monitoring in Switzerland. Nevertheless, the landscape is fragmented. Individual existing sources are sometimes hard to find and their research potential is difficult to assess. Integrating data sources could add value to research and education monitoring. This paper presents a panel discussion on this topic and goes further by presenting three approaches to improve the potential of data for the Swiss education space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial improvement in reducing maternal mortality during the recent decades, we constantly face tragic fact that maternal mortality (especially preventable deaths) is still unacceptably too high, particularly in the developing countries, where 99% of all maternal deaths worldwide occur. Poverty, lack of proper statistics, gender inequality, beliefs and corruption-associated poor governmental policies are just few of the reasons why decline in maternal mortality has not been as sharp as it was wished and expected. Education has not yet been fully recognized as the way out of poverty, improvement of women's role in the society and consequent better perinatal care and consequent lower maternal mortality. Education should be improved on all levels including girls, women and their partners, medical providers, religious and governmental authorities. Teaching the teachers should be also an essential part of global strategy to lower maternal mortality. This paper is mostly a commentary, not a systematic review nor a meta-analysis with the aim to rise attention (again) to the role of different aspects of education in lowering maternal mortality. The International Academy of Perinatal Medicine should play a crucial role in pushing the efforts on this issue as the influential instance that promotes reflection and dialog in perinatal medicine, especially in aspects such as bioethics, the appropriate use of technological advances, and the sociological and humanistic dimensions of this specific problem of huge magnitude. The five concrete steps to achieve these goals are listed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In diesem Beitrag werden die Einschränkungen und Konsequenzen für Pflichtpraktika während der COVID-19 Pandemie thematisiert. Im Kontext der Praktikumsberatung des Instituts für Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin wurden 81 Einrichtungen kontaktiert und angefragt, welche der Einrichtungen während der andauernden Einschränkungen ein Praktikumsangebot machen. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung, daraus resultierende Konsequenzen sowie Vorschläge für Ersatzleistungen oder Alternativen zum klassischen Praktikum (im digitalen Raum) werden mit den Vor- und Nachteilen beschrieben. The paper investigates the impact of the pandemic and subsequent limitations on student internships required by study programmes. The internship advisory service of the Berlin School of Library and Information Science at Humboldt University contacted 81 institutions to ask whether they offered internships under corona restrictions. The results of this survey are presented here and suggestions for substitutes or digital alternatives to the traditional model of internship are outlined – with their advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the dates found on ostraca containing the literary composition The Teaching of Khety, also known as The Satire of the Trades. Various aspects of these dates are discussed, for example the palaeography and the placement of the dates on the ostracon, for the purpose of outlining some scribal practices in ancient Egypt. From the dates themselves can be deduced that scribes conducted their literary activities all year round, both during the working week and at the weekend. Finally, the presumed educational context of the ostraca is discussed. The high percentage of dates on ostraca with Khety, in comparison to other literary compositions, suggests Khety was the most popular text used in the training of scribes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how entrepreneurial visions of the future contribute to neoliberalism's appropriation of language learning as a strategy for capital accumulation. Taking as an example South Korea's heavy investment in children's English language learning – commonly known as early English education (yeongeo jogi gyoyuk) – it discusses how affective conditions of anticipation (Adams, Murphy and Clarke. 2009. Anticipation: Technoscience, life, affect, temporality. Subjectivity 28(1). 246–265.) may serve as a basis for rationalizing the incorporation of language learning as an essential element of entrepreneurial visions of the self. Based on examples from the discourse of the Korean private English education market and ethnographic observations from early study abroad (jogi yuhak) families in Singapore, we show how the English language learning of young children in the Korean context was framed and justified as an investment in the future. We then discuss how parents' hopes and fears about their children's future played a major role in transforming English language learning into a matter of neoliberal anticipation. We conclude by considering how this affective orientation to the future inherent in early English education may serve as a juncture for critiquing the entrepreneurial vision of the self that underlies the logic of human capital development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior to1994, South Africa's education system was influenced by racial dynamics which had implications for the development, provision and distribution of human, financial and material resources. This paper presents the overview of segregated development in South Africa and its implications for the provision of school libraries, to support teaching and learning in selected schools in KwaZulu-Natal. It sets out to describe the understanding and the extent of segregated development in the provision of library resources at Gilonki Secondary school and to establish the perceptions of educators and school management for the importance of teaching and learning. This paper seeks to establish the policies/measures which were being put in place to redress these anomalies. Furthermore, this paper observes that development was retarded as evidenced by the poor provision of important resources such as school library services, resulting in poor learner performance, limited ability to excel in reading and mathematics, lack of