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The sustainable management of residual waste streams generated from the pulp and paper industry (PPI) has garnered increasing concerns due to the energy crisis and the pressing environmental threats posed by substantial effluent discharges. Using renewable lignocellulosic waste for resource generation presents a revolutionary approach to achieve environmental sustainability. Integrating the PPI with biorefinery processes allows for diversification beyond paper production and facilitates resource recovery. This review critically evaluates the valorization of waste streams from the PPI, with a pronounced emphasis on expanding into bioenergy and biofuels production, while also fostering the development of innovative biomaterials, such as biochar and activated carbon for applications with high added-value, such as environmental remediation and supercapacitors development, thus ensuring long-term sustainability. The review also emphasizes the significance of adopting a circular economy and its role in achieving environmental sustainability, with a particular emphasis on thermochemical technologies, which hold promise for resource recovery from wastewater. Furthermore, the review identifies critical bottlenecks in the path of waste stream valorization and engages in a forward-looking discussion on future prospects within the PPI. [Display omitted] • Black liquor contains major inhibitors e.g., furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. • Black liquor is used as a low-cost sugar, to produce e.g., bioethanol, biobutanol. • Paper mill wastewater used e.g., graphene sheet development, biochar, carbon fuel cell. • Porous carbon by black liquor showed capacitances for supercapacitor electrode. • Integrated biorefineries can achieve sustainability by Kraft pulp conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergy in the co-processing of lignocellulosic wastes and municipal biowaste (MB) can unlock their potential for biobutanol production. This study assessed the potential for biobutanol production through the co-processing of lignocellulosic waste and MB. Specifically, it compared the co-processing of paper waste with MB to that of garden waste and MB. Ethanol organosolv pretreatment served as a dual-function process for both pretreatment and detoxification purposes. Initial fermentation of hydrolysates from untreated paper waste using Clostridium acetobutylicum produced 0.9 g/L of acetone and ethanol but no detectable butanol. Organosolv pretreatment led to a significant increase in acetone and ethanol production but did not yield butanol. Co-processing paper waste with MB using organosolv pretreatment resulted in the production of 2.8–3.2 g/L butanol, along with increased acetone and ethanol production. Furthermore, co-processing a 1:1 (w/w) mixture of paper waste and MB under mild and severe pretreatment conditions produced 45.5 g and 43.4 g butanol, respectively, compared to 34.8 g and 14.4 g butanol when processing these waste streams separately. The study also explored the positive impact of co-processing garden waste with MB, a distinct lignocellulosic source, enhancing acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) yield by 27–40%. These findings highlight the potential of synergistic waste co-processing for achieving a more suitable balance of nutrients to enhance biobutanol and ABE production from biowastes. Additionally, the simultaneous treatment of lignocellulosic waste and municipal biowaste offers a simplified approach to waste processing, contributing to advancements in sustainable biomass utilization and bioenergy production. [Display omitted] • The fermentation of the paper-derived hydrolysates led to acetone but not butanol. • Co-processing with municipal biowaste led to butanol production from paper waste. • The synergy of co-processing and organosolv pretreatment led to higher ABE yields. • The pretreatment positively affected the starch release and cellulose hydrolysis. • Ethanol is a byproduct used as a pretreatment agent to help process circularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Office paper waste is processed using physiochemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. • The yeast is isolated from rotten banana for the fermentation process. • Box-Behnken analysis was used to determine optimal conditions for key variables. • A blended membrane was applied for the purification process. • Amicon cell and polymeric membrane dehydrate ethanol–water combinations. One potential replacement for fossil fuels is the generation of biofuel from biomass feedstock. To reach the global sustainability goals, it is also necessary to address a number of issues, such as reducing environmental pollution, climate change, and carbon emissions. This work was aimed to convert the office paper waste as biomass feedstock into bioethanol through a sustainable pathway. The office paper waste was hydrolyzed via physiochemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, the liberated glucose was estimated at 15.72 g/L using the optimum conditions of 15 % HCl and 6 % office paper waste followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. The yeast isolate B2 that was applied for the fermentation process was isolated from rotten banana, identified