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The purpose of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon of loneliness that was caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. As this is a very broad issue, it was just limited locally to the Polish society, and thematically to the religious aspect. Pandemic loneliness was mainly the result of social isolation to contain the spread of the Sars-CoV-2 coronavirus, causing the Covid-19 disease. In terms of religion, loneliness was caused by separation from public religious practices and the feeling of a lack of Providence. This paper presents three faces of religious loneliness caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: liturgical loneliness, doctrinal loneliness and loneliness related to the feeling of lack of full religious freedom. Zusammenfassung: Der Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen "pandemischer Einsamkeit" auf christlich-religiöses Leben in Polen. Er unterscheidet drei Aspekte des Phänomens: liturgische und doktrinäre Einsamkeit sowie eine Einsamkeit, die aus einem Mangel an religiöser Freiheit entsteht. Der Aufsatz führt diese Formen nicht nur auf die Notwendigkeit zum Social Distancing zurück, sondern auch auf eine Erschütterung des Vorsehungsglaubens durch die Covid-19-Pandemie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes its cue from David Miall's influential 2011 paper, 'Enacting the other: towards an aesthetics of feeling in literary reading', in Elisabeth Schellekens and Peter Goldie (eds) The Aesthetic Mind: Philosophy and Psychology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 285–298. There, Miall considers the workings of readerly empathy with fictional people. He draws on work from philosophy, psychology, cognitive poetics, and both empirical and textual analysis to explore the complexities of how real readerly minds interact with fictional minds and the minds of real but remote authors. In this article, I revisit these arguments with the benefit of recent insights into the cognition of fictional minds. The key mechanism underlying characterisation, empathy, hostility, and engagement, I argue, is mind-modelling. With its origins in Theory of Mind, but extrapolated far from that simple phenomenon, mind-modelling captures the aesthetic and ethical relationships between minds both fictional and natural. I consider literary reading as a broader ecosystem: the reading mind as being embodied, enacted, and extended to include the imagined authorial mind. In recognition of Miall's literary critical work, I will present a particular example from the poem 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' by John Keats – not only for the analytical demonstration but also in order to show the echoes between Romantic notions of holistic engagement with nature and recent work in cognition and literature. The analysis suggests a solution to a literary critical debate around its ending. An approach situated in mind-modelling offers a principled exploration of both fictional, poetic minds as well as authorial positioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic interest in magic has grown considerably during the last twenty years. Leaving aside the old stereotyped dichotomy between magic and religion, I consider magic a pragmatic subsystem of religion whose function is to alleviate or deal with daily life's misfortunes. I suggest in this paper some possible approaches that might be interesting to deepen in the social study of Roman magic. This paper is divided in three sections. The first one deals with morality and magic: even if legal sanctions on magic can be influential in the individual's decision to resort to magical practices, H. Versnel's category of Prayers for Justice proved that some curses can be perceived as legitimate from the subjective point of view of the user; I suggest that subjective legitimation can in fact be applied to all Roman curses. The second section tackles the topic of emotions and magic: based on western conceptualisations of emotions, scholarly approaches on ancient magic have generally failed to see the evidence that make the choice of resorting to magic a rational option more than an emotional act. Finally, the third part of this paper analyses magic as rational choice in the individual's strategies for decision taking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vielen Bereichen ist die Leistung von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) der Leistung von Menschen mittlerweile ebenbürtig oder überlegen. Dies gilt vor allem in Bereichen, in denen Regeln angewendet oder erkannt werden müssen. Dennoch sollten diese Fortschritte nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass es noch immer gravierende Defizite in der Leistungsfähigkeit von KI gibt. In diesem Beitrag werden sechs solcher Defizite identifiziert. Forschung aus der Psychologie legt allerdings umgekehrt den Schluss nahe, dass eine KI nicht besonders intelligent sein muss, um von Menschen als menschenähnlich wahrgenommen zu werden. Auf der Basis der Literatur zum Thema Anthropomorphismus werden drei Bausteine der Vermenschlichung von Technologien diskutiert. In many areas, the performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now equal to or superior to that of humans. This is especially true in areas where rules need to be applied or regularities need to be detected. Nevertheless, these advances should not obscure the fact that there are still serious deficits in the performance of AI. This paper identifies six such deficits. Conversely, research from psychology suggests that an AI does not have to be particularly intelligent