appropriate study areas, and difficulties in providing extended tasks on class exercises, among other factors. The study concludes that segregated development has had negative implications for the provision of school libraries, and subsequently for the teachers' and learners' performances. The study recommends a swift rolling-out of processes to redress challenges of the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is often difficult to meaningfully convey concepts like security incident management cycle, information sharing, cooperation, as well as the roles of people, processes and technology in cybersecurity courses. Serious gaming can help solve this problem, since it can provide a more immersive and interactive learning experience than traditional methods. This paper presents a light weight tabletop exercise format that has been successfully used in cybersecurity education to demonstrate these and many other concepts to Master level students in two European universities over the past 5 years. The term light weight is chosen to indicate the low work load and resource requirements for the instructor. The paper provides practical guidance on how to develop and execute such exercises. In addition, it lists observations of concepts and recommended discussion points that have been successfully demonstrated in class using this exercise format. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After achieving democracy in 1994, South Africa experienced major socio-political reforms in a number of areas, including a new constitution, language policy reforms, and new national curricula for schools. Due to the perceived instrumental value of English, many local schools rejected indigenous languages as medium of instruction in favour of English. This shift toward English-medium education has resulted in the limited development of students' academic language proficiency and hampered their access to higher education. At the University of the Free State, 65% of students struggle to understand academic content in English. This paper describes the national curricular reforms; the language-in-education policy and the intervention designed to meet this challenge at the university. The paper reports the implementation process of the academic literacy program and preliminary findings on the effectiveness of this intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proceduralists who fail to review their decision making are unlikely to learn from their experiences, irrespective of whether the operative outcome is successful or not. Teaching junior surgeons to develop 'insight' into their own decision making has long been a challenge. Surgeons and staff of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons worked together to develop a model to help explain the processes around clinical decision making and incorporated this model into a Clinical Decision Making (CDM) training course. In this course, faculty apply the model to specific surgical cases, within the model's framework of how clinical decisions are made; thus providing an opportunity to identify specific decision making processes as they occur and to highlight some of the learning opportunities they provide. The conversation in this paper illustrates the kinds of case-based interactions which typically occur in the development and teaching of the CDM course.The focus in this, the second of two papers, is on reviewing post-operative clinical decisions made in relation to one case, to improve the quality of subsequent decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education and outreach are long term strategic tools for the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) that actively promote the peaceful use of chemistry. Thousands of new chemicals are reported every day; which can render enormous benefits for the common good. However, as with any science, there is always the possibility that chemistry may be misused as it has been done in the past. This work will refer to preliminary initiatives undertaken to address awareness-raising about the multiple uses of chemical substances and the potential dual -use of scientific knowledge which are being implemented in different levels of chemistry education and public outreach programs. The OPCW has placed a priority on education and engagement with the development of tools and materials relevant to the Convention; we will describe these tools and the regional and national meetings that were organized to highlight the incorporation of the CWC's issues into the chemical curricula in South America. The paper will give special consideration to The Hague Ethical Guidelines, another initiative to support a culture of responsibility in the chemical sciences and to guard against the misuse of chemistry. These guidelines were recently formulated by an international group of chemistry practitioners and serve as a set of elements to engage scientists in the ethical dimensions of their work. Education and outreach to future generations to promote the peaceful uses of chemistry is an essential part of achieving the goal of a world free of chemical weapons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many compounds can be used for or manipulated to serve a variety of purposes. Chemistry teachers and the chemistry curricula they use, however, do not directly deal with the idea of the use, misuse, and abuse of multi-use chemicals. This paper therefore attempts to explore strategies in mainstreaming the concepts of multi-use chemicals in Chemistry teacher education programs. It is believed that teacher education programs have multiplier effects since they are intended to cover both pre- and in-service chemistry teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed study on the role of corrective feedback (CF) in the development of second language (L2) oral proficiency. Learners practiced speaking with a computer-assisted language learning (CALL) system that employs automatic speech recognition (ASR) technology to provide CF. The system tracks learner behaviour by logging the system-user interactions. Two language learning conditions are compared. In the CF condition learners received immediate, automatic CF on the grammaticality of their spoken output. In theOCF condition, learners practiced speaking with the option to self-correct. The target structure under investigation is Dutch verb second (V2) in the main clause. The results show that learner