as Hanseniaspora uvarum (STDF-B2) and submitted to GenBank with accession number (OP800106). The Box-Behnken design was applied to estimate the optimal conditions for the three most significant variables depending on the one variable at a time results. A blended membrane of sulphonated polyvinyl chloride with poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (SPVC-PAMPS) was applied for the purification of both standard ethanol and produced bioethanol via pervaporation technique (PV). The morphology, chemical composition, mechanical properties and permeability of the membrane were all analyzed in various ways. Following purification using a membrane-integrated amicon cell, the total permeate flows of the laboratory-prepared ethanol and generated bioethanol were 289.54 and 253.06 (g/m2 h), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The alcohol yields achieved were 41.3 wt% and 48.5 wt% from the corrugated box and A4 paper. • Cellulose exhibited the conversion rate of 100 %, with alcohol substances achieving a yield of 71.2 wt% and a selectivity of 89.4 % within 6 h. • The mechanism of cellulose hydrolysis and the catalytic effect of CuMgAlO x were explored. • Multiple techniques were utilized to analyze the alcoholysis pathways and mechanisms of cellulose in waste paper. In an effort to valorize under-exploited cellulose sources like waste paper for sustainable energy production, this study investigates a catalytic process to convert these materials into low-carbon alcohols. We explored the conversion efficiency of various cellulose materials, including corrugated box, A4 paper, and pure cellulose, under the influence of a CuMgAlO x catalyst. Our findings indicate that at 360 °C for 6 h, the conversion rates were substantial, yielding 70.1 % for corrugated box, 85.2 % for A4 paper, and 100 % for cellulose. The respective alcohol selectivities achieved were 54.7 %, 83.0 %, and 89.4 %, with alcohol yields of 41.3 wt%, 48.5 wt%, and 71.2 wt%. Notably, the absence of the catalyst led predominantly to the production of sugars and lipids, whereas the catalytic conditions facilitated the formation of alcohols. The study also examined the effects of temperature and reaction time on cellulose conversion. It was found that a complete conversion was possible at 320 °C within 1 h, with extended temperature and time improving the alcohol yield. The development of a kinetic model for the cellulose conversion process has allowed for accurate predictions of the transformations under varied conditions, which offers a strategic framework for reaction optimization. Furthermore, the role of the CuMgAlO x catalyst was elucidated through the examination of model compounds, demonstrating its capability in converting cellulose intermediates such as sugars, lipids, and ketones into alcohols. This research highlights a potent strategy for the production of high-value, eco-friendly green fuels from readily available paper products and cellulose biomass, marking a significant advancement in chemical engineering and sustainable energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-based analytical devices (PADs) enable the affordable, easy, rapid, and reliable detection of a range of analytes at the point-of-care. Cellulose is a versatile substrate for antibody attachment. However, how immunoreagents are immobilized onto cellulose plays an important role in assay performance. To provide an overview of the different antibody immobilization strategies used for developing PADs, we here critically review the existing literature from the last decade (2013–2023). First, we introduce cellulose as a substrate and summarize the different fabrication techniques for developing PADs. Thereafter, we delve into how antibodies are immobilized onto cellulose passively, covalently, or by affinity linkage. Affinity-based immobilization is further explored in a case study focused on using recombinant bifunctional proteins with cellulose-binding modules to anchor immunoreagents to cellulose. The final section discusses the validation and sustainable development of PADs addressing the existing and future challenges associated with developing such devices. [Display omitted] • Strategies for antibody immobilization onto cellulose substrates are reviewed. • Immobilizing antibodies in a site-selective manner improves analytical performance. • Cellulose requires modification before antibodies can be covalently attached to it. • Cellulose-binding modules facilitate antibody attachment onto unmodified cellulose. • Future challenges of developing sustainable paper-based immunoassays are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landfilling of paper mill sludge (PMS) has been restricted or even banned in many countries due to the raised concern about greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contamination of the soil and water, calling for a sustainable PMS management approach. The potential valorization of PMS to nanomaterials combined with traditional biorefinery was examined in this work. Three types of PMS-derived cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were prepared and evaluated: enzymatically assisted CNF (AU: with in-house produced enzyme and CT: with commercial enzyme), mechanically pretreated CNF (BT), and chemically pretreated CNF by