in order to be perceived by humans as human-like. Based on the literature on anthropomorphism, three building blocks of the humanization of technologies are discussed. .LAN-FR Résumée : Dans de nombreux domaines, la performance de l'intelligence artificielle (IA) est maintenant égale ou supérieure à celle des humains. C'est particulièrement vrai dans les domaines où des règles doivent être appliquées ou quand des régularités doivent être reconnues. Néanmoins, ces progrès ne doivent pas occulter le fait qu'il existe encore de graves déficits dans la performance de l'IA. Cet article identifie six de ces déficits. Inversement, la recherche en psychologie suggère qu'il n'est pas nécessaire qu'une IA soit particulièrement intelligente pour être perçue par l'être humain comme un être humain. Sur la base de la littérature sur l'anthropomorphisme, trois éléments constitutifs de l'humanisation des technologies sont discutés. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that conventionalized general knowledge – sometimes referred to as a frame – guides the perception and interpretation of the world around us has long permeated various branches of cognitive science, including psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. In this paper we provide experimental evidence suggesting that frames also play a role in explaining certain long-distance dependency phenomena, as originally proposed by Deane (1991). We focus on a constraint that restricts the extraction of an NP from another NP, called subextraction, which Deane (1991) claims is ultimately a framing effect. In Experiment 1 we provide evidence showing that referents are extractable to the degree that they are deemed important for the proposition expressed by the utterance. This suggests that the world knowledge that the main verb evokes plays a key role in establishing which referents are extractable. In Experiment 2 we offer evidence suggesting that the acceptability of deep subextractions is correlated with the overall plausibility of the proposition, suggesting that complex structures can evoke complex frames as well, if sufficiently frequent and semantically coherent, and therefore more easily license deeper subextractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miller's (1956, The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63(2). 81-97) working memory (WM) capacity of around seven items, plus or minus two, was never found by usage-based linguists to be a recurrent pattern in language. Thus, it has not figured prominently in cognitive models of grammar. Upon reflection, this is somewhat unusual, since WM has been considered a fundamental cognitive domain for information processing in psychology, so one might have reasonably expected properties such as capacity constraints to be reflected in language use and structures derived from use. This paper proposes that Miller's (1956) number has not been particularly productive in usage-based linguistics because it turns out to have been an overestimate. A revised WM capacity has now superseded it within cognitive science, a 'magic number four plus or minus one' (Cowan 2001, The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24(1). 87-185). This paper suggests, drawing on evidence from spoken language corpora and multiple languages, that a range of linguistic structures and patterns align with this revised capacity estimate, unlike Miller's (1956), ranging from phrasal verbs, idioms, n-grams, the lengths of intonation units and some abstract grammatical properties of phrasal categories and clause structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Burnout is an important problem for physicians, with a strong impact on their quality of life and a corresponding decrease in the quality of care with an evident economical burden for the healthcare system. However, the range of interventions used to decrease this problem could be very fragmented and with the aim to shed some light on this issue, this study reviews and summarizes the currently available studies. We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify studies about intervention on physician burnout. Two authors independently searched into scientific databases to analyze and review the full papers that met the inclusion criteria. As a result, from an initial search of 11029 articles, 13 studies met full criteria and were included in this review. Of the 13 studies presented, only 4 utilized randomized controlled trials, therefore the results should be interpreted with caution. Future interventions should focus on a more holistic approach using a wider range of techniques. According to the studies selected in this review, it appears that a successful intervention for burnout should take into account the broad range of causes incorporating a variety of therapeutic tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I elaborate on deliberations of "post-enlightened cognition" between cognitive neuroscience, psychology and artificial intelligence research. I show how the design of machine learning algorithms is entangled with research on creativity and pathology in cognitive neuroscience and psychology through an interest in "episodic memory" and various forms of "spontaneous thought". The most prominent forms of spontaneous thought - mind wandering and day dreaming - appear when the demands of the environment abate and have for a long time been stigmatized as signs of distraction or regarded as potentially pathological. Recent research in cognitive neuroscience, however, conceptualizes spontaneous thought as serving the purpose of, e. g., creative problem solving and hence invokes older discussions