proficiency improved in both conditions. The CF condition shows an additional benefit for learning that is related to the learner's initial knowledge of the target structure (which we call V2 proficiency). Learners at a lower V2 proficiency level benefitted more from practice with CF than learners in the NOCF condition. Learner evaluations are in line with these results: both the CF and the NOCF groups positively evaluated practice with the system, but the CF condition was preferred by learners starting at a lower V2 proficiency level. For more information on these outcome measures, we investigated the learners' behaviour during practice. The two groups were found to receive equal amounts of input, but learners in the CF condition produced more (grammatically correct) output during treatment. We found that the CF group repaired their errors in fewer attempts as they progressed through practice. Learners in the NOCF condition generally did not (attempt to) repair their errors. However, the learners answered correctly more often as they progressed in the training. The log data, therefore, shows learning of the target structure in both conditions. We discuss these results and how learning outcome is related to learner behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines an aspect of United States armed forces that has been under-studied in the discipline of political science over the past three decades: the National Guard. The Guard's roles, responsibilities, and relationships with the states and the federal government have changed significantly since the end of the Vietnam War, from "weekend warriors" to an integral component of the national security enterprise. The paper begins by defining the Guard and its constitutional role in American national security, and then evaluates the state of the political science literature on the National Guard. It illustrates changes to the Guard using three recent cases: the War on Drugs, the War on Terror, and Hurricane Katrina. Finally, it explores potential implications of these cases and other recent events on the future role of the National Guard in American politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that homeland security education must continually adapt to future risks, threats and vulnerabilities. To do this, it will be necessary to look at the many ways of looking at homeland security thinking and practice from multiple perspectives and disciplines. Looking at the homeland security enterprise through a variety of perspectives, taken together and synthesized, can deepen understanding and shed additional light on the scope of the field or discipline. Next, this paper discusses the need for existing and future educational programs in homeland security that are inclusive of the theories, practices and research methods of emergency management, despite the current cultural differences between these fields. Finally, this paper highlights three challenges in the development of homeland security education programs: (1) the development and implementation of a standardized curriculum with core functions and competencies that are inclusive of emergency management, (2) the evolution into a new academic discipline; (3) and the adoption of multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approaches to teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the experience in reforming the continuing professional education of Russian library staff. The paper considers the organisational structure and major educational projects of continuing library and information education in Russia at federal, regional and municipal levels. The paper states the shortcomings in librarians' professional development and outlines the directions for its future improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After briefly outlining Bernstein's personal and educational history, the paper goes on to review the scope of his work over the past 30 years, his theoretical contribution and his position among colleagues in the post-WWII era of British sociology. There follows a more detailed examination of the main tenets of his theory, pointing out that Bernstein's strategy was to present his ideas in the form of dichotomies, such as that between modes of socialization as personal or positional, and of linguistic codes as elaborated or restricted. The paper suggests that while critical issues in educational thinking and in sociology varied through the course of Bernstein's career, such as the study of socialization and its consequences for social reproduction, his dichotomizing remained a constant strategy throughout his writings. I end by briefly referring to my own work that offers some possible alternatives to Bernstein's dichotomies, concluding, however, that the enduring quality of Bernstein owes not a little to the appeal of his overly sharp theoretical distinctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a little known Bernstein concept of ‘gender codes’ developed in the study of schooling, suggesting that schools transmit hidden gender messages though a range of semiotic devices. Initially, the paper shows how Bernstein's 1970s' research provided a novel way of looking at some critical issues current in educational sociology, to address knowledge transmission and socialization across generational and class differences. Bernstein's focus on the ways argumentation shapes class differentiated social relationships gave a new direction that later became part of language socialization research. His work incorporated several disciplinary traditions, social psychology, social anthropology and structural functional linguistics, to answer sociological questions. The study reported here follows in Bernstein's footsteps by focusing on a rarely studied group, that of mature women students who are the first in their families to go to college, and who combine family life, paid work with their academic studies. Using an analysis that focuses on differences in rhetorical style, the paper examines the different ways in which women construct their narrative selves in describing their differing life trajectories. The research suggests that Bernstein's concept of gender codes does not allow for a more changing and dynamic view of gender and intergenerational relations that any current socialization research requires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes how two handbook series, the 'MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers' and the 'Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations,' construct academic writing and articulate their educational ideology. Cross-disciplinary framework combining discourse analysis, pragmatics, critical educational theory, cultural theory and literacy studies; Tolerance of difference and plurality.