TEMPO oxidation (TEMPO). It was found that enzyme-assisted mechanical fibrillation-derived CNFs had a comparable average diameter (27.9 nm for AU and 22.7 nm for CT) with that produced from mechanical pretreatment (26.5 nm for BT) and TEMPO oxidation pretreatment (20.0 nm for TEMPO), and they showed the best drainage properties among the three types of CNF. The CNFs resulting from enzymatic pretreatment reduced 15% of energy consumption compared to the mechanical method and had better thermostability than TEMPO oxidation method. In addition, the on-site produced enzyme showed similar performance to the commercial enzymes towards the CNF properties. These findings provide new insights into a promising integrated strategy in engineering CNF from PMS with on-site enzyme production as a novel and sustainable approach for PMS management and valorization. [Display omitted] • A novel and integrated biorefinery strategy was developed for enzyme hydrolysis-assisted CNF fabrication. • The in-house enzyme was comparable to the commercial enzyme in CNF preparation. • The CNF prepared by enzyme was compared with that using mechanical and chemical pretreatment. • The enzyme-hydrolysis-assisted CNF had the best drainage property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper mills are among the most polluting industries, responsible for many organic and inorganic compounds emissions. The fibres electro-kinetic features strongly affect the ability to retain fillers since the fillers–fibres interactions are charge induced. The control and the prediction of these parameters would represent a precious aid for process management, allowing the fillers retention enhancement, a lower environmental impact and the paper sheet properties streamlining. The work presented deals with the implementation and training of four artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the prediction of the main electrochemical and physical features of cellulose pulp and paper. First, two ANNs predict the electrochemical parameters. Following, they were applied to predict the paper sheet properties and fillers retention. The neural models implemented showed outstanding prediction performance, with R2 in the order of 0.999 and a low mean error. The results demonstrate how Artificial Neural Networks may be a valuable instrument for paper mill pollutant reduction. However, they suggest a more inclusive investigation for a better fibres behaviour representation. • Main process parameters of an industrial papermaking process were identified. • Experimental datasets were achieved during industrial production. • Artificial Neural Networks were trained for process parameters prediction. • Accurate predictions of papermaking process were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Building bricks were produced by utilizing deinking paper mill sludge (DPMS) and alluvial soil by varying percentage of sludge at different firing temperatures. Different mix proportions were prepared with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% of DPMS incorporation in alluvial soil by weight. Three firing temperatures of 900 °C, 950 °C and 1000 °C were investigated to simulate the typical condition of kiln. The density, firing shrinkage, water absorption, efflorescence, apparent porosity, compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the bricks were determined. The XRD and microstructural analysis of brick specimens were also studied. The optimum firing temperature was 950 °C. The thermal conductivity decreases with increase in percentage of deinking paper mill sludge. It was found that 15% deinking paper mill sludge gives optimum strength at firing temperature of 950 °C. Developed bricks satisfy the requirements of class 10 of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), in terms of efflorescence, compressive strength and water absorption. Thermal conductivity results show that the developed brick was thermally more insulated than the conventional bricks and can be used as alternative to conventional bricks. This will address the issue of waste management through cleaner production and show the ways towards sustainable, economical and energy efficient construction. Highlights • Building bricks were developed utilizing deinking paper mill sludge (DPMS) & soil. • Maximum level of DPMS in production brick is 15% at firing temperature of 950 °C. • The developed bricks satisfies the requirement of class 10 bricks of BIS. • Developed bricks are sustainable and thermally insulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year the pulp and paper industry consumes billions of metres cubed of water and produces huge amounts of highly polluted wastewater that needs to be treated. Conventional techniques of wastewater treatment require a high energy input and their environmental impact is debatable. Thus, the need to find new sustainable, environmentally friendly and efficient treatment techniques is urgent. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are the technology of the future since they simultaneously treat wastewater and produce clean energy. The historical development of this technology towards its application to wastewater treatment was described. The application of MFCs in pulp and paper wastewater treatment is a new and developing field of investigation that still needs to overcome many limitations before its use on an industrial scale. This article reviews the limits of conventional treatment methods and the current state of the art MFC systems for pulp and paper wastewater treatment. The paper provides an overview of the electrogenic microorganisms able to produce electricity from pulp and paper wastewater. The bacteria, isolated at different stages of pulp and papermaking, are best suited for electrogenic activity in harsh environments. It was shown that MFC technology fully meets the requirements of sustainable pulp and paper wastewater treatment and, in terms of the input-output energy balance, remains energetically and environmentally competitive when compared to conventional treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RCF wastes brick achieves 24% lower thermal properties than the control brick. • RCF wastes brick requires 10% lower firing temperature than the control brick. • Utilizing as-received waste materials requires zero grinding energy, benefiting manufacturers and cutting emissions. • Lower firing temperature saved $158,460 by cutting 417 tonnes of CO 2. Building materials drive the global economy, yet face severe environmental hurdles: resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. In order to mitigate the impact from these challenges, authorities seek sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives as an urgent need. This study focuses on the utilization of as-received rejected contaminated fines (RCF) obtained from the yellow bins' waste (paper) recycling process, in brick production. Diverse tests assessed the brick performance, including compressive strength, absorption rate, thermal conductivity, 3D CT scanning for morphological analysis, and durability analysis. Additionally, a leachate analysis was performed to evaluate the environmental implications. Economic benefits, particularly the reduction of CO 2 emissions, were also evaluated. The findings confirmed that as-received waste can be utilized for fired clay brick production without the need for pulverization. The novel brick product made with as-received RCF waste exhibited superior thermal characteristics (up to a 31.25 % reduction compared to control bricks) while meeting the essential compliance requirements outlined by national standards. Moreover, each firing cycle led to a potential value of up to USD 158,460 through a reduction of 417 tonnes of CO 2 , resulting from a 9.5 % reduction in firing temperature (1000 °C). The results from this study offer valuable insights into the potential of using RCF waste as a sustainable alternative in the brick manufacturing industry. This alternative could address the soaring demand in the current market, resolve the escalating solid waste crisis, and mitigate clay shortages, while providing a sustainable solution for the brick industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review explores recent advancements in the manufacturing of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based cellulose nanopaper (CNP). The analysis delves into customizing CNPs through nanofiber manufacturing, mechanical refining, and chemical treatments. The report underscores the growing interest in CNPs derived from CNF due to their exceptional properties and eco-friendly attributes. CNP strength significantly enhanced through mechanical refining encompassing cellulose nanofibrillation were breaking down of cellulose into nanofibers takes place. Conversely, dense CNF network formed through filtration and casting method. Chemical treatments such as dispersion, functionalization, and coating methods followed by drying and consolidation introduce custom functionalities for diverse applications. These applications span packaging, electronics, energy harvesting, EMI shielding, optoelectronics, nanogenerators, transparent conducting films, water treatment, bioelectronics, and neuromorphic computing. The study conducts an in-depth investigation to assess CNP's effects on promoting sustainability and minimizing environmental waste, making a significant contribution to the circular economy. This investigation underscores the pursuit of innovation and aligns with the principles of progressing toward a more environmentally sustainable future. [Display omitted] • Explores CNF production, refining and chemical treatments for CNP customization. • Remarkable properties of CNP draw academic and industrial interest. • CNP applied in packaging, electronics, energy, and environmental science. • Investigates role of CNP in circular economy. • Emphasizes CNPs as eco-friendly, fostering innovation and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Separators are indispensable components in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), providing efficient pathways for lithium ions to travel and isolating the positive and negative electrodes to avoid short circuits. However, traditional polyolefin-based separators exhibit inferior electrolyte affinities, limited porosities, and low thermal stabilities. In this study, a novel method was developed to prepare chitosan micro/nanofiber membranes as LIB separators using natural materials. The pore sizes of the chitosan micro/nanofibers separators were modulated by changing the diameters of the chitosan fibers. The results demonstrated that the chitosan nanofiber separators (CSNFs) had superior electrolyte uptake (281 %), excellent thermal dimensional stability, and electrochemical performance in LiFePO 4 /Li half-cell, as indicated by the higher discharge capacity after 100 cycles, and higher rate capacity than commercial Celgard2325 separator. This study paves the way for the fabrication of eco-efficient and environment-friendly separators for high-performance LIBs. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable hydrophobic coatings on paper have become increasingly important due to the high demand for environmentally friendly materials. In this study, a novel sustainable hydrophobic coating was developed by combining natural rubber latex (NRL) and butyl stearate (BS). The NRL acts as binder and hydrophobic agent, while the butyl stearate improves the hydrophobicity of the coating. Different coating formulations containing 0–50 wt% BS were applied to the paper using a simple bar-coating method at a constant thickness, and the hydrophobic properties were evaluated by using contact angle, Cobb and water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) measurements. The lowest WVTR value was 3.428 g/cm2. Day, obtained when NRL coated, and WVTR of 4.405 g/cm2.day was obtained with an addition of 50 wt% BS, lower than the uncoated paper (5.485 g/cm2.day). All the formulations promoted a remarkable decrease in water absorption (Cobb30 values decreased from 128 g/m2 to 0.8 g/m2, and Cobb60 values decreased from 134.4 g/m2 to 0.7 g/m2). Results showed that the coating effectively reduced the surface energy of the paper, resulting in a high contact angle of 90.6° and increased hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the NRL and butyl stearate coating demonstrated good mechanical properties, suggesting its potential as a sustainable and effective alternative to synthetic hydrophobic coatings. Overall, this study presents a promising approach for the development of sustainable hydrophobic coatings on paper, which can have significant environmental and economic benefits. [Display omitted] • Water resistant paper based on natural rubber latex and butyl stearate hydrophobic coating for packaging. • Butyl stearate addition improved the hydrophobicity of the NRL coating formulation. • Coating formulation potential as a sustainable and effective alternative to synthetic hydrophobic coatings. • NRL/BS coating technology may be a desirable choice for eco-friendly paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a well-established and informative method of understanding the environmental impacts of consumer products across the entire value chain. However, companies committed to sustainability are interested in more methods that examine their products and activities' impacts. Methods that build on LCA strengths and illuminate other connected but less understood facets, related to social and economic impacts, would provide greater value to decision-makers. This study is a LCA that calculates the potential impacts associated with Bounty ® paper towels from two facilities with different production lines, an older one (Albany, Georgia) representing established technology and the other (Box Elder, Utah), a newer state-of-the-art platform. This is unique in that it includes use of Industrial Process Systems Assessment (IPSA), new electricity and pulp data, modeled in open source software, and is the basis for the development of new integrated sustainability metrics (published separately). The new metrics can guide supply chain and manufacturing enhancements, and product design related to environmental protection and resource sustainability. Results of the LCA indicate Box Elder had improvements on environmental impact scores related to air emission indicators, except for particulate matter. Albany had lower water use impacts. After normalization of the results, fossil fuel depletion is the most critical environmental indicator. Pulp production, electricity, and fuels for product production drive fossil fuel depletion. Climate change, land occupation, and particulate matter are also relevant. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by pulp, electricity, papermaking, and landfill methane from the disposed product, drive climate change impacts. Pulp provides significant offsets to balance climate change impacts due to sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Ninety-nine percent of land occupation is for the growth of the trees for pulp production. Papermaking, electricity, and pulp production cause the most potential particular matter formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the biggest challenges to the sustainable manufacture of liquid ammonia and the prevention of worldwide water contamination is the development of effective electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO 3 −) to NH 3 with high stability. Herein, a highly active and serviceable electrocatalyst is synthesized by pyrolysis, composed of nanostructure nickel phosphide (Ni 2 P) embedded in nitrogen phosphide doped carbon (NPC) followed by deposition on carbon paper (CP) to improve the electrocatalytic nitrate reduction. Various characterization techniques investigate the crystallinity, morphology, and chemical components of the Ni 2 