around the links between creativity and pathology. I discuss how attendant attempts at differentiating creative cognition from its pathological forms in contemporary psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and AI puts traditional understandings of rationality into question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents results from an experiment designed to test whether New Zealand listeners' perceptual adaptation towards Australian English is mediated by their attitudes toward Australia, which we attempted to manipulate experimentally. Participants were put into one of three conditions, where they either read good facts about Australia, bad facts about Australia, or no facts about Australia (the control). Participants performed the same listening task - matching the vowel in a sentence to a vowel in a synthesized continuum - before and after reading the facts. The results indicate that participants who read the bad facts shifted their perception of KIT to more Australianlike tokens relative to the control group, while the participants who read good facts shifted their perception of KIT to more NZ-like tokens relative to the control group. This result shows that perceptual adaptation towards a dialect can occur in the absence of a speaker of that dialect and that these adaptations are subject to a listener's (manipulated) affect towards the primed dialect region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the OSCOSS research project on "Opening Scholarly Communication in the Social Sciences" is to build a coherent collaboration environment that facilitates scholarly communication workflows of social scientists in the roles of authors, reviewers, editors and readers. This paper presents the implementation of the core of this environment: the integration of the Fidus Writer academic word processor with the Open Journal Systems (OJS) submission and review management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a Blended Learning course for scholarly information literacy tailored to the domain of psychology and related disciplines. Two evaluation studies with 67 and 64 psychology students employing standardized information literacy tests and questionnaires corroborate the effectiveness of the training and its acceptance among participants. To ensure re-usability of the course, all online-materials and a training manual are available free of charge at www.zpid.de/blink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspectual notions, although displayed most clearly in verbs, manifest across categories, with notions like (un)boundedness manifesting themselves in several instantiations which are sometimes specific of individual grammatical categories. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on how aspectual notions emerge in different categorial domains by an analysis of subject-experiencer and object-experiencer psychological predicates (SEPVs and OEPVs, respectively). We review the evidence that SEPVs denote individual level (IL) states, and provide new facts - taken from the behaviour of participles - in favour of that diagnostic; we also argue that OEPVs should be classified as states of the stage level (SL) class. We argue that OEPVs denote states with an onset, which corresponds to the denotation of SLs. SEPVs simply denote states without boundaries, which we argue to correspond to IL predicates. Finally, we show how these two denotations follow without further assumptions from the structures proposed for SEPVs and OEPVs in previous work, specially Pesetsky (1995), making it unnecessary to postulate that the distinction is of lexical nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practitioners, researchers and policy-makers involved with cyber security often talk about 'security hygiene:' ways to encourage users of computer technology to use safe and secure behavior online. But how do we persuade workers to follow simple, fundamental processes to protect themselves and others? These issues are raised by behavioral scientists, to encourage worker, passenger and patient compliance. In this paper, we explore and summarize findings in social psychology about moral values and habit formation, and then integrate them into suggestions for transforming staff security behavior online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 20th century brought with it the so-called club drugs (the most notorious being amphetamine derivatives), which are used by young adults at all-night dance parties. Methamphet­amine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) are synthetic drugs with stimulant and psychoactive properties that belong to the amphetamine family. Here, we have reviewed the literature about the cognitive impairment induced by these two amphetamine derivatives and the preclinical and clinical outcomes. Although there is controversial evidence about the effect of methamphetamine and MDMA on learning and memory in laboratory animals, results from published papers demonstrate that amphetamines cause long-term impairment of cognitive functions. A large number of pharmacological receptors have been studied and screened as targets of amphetamine-induced cognitive dysfunction, and extensive research efforts have been invested to provide evidence about the molecular mechanisms behind these cognitive deficits. In humans, there is a considerable body of evidence indicating that methamphetamine and MDMA seriously disrupt memory and learning processes. Although an association between the impairments of memory performance and a history of recreational amphetamine ingestion has also been corroborated, a number of methodological difficulties