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Air quality inside transportation carriages has become a public concern. A comprehensive measurement campaign was conducted to examine the commuters’ exposure to PM 2.5 (d p ⩽ 2.5 μm) and CO 2 in Shanghai metro system under different conditions. The PM 2.5 and CO 2 concentrations inside all the measured metro lines were observed at 84 ± 42 μg/m 3 and 1253.1 ± 449.1 ppm, respectively. The factors that determine the in-carriage PM 2.5 and CO 2 concentrations were quantitatively investigated. The metro in-carriage PM 2.5 concentrations were significantly affected by the ventilation systems, out-carriage PM 2.5 concentrations and the passenger numbers. The largest in-carriage PM 2.5 and CO 2 concentrations were observed at 132 μg/m 3 and 1855.0 ppm inside the carriages equipped with the oldest ventilation systems. The average PM 2.5 and CO 2 concentrations increased by 24.14% and 9.93% as the metro was driven from underground to overground. The average in-carriage PM 2.5 concentrations increased by 17.19% and CO 2 concentration decreased by 16.97% as the metro was driven from urban to the suburban area. It was found that PM 2.5 concentration is proportional to the on-board passenger number at a ratio of 0.4 μg/m 3 ·passenger. A mass-balance model was developed to estimate the in-carriage PM 2.5 concentration under different driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Public health professionals in China evaluated the roll-out of the hepatitis E vaccine. • Participants provided feedback on different institutions and feasible goals. • Medical doctors and the government had limited knowledge of hepatitis E. • The public sector was a trusted source of information. • Recommendations for promotion of the vaccine in the future are provided. A hepatitis E (HepE) vaccine was developed and released in China in 2011. Uptake is currently very limited. The aims of this study were to characterize what public health professionals thought about promoting the HepE vaccine in Shanghai, China, and to develop realistic goals for the HepE vaccine based on this information. Public health professionals from Shanghai and other jurisdictions of China were contacted to participate in in-depth qualitative interviews between October 2017 and August 2018. Participants were asked about their perception of the HepE vaccine roll-out. Codes were initially based on the structure of the questionnaire. Subsequently, similar ideas were further developed into themes based on what was present in the transcript data. Thirty-five individuals participated. Major topics of discussion included (1) clarifying the roles and responsibilities of private and public institutions in promoting and marketing the HepE vaccine, (2) identifying what methods of promotion were most efficient, and, (3) endeavoring to formulate a reasonable and realistic goal, if any, for HepE prevention and control in China. Participants emphasized that public sector sources can be trusted sources of information (although the private vaccination company can also be useful in disseminating information) and social media such as WeChat can be good ways to disseminate articles (although netizens may be worried about the spread of fake news). Vaccine promotion is restrained given limited levels of knowledge in the government, hospitals, and public health vaccination centers. Successful promotion and use of this vaccine in China, even in limited settings (for instance, certain workplaces, or certain groups) could provide additional information on long-term safety and could promote its adoption in other regions of the world where HepE has high morbidity among pregnant women and other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]