P-NPC/CP nanoparticles. The results support the formation of nanostructure Ni 2 P and strong synergistic interactions between Ni 2 P and NPC, which resulted in substantial active sites and high electrical conductivity. Excellent performance of Ni 2 P-NPC/CP nanoparticles is achieved for electrocatalytic NO 3 − reduction with an NH 4 + yield rate of 2.468 mg h−1 mg cat. −1 and Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 84.6% at −1.2 V vs. RHE. Additionally, Ni 2 P-NPC/CP nanoparticles exhibit exceptional robustness and endurance. Studies using isotope labeling have been carried out, and the results show that nitrate reduction produces ammonia. Ni 2 P-based electrocatalysts can effectively treat nitrate wastewater to recover ammonia and facilitate its use in diverse industrial applications. • Ni 2 P-NPC/CP offers a highly active and durable electrocatalyst for the conversion of nitrate to ammonia. • Ni 2 P-NPC/CP achieved NH 4 + yield rate of 2.468 mmol h−1 mgcat−1 and Faradaic efficiency of 84.6% at −1.2 V. • The unique Ni 2 P-NPC/CP ensures robustness and practical options for continuous nitrate reduction processes. • Ni 2 P-NPC/CP offers a carbon-free energy solution through the selective conversion of nitrate to NH 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable, efficient use of renewable bio-based additives in the production of various materials fits well into the concept of sustainability. Here, the concept of coaggregation of mineral filler particles and starch granules for improving filler-fiber interaction in paper-based cellulosic networks is presented. Coaggregation of precipitated calcium carbonate filler particles and uncooked, unmodified corn starch granules by cationic polyacrylamide (a cationic high molecular weight polymer flocculant) in combination with bentonite (an anionic microparticle) prior to addition to cellulosic fiber slurry delivered enhanced filler bondability with cellulosic fibers. For instance, under the conditions studied, preaggregation resulted in an increase in filler bondability factor from 9.24 to 15.21 at starch dosage of 1% (on the basis of the dry weight of papermaking stock). The swelling and gelatinization of the starch granules in starch-filler preaggregates or hybrids enabled the “bridging” of the gaps in cellulosic networks, leading to structural consolidation and strength enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composting is considered to be a natural, sustainable, and highly beneficial method for solid waste disposal. The objective of this study was to investigate the two-stage composting of green waste (GW) as affected by the addition of sugar beet pulp (SBP; at 0, 25, and 35%) and/or paper waste (PW; at 0, 5, and 10%) as bulking agents. The combination of SBP and PW greatly improved the composting conditions and the final compost quality in terms of composting temperature; pH; emissions of ammonia, nitrite nitrogen, and carbon dioxide; lignocellulose degradation; microbial abundance; enzyme activities; particle-size distribution; the ratio of water-soluble organic carbon to organic nitrogen; and phytotoxicity. The optimal two-stage composting process of GW and the highest quality compost product were obtained with the combination of 25% SBP and 10% PW. This optimal combination of bulking agents produced a mature and stable final compost product in only 20 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp mill excess sludge (PMES) is an industrial biomass waste containing high moisture, many organic compounds, and highly concentrated adsorbed organic halides (AOX). The safe disposal and recycling of PMES using an environmentally friendly and sustainable treatment represents a major challenge. In this study, alkali-oxygen cooking was used to recover cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from PMES while removing AOX in a one-pot process. Single-parameter experiments showed that more than 95% of AOX was effectively removed, meeting sewage emission standards, and greater than 70% of cellulose was recovered as CNC. A response surface experimental design was then applied to determine the optimal reaction conditions. A temperature of 200 °C, alkali dosage of 35 wt%, and reaction time of 5 h resulted in an AOX removal rate of 96.57% and CNC recovery rate of 73.78%. The results of this study not only demonstrate an environmentally friendly, sustainable strategy for the treatment and recycling of PMES into CNC, And the alkali-oxygen cooking process can be applied other cellulose-rich industrial wastes to recover value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production systems are being restructured to close production cycles via implementing circular economy (CE) practices. The planted tree industry in Brazil has shown potential for applying CE practices due to its efficient use of resources and inclination towards environmental innovation. However, some gaps and difficulties have been observed in several industrial segments so that the logic of the circular production system is put into practice more effectively and intensely. In this context, the aim was to investigate the use and impacts of CE practices in the Brazilian planted tree industry by sector of operation and scale of enterprises based on the ReSOLVE framework. Data were collected from 34 