This paper compares the distribution of silent and filled pauses in first (L1) and second language (L2) speech. The occurrence of pauses of 52 L2 and 18 L1 Dutch speakers was evaluated with respect to utterance boundaries and word frequency. We found that L2 speakers paused more often than L1 speakers within utterances; but not between utterances. Similarly, only within utterances, L2 pauses were longer than L1 pauses. Regarding word frequency, both L1 and L2 speakers are more likely to pause before lower frequency words as compared to higher frequency words. These findings imply that L1 and L2 speakers' production processes may be similar in that (1) pauses at utterance boundaries are used for conceptual planning mostly and (2) lexical retrieval difficulties are comparable for L1 and L2 speakers. These findings furthermore imply that when using fluency for L2 testing, pause locations must be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Archival Education and Research Initiative (AERI) was begun in 2008 to stimulate the growth of a new generation of academics in archival education who are versed in contemporary issues and knowledgeable about their colleagues' work. The initiative nurtures and promotes state-of-the-art scholarship in archival science broadly conceived, and encourages curricular and pedagogical innovation in archival education. This paper reflects on its genesis and activities over the past eight years and points to its future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the democratic and scientific heritage of the Enzyklopädie des Märchens in the work of the Brothers Grimm. After analyzing the manifold ways in which the Grimms laid the groundwork for the study of folklore in Germany, I discuss the history of the origins of the Enzyklopädie des Märchens in post World War II Germany and maintain that the Enzyklopädie is a major recuperation of the Grimms' tradition. Without being idealistic or utopian in a simplistic way, an argument can be made for analyzing the entries in the Enzyklopädie as indelible (unabgegolten) traces of relevant cultural articulations that bear witness to the quotidian folklore of past generations of different people mainly throughout Europe but also in other parts of the world. As a democratic gesture, the editors of the Enzyklopädie have made a great effort to include the slightest indication of how storytellers conceived stories to make their lives relevant, whether through oral or printed traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fascicle by fascicle, volume by volume, over the course of the last forty years, the Enzyklopädie des Märchens ( EM) has significantly changed the landscape of folktale and fairy-tale studies. Accompanying the publication of the EM, parallel developments reflected and complemented its influential agenda to promote historical and comparative folk-narrative research. The history of these developments not only illuminates the vitality and interdisciplinary importance that contemporary folktale and fairy-tale studies have achieved; it also helps to identify and explain the challenges we face as we contemplate current research and imagine the field's future. This paper reviews critical developments of the last forty years and then considers how we might come to grips with the ensuing challenge of sustaining, in a responsible way, the comparative study of folktales and fairy tales in a global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a continued interest in discovering how learners of another language acquire a target language's anaphoric system. While our understanding of the issues has improved, the development of methodologies to assess the interpretation of anaphora in a learner's interlanguage has not. This paper is concerned with introducing a methodology named 'Phased Choice' to assess anaphoric reference, which more effectively tackles the issues facing anaphoric testing. The data was gathered from an experiment that focused on English and Korean learners of Chinese acquiring the Chinese reflexive ziji 'self', results showing that the Korean learners are at an advantage to their English counterparts due to the similar pragmatic strategies Korean and Chinese share. Moreover, the methodology in comparison to the literature shows its strength, dealing effectively with problems past tests faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although 2015 marks the target year for attaining the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the United Nations member states are in the process of defining a global development framework to succeed these goals, the MDGs nevertheless remain a development tool for countries' wider development planning frameworks. In South Africa, various sectors, institutions and organisations are making efforts to attain these goals. Accordingly, the library and information sector is well placed to contribute towards the realisation of the MDGs, as libraries provide a critical support structure for education, economic development and poverty eradication. As time runs out in terms of meeting the 2015 deadline, this paper seeks to demonstrate that school libraries may be instrumental in influencing the pace and extent of progress needed to realise the MDGs beyond 2015. The research on which this article is based adds to the body of knowledge advocating the importance of libraries in realising the MDGs. It will also generate insights for policymakers on the important role of school library in development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a Blended Learning course for scholarly information literacy tailored to the domain of psychology and related disciplines. Two evaluation studies with 67 and 64 psychology students employing standardized information literacy tests and questionnaires corroborate the effectiveness of the training and its acceptance among participants. To ensure re-usability of the course, all online-materials and a training manual are available free of charge at www.zpid.de/blink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tort law in Israel, like that in