continue to hamper research in this field, the most important being the concomitant use of other illicit drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the way in which modern linguistics, -- in particular, but not exclusively, the generative tradition --, has constructed its core concepts. It argues that a particular form of construction, reminiscent of, but crucially different from, abstraction, which is dubbed ''idealisation'', plays a central role here. The resemblances and differences between abstractions and idealisations are investigated, and consequences of the reliance on idealisations are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central claim of the Parfitian psychological approach to personal identity is that the fact about personal identity is underpinned by a 'non-branching' psychological continuity relation. Hence, for the advocates of the Parfitian view, it is important to understand what it is for a relation to take or not take a branching form. Nonetheless, very few attempts have been made in the literature of personal identity to define the 'non-branching clause.' This paper undertakes this task. Drawing upon a recent debate between Anthony Brueckner and Harold Noonan on the issue, I present three candidates for the non-branching clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his latest book Physicalism, or Something near Enough, Jaegwon Kim argues that his version of functional reductionism is the most promising way for saving mental causation. I argue, on the other hand, that there is an internal tension in his position: Functional reductionism does not save mental causation if Kim's own supervenience argument is sound. My line of reasoning has the following steps: (1) I discuss the supervenience argument and I explain how it motivates Kim's functional reductionism; (2) I present what I call immense multiple realization, which says that macro-properties are immensely multiply realized in determinate micro-based properties; (3) on that background I argue that functional reductionism leads to a specified kind of irrealism for mental properties. Assuming that such irrealism is part of Kim's view, which Kim himself seems to acknowledge, I argue that Kim's position gets the counterfactual dependencies between macro-causal relata wrong. Consequently, his position does not give a conservative account of mental causation. I end the paper by discussing some alternative moves that Kim seems to find viable in his latest book. I argue on the assumption that the supervenience argument is sound, so the discussion provides further reasons to critically reevaluate that argument because it generalizes in deeply problematic ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper asks what the familiar conception of literary interpretation as socially situated and rhetorical might mean on the cognitive level. Rejecting the prescriptiveness, individualism, and use of invented examples that theorisations of reading based on so-called “cognitive linguistics” have involved, it attempts to develop Michael Billig's model of thought as argument into a theory of interpretation adequate to the complexities of actual reader discourse within one particular social context (academia). A detailed intertextual analysis is carried out to provide qualitative empirical support for this theory, showing how four critics read Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness by debating its correct interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on metaphors that construe time as motion (motion metaphors of time) has focused on the question of whether it is the times or the person experiencing them (ego) that moves. This paper focuses on the equally important distinction between metaphors that locate times relative to ego (the ego-based metaphors Moving Ego and Moving Time) and a metaphor that locates times relative to other times (). Rather than a single abstract target domain TIME, these two kinds of temporal metaphor metaphorize different kinds of temporal concept—perspective-specific vs. perspective-neutral temporal concepts. Recognition of this distinction enhances the explanatory potential of conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980). An example involves the interaction of deixis and the temporal reference crosslinguistically of vocabulary with the spatial meanings and . More generally, this approach refines our ability to describe the temporal concepts involved in motion metaphors of time. Such temporal concepts are present not only in the target domains, but also in the source domains of motion metaphors of time, where we find space-to-time metonymy, which may play a role in motivating the metaphors. In order to distinguish such metonymy from metaphor, we need to characterize metaphor as a mapping across frames rather than domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the Palo Alto Medical Reserve Corps (PAMRC); a program which focuses on disaster mental health education. The reader will be provided with background information on early intervention following a trauma and be introduced to the challenges encountered by the organization during its conception and development and to those faced by mental health professionals as communicated to PAMRC representatives during their response to Houston, TX in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. The conclusion of the article will delineate the philosophy and methodology utilized by the PAMRC and describe the efforts of the PAMRC to set in motion a collaborative approach to disaster-related challenges, regardless of specialty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]