many other countries, is confronted with the difficult problem of uncertain causation. The traditional approach - requiring that causation be established by a preponderance of evidence - is still in principle maintained in Israeli tort law, but case law has established a number of exceptions. In a case of medical malpractice the hospital was judged to have been negligent by delaying a caesarian section for 45 minutes. The Supreme Court sitting as a Civil Appeal Court estimated the probability of the damage caused by the negligent delay to be 20% and imposed that measure of the damage upon the hospital as damages. In a Further Hearing, the Supreme Court overruled the decision of its appeal panel by a majority vote of five to four. The majority decided that in the given circumstances a preponderance of probability was required in relation to causation. The sophisticated theoretical and comparative analyses of both majority and minority opinions are assuredly of a broader interest. Of special interest is the doctrine of 'recurrent tendentiousness' elaborated by Deputy President Rivlin. In his view it constitutes the general criterion for all the cases where one may deviate from the general requirement of preponderance of evidence. The criterion is based upon four elements: a wrongdoer, a group of victims, a common recurrent risk and a consistent tendentiousness in favour of one litigant when applying the rule of preponderance of evidence. The author of this paper, however, is of the opinion that the solution of causal proportional liability should be left to the legislator's initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory and radiographic tests are often ordered unnecessarily. This excess testing has financial costs and is a burden on patients. We performed a systematic review to determine the effectiveness interventions to reduce test utilization by physicians. The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for the years 1946 through to September 2013 for English articles that had themes of test utilization and cost containment or optimization. Bibliographies of included papers were scanned to identify other potentially relevant studies. Our search resulted in 3236 articles of which 109 met the inclusion criteria of having an intervention aimed at reducing test utilization with results that could be expressed as a percent reduction in test use relative to the comparator. Each intervention was categorized into one or more non-exclusive category of education, audit and feedback, system based, or incentive or penalty. A rating of study quality was also performed. The percent reductions in test use ranged from a 99.7% reduction to a 27.7% increase in test use. Each category of intervention was effective in reducing test utilization. Heterogeneity between interventions, poor study quality, and limited time horizons makes generalizations difficult and calls into question the validity of results. Very few studies measure any patient safety or quality of care outcomes affected by reduced test use. There are numerous studies that use low investment strategies to reduce test utilization with one time changes in the ordering system. These low investment strategies are the most promising for achievable and durable reductions in inappropriate test use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although initially related to the country's colonial and apartheid history, material inequality in South Africa has deepened, with recent research suggesting that South Africa now has the highest levels of inequality in the world. In this paper, we examine the interactional reproduction of inequality by paying particular attention to the discursive and interactional practices employed in students' talk about food. Specifically, we examine food-related troubles talk and food-related jokes and humor, showing how students who described food-related troubles produced these troubles as shared and systemic, while students who produced food-related jokes displayed that they take for granted the material resources needed to have a range of food consumption choices available to them, while treating food consumption as a matter of individual choice. These orientations were collaboratively produced through a range of interactionally organized practices, including patterns of alignment and dis-alignment, pronoun use, laughter, and aspects of the formulation of utterances. While our analysis primarily focuses on these discursive and interactional practices, we also consider how discursive practices can be linked to the material conditions of participants' lives outside of the analyzed interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents selected results of two online surveys conducted at academic libraries in North Rhine-Westphalia in August and September 2012. The focus of the survey conducted among the library directors was on the significance of imparting information literacy with regard to the strategic development of the respective library's profile. Additionally, academic library educators were asked about specific practical needs and desiderata. The results of both surveys provide starting points for a greater focus on information literacy in the library training, especially concerning the didactic skills of future librarians. Furthermore, the results give impetus to specific issues of library continuing education and training. Eventually, suggestions for structural changes in the libraries with regard to institutionalisation and functional differentiation can be obtained from the survey results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The European Resuscitation Council guidelines recommend First Aid education at all levels of schooling. Schools should prepare students for the challenges of the contemporary world, including First Aid assistance in cases of casualties and crisis response, to ensure their own safety as well as that of victims and witnesses. The present study aims to evaluate First Aid classes for secondary schools students and the correlation with acquired knowledge regarding conduct under conditions of an imminent threat to health or life. Methods: The study included 500 people: secondary school students of second forms, second and third classes of technical colleges and university students of various faculties in the Lublin province. This paper uses a diagnostic survey and employs a specially developed questionnaire. Questions in the survey were constructed on the basis of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines of 2010. Results: More than half its respondents (55.8%) assessed First Aid lessons as quite interesting. Statistical analysis showed that people who have assessed classes as having better quality were statistically more likely to know that everyone has the obligation to provide First Aid (p = 0.00001) and more likely to have given such assistance (p <0.00001). The study indicates that respondents assessing conducted classes in First Aid as interesting more often gave correct answers to questions about First Aid (p <0.05). Conclusion: After analyzing the results of the study, it was shown that most students are satisfied with the First Aid classes at their school. Furthermore, the classes used phantoms and had a practical nature. Among students assessing First Aid classes as 'well and very well' led, a greater level of knowledge regarding the recognition of cardiac arrest and performing resuscitation was ascertained. This suggests that such young people turn more often to rescue operations, taking into account both their own safety and that of the victim. It is desirable to continue further investigation into diversification of teaching methods, to increase both the number of hours devoted to teaching First Aid and to involve medical professionals in teaching these lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital reference service (DRS) has its origin in the early 1980s and as subsequently become a ubiquitous feature of the twenty-first century library. With approximately 50% of academic libraries in the United States of America providing digital reference service, this case study examined the service offered at the Syracuse University. The paper seeks to present the findings of an exploratory research that was undertaken during the period October to December 2009. The objectives of the study were to identify the various models of DRS, determine the issues that librarians need to consider when offering DRS and to analyze the students’ perceptions of the service at Syracuse University. An online survey was administered to the students at the School of Information to determine their perception of the service provided by the Bird Library and its implications for libraries in Jamaica. A total of 53 respondents participated. The results showed that DRS augments the traditional reference service and that students believe that DRS enhances their learning. The results have implications for those libraries in Jamaica considering implementing such an initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we report the results of an offline survey of the information needs of members of the Israeli public about public and governmental services and entitlements. This survey was conducted as part of a research project on public use of online information: usage analysis of the Israeli Citizens Advice Bureau (SHIL) on the Web. The questionnaire was distributed in public places to a random selection of 437 Israeli citizens aged 18 and above, in the second half of 2008. Research assistants handed out the questionnaires and the participants filled in the surveys on the spot. If necessary the assistants provided help in the process. The questionnaire included questions on the information needs and major sources of information for fulfilling these needs. The respondents were mainly concerned about health, transportation and education related issues, but work relations were also of primary concern. The preferred sources of information were family and friends, followed by the Internet. There was very low awareness to the Israeli Citizen Advice Bureau – SHIL, that maintains physical offices throughout the country, telephone hotlines and an extensive Web site, and its aim is to provide citizen-related information. An interesting question that can be addressed in future research is the fact that while the SHIL service is relatively unpopular in Israel, respective Citizen Advice Bureaux (CABx) have much higher visibility and popularity in other countries. What are the dimensions of similarity and difference in the service and the populations served that might account for this difference? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussion of the function of the Community Library, considering one of the areas of Information Science dedicated to reading programs, and use of this resource to enable the individual to be closer to the library. The paper also approaches the library as a place where citizenship and opportunity generation can be encouraged. This is the proposal of AAAAH -- Associaççãão Abre-Alas -- Ampliando Horizontes, through educational and social activities in low income communities, intended to foster visiting and promote the understanding of individuals who go to the library. At the library, educational support, leisure, citizenship, income generation activities and opportunities are developed mainly for the teenager population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the level of development of the information portals of the ten Indian educational Institutes with the largest traffic. The sample of ten institutional portals with the largest traffic was selected according to the figures provided by Alexa Web Information Company and the Webometrics organisation. The information portals of the Institutes were analysed to determine their level of development according to a set of quality indicators. The twenty-one indicators were divided into five main sections: general features, information features, navigation, search system and other features. The analysis was carried out from February to April 2010. The level of development of the information portals was not homogeneous. Of the portals studied, four showed a medium-high level of development; four showed a medium-low level of development; and two showed a low level of development. The indicators may also be useful for analysing the situation in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The library and information science (LIS) market is fast changing, and the LIS curriculum needs to be revised in the light of this changing context and needs. An analysis was therefore made of the perceptions and views of a variety of stakeholders in the market about the capabilities needed among LIS graduates in Kuwait. The stakeholders included LIS students, alumni, faculty, professional leadership, library employers, and corporate managers. This exercise resulted in the identification of competencies around which the curriculum for the Master's program at Kuwait University has been redesigned. A new degree program has been designed, and new names for both the degree and department have been proposed. The curriculum has a new core, three areas of specialization, and facilitates diverse career options. This paper reviews the process of the analysis of market needs, identification of course modules, development of the proposal, and the review process at different levels of the academic hierarchy of the university. The process is complex and prone to resistance and opposition; therefore it must be managed with strategic vision, engagement, and political acumen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines if public libraries in a province in South Africa are ready to assume an enhanced responsibility for information literacy education, specifically that of students, and, if so, what inhibiting and facilitating factors might exist. The public libraries in the rural province of Mpumalanga provide the case site. ‘Readiness’, at one level, refers to physical capacity and, on a second level, to more subjective attributes such as staff attitudes and beliefs. The paper reports on the first phase of the study - in which both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered by means of a questionnaire/ interview survey of 57 public librarians in 46 sites. The study finds that Mpumalanga public libraries are indeed heavily engaged in serving school learners. Shortcomings in certain physical facilities, such as the lack of space and absence of retrieval tools, are inhibiting factors with the heritage of apartheid still impacting on the availability of and quality of service. The low level of professional education of public library staff is found to impede innovation in library programming. The prevailing information literacy education model largely comprises one-to-one support, although there is a fair amount of source-based group library orientation. Moving towards information literacy education will depend on a shift in conceptions of the educational role of public libraries. In the absence of recognition of their curricular role by public library authorities and educators, many public librarians are not sure that their services to school learners are legitimate. There is, however, dawning recognition that present approaches are not meeting the needs of school learners and that more effective communication with educators is required. This recognition comes from public librarians' frustrating encounters with learners rather than from insight into information literacy education theory and experience. The fundamental conclusion is that sustainable information literacy education in public libraries will depend on more dynamic leadership and on a vision of a new model of public library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing educational environment in China requires new functions for university libraries, and these functions demand that librarians possess different skills and talents. The quality and skills of university library staff are decisive factors for the development of both librarianship and national education in China's digital and networked environment. On-line distance learning is playing a more and more important role in improving both the theoretical knowledge and practical ability of practitioners in LIS. In China, over 40,000 staff work in more than 1,000 university libraries, but the lack of staff with professional education in some libraries should be recognised and continuing education offerings need to be strengthened. In this paper, the current situation is introduced, some major cases are described, and issues faced by most university libraries in professional education at all levels are analysed. Suggestions are put forward on how to expand the scope of education, and how to utilise the networked environment to supply e-learning to library staff to improve their ability in organising information resources and in providing higher quality information services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents a study on the functional assignment of the category subject in the production of instructions in English, German, and Spanish. It could be shown that the choice between the two natural candidates for this position (agent and topic) is determined by the conceptual accessibility of the entity functioning as agent and whether it is given in the communicative situation as specific or nonspecific (addressee present or absent). Presence or absence has different effects depending on the language. The unspecific agent is encoded in English and German preferentially in the subject position, while Spanish in the same situation shows a tendency to use the subject category to encode topic information, not mentioning the agent of the instructions. The specific agent, on the contrary, is encoded in Spanish as subject, while in English and German it remains mostly unmentioned. These differences reflect the linguistic means offered by the three languages to code the specificity of an agent and lead to a different conceptualization in organizing information for expression ("thinking for speaking"). They reflect an object-oriented versus an agent-oriented perspective depending on the communicative situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally assumed that verbal inflections in early L2 acquisition primarily mark lexical aspect inherent in the verb or predicate with tense distinctions being neglected (= the aspect hypothesis). This paper gives a brief account of the L2 acquisition of verbal inflections by two German children learning English without formal instruction. The results of the study are discussed in connection with the aspect hypothesis. They support the affiliation of verbal inflections with lexical aspect; however, contrary to the predictions, it is shown that the -ING inflection is not associated mainly with activity verbs but also with a relatively high proportion of achievement verbs. This is accounted for by the fact that the children use the progressive form with future reference. It is argued that although lexical aspect seems to grant the learnability of verbal inflections in early L2 acquisition, tense is not defective, as implied in the aspect hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]