companies that answered a questionnaire, corresponding to 47.2% of Brazilian planted tree industry companies. Data analysis involved univariate and multivariate statistical techniques, considering the grouping of companies by sector of activity (forest producer, pulp and paper, and timber processing) and scale (small, medium, and large). The results revealed that "pulp and paper" and medium- and large-scale companies had the most significant application of CE practices and reported more significant impacts. [Display omitted] • Explores a segmented analysis of the circular economy by scale and sub-sector groups. • Scores of circular practices and their impacts are presented according to the groups. • The association between circular practices and impacts by group are analyzed. • Propositions to enable the adoption of circular practices are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Discovery of oxidase-like activity and degradable property of γ-MnOOH nanowires. • Understanding of the degradation-activity correlation of γ-MnOOH nanozymes. • Designing a colorimetric platform for POC detection of OPs and AChE activity. • Low LODs, high selectivity, anti-interfere capacity, and workable in real samples. • This portable detection platform possessing great ecological sustainability. Despite the tremendous achievements of existing sensing techniques, sensitive and portable sensing of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in a non-polluting manner remains a challenging issue. This work proposed a facile colorimetric paper sensor using γ-MnOOH nanowires (NWs) as a degradable nanozyme and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a chromogenic indicator for rapid and sensitive screening of OPs and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The sensing mechanism was based on the easy disintegration of the oxidase-like γ-MnOOH NWs into invalid Mn2+ ions by the selective reaction with thiocholine (TCh) produced by AChE and acetylthiocholine iodide (ATCh), triggering a remarkable activity loss of MnOOH nanozymes towards TMB oxidation. The concentration of OPs, as an AChE inhibitor, was measured by the changes in absorbance at 652 nm or blue color of oxTMB products. Such detection platform in solution state achieved relatively low limits of detection (LODs) for AChE activity (0.007 mU mL−1), and for two typical OPs, i.e., omethoate (0.35 ng mL−1) and dichlorvos (0.14 ng mL−1), respectively. Further, the portable assembly of such AChE-nanozyme tandem reaction on test paper performed well, reaching LODs of 0.1 mU mL−1 for AChE, 10 ng mL−1 for omethoate, and 3 ng mL−1 for dichlorvos, respectively. Meanwhile, this sensing system showed great selectivity and anti-interfering capacity in both solution and solid states, and worked well in real serum and vegetable samples. The abovementioned results, along with evidence of its good ecological sustainability, demonstrated the superiority of this well-performing platform for application in the food, environmental, and medical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper mills are indispensable for any nation as far as the growth of the nation is concerned. Due to fast growth in population, urbanization and industrialization, the demand and consumption of paper has increased tremendously. These put high load on our natural resources and force the industry to look for alternative raw material. Rice straw is a lignocellulosic material abundantly available in wood short countries like China, India, Bangladesh, etc. and can be used as raw material for this industry. Open burning of rice straw releases noxious green house gases to the air and poses serious threats to global air chemistry and human health. So, it is a dual benefit option (for farmers and industries) to use rice straw as a raw material in pulp and paper industry. Organosolv pulping using acids are the prominent choices of researchers to convert this residue into valuable pulp but in developed countries only. Developing world favours the soda and soda-AQ processes as these are economical. As a virtue of less lignin content in comparison to wood, rice straw requires less harsh conditions for cooking and can be easily pulped. Bleaching is a crucial step of paper making but also responsible for causing water pollution. Many studies revealed that during the process more than 500 chlorinated compounds are released that are highly toxic, bioaccumulative and carcinogenic in nature. Most of the industries over the globe switch on to the elemental chlorine free short sequence bleaching methods using chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. This paper presented the effective need of ecofriendly, economically reliable pulping and bleaching sequences in case of rice straw to eliminate the problems of chlorinated compounds in wastewater of paper mills. Such approach of using waste as a raw material with its environmentally safe processing for making paper can prove to be valuable towards sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic paper has combined characteristics of renewability, biodegradability, flexibility, and recyclability. Based on disassembly-initiated fiber processing, the conversion of regular paper into a multifunctional wet-strength product was explored. In this concept, disassembly generates cellulosic additives for surface engineering. Encouragingly, the use of the aqueous solvent system containing mixed metal salts allows controllable fiber disassembly and formation of room-temperature-stable cellulosic solutions, leading to wet and dry strengthening of paper following cellulose regeneration. In-situ generation of cellulosic film-forming additives led to the increase of dry and wet strengths by more than 8 and 35 times respectively, in the case of a typical grade of quantitative filter paper. The engineered paper shows flame-retardant, antibacterial, and liquid-barrier features. The combination of functional properties of cellulosic paper can shed light on diversified applications, e.g., replacement of difficult-to-degrade synthetic plastics. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed review of the plasma gasification process for waste disposal. Due to Shifting economies and consumerism culture, ample change can be seen across the globe in the form of rapid industrialisation and burgeoning urbanisation, which results in a massive increase in waste generation. Plasma gasification technology is an emerging solution for processing a wide range of waste making it a highly sustainable, efficient, and ecologically sound process. This literature review discusses the feasibility of the plasma gasification method and its superiority over other conventional waste disposal techniques. A comprehensive analysis of different methods of plasma generation for gasification is done in this literature review. The review paper presents a detailed coverup of the entire process of plasma gasification and post-processes. The article discusses the notable advancement, current scenario, and possibilities in plasma gasification methodology in terms of the design of plasma torch, modelling of gasifiers, generation of syngas, and power production. It provides an overview of advanced simulation tools helpful in the analysis of the Waste-to-Energy (WtE) process. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances in plasma gasification, highlighting the technical aspects, environmental benefits, and economic viability of the technology. It also reviews the latest research and developments in plasma gasification and discusses the challenges and limitations of the technology, as well as the future prospects and potential applications. • Plasma gasification methodology for waste treatment is discussed in detail. • Prominent thermal and non-thermal practices are discussed and compared in this literature review. • Selective use of plasma gas for enhanced efficiency and optimised gas yield/composition. • Hybrid systems offer versatility in processing diverse feedstocks and can achieve higher energy efficiencies. • Plasma-catalysis approach with NTP shows desirable syngas yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on proton exchange membrane water electrolysis for renewable hydrogen production is rapidly advancing worldwide, driven by the imperative to reduce costs and enhance efficiency through development of novel materials. However, to effectively evaluate and validate these advancements, standardized testing methods are essential, extending beyond single-cell analysis to encompass stack-level characterization. This paper proposes comprehensive characterization methods tailored for analysis of electrolysis stacks and their performance characteristics. Each method is introduced with a focus on its practical applicability, accompanied by detailed procedural guidelines for implementation. Furthermore, variations within each method are discussed, offering possibilities for gathering additional insights. Presenting a portfolio of different methods, ranging from standard to advanced techniques applicable at the stack level, the paper showcases results obtained through their application. These results, normalized to cell area, demonstrate the significance of each method in obtaining stack characteristics crucial for informed design decisions on material selection and subsequent integration into electrolysis systems. By illustrating results derived from various stacks, this study contributes valuable insights for evaluating design, material suitability, and operational performance, thereby advancing the development and deployment of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis technology for sustainable hydrogen production. • Development of benchmarking and testing protocols for PEM water electrolysis. • Utilization of cyclic voltammetry for assessing degradation effects in electrolysis stacks. • Experimental analysis of system and stack loss mechanisms. • Identification of key elements monitor degradation effects on stack and system level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and energy crises are twin challenges that require collective wisdom and polygeneration energy systems for sustainable development. Hydrogen is an abundant element in the universe that can shape the future of energy transmission and storage from electrons to molecules. This paper presents utilization of a solar PV assisted hydrogen and electricity production and storage system for a university transportation fleet of 43 student transit buses to reduce annual 9842 liter fuel consumption and 26.52 Mt CO 2 emissions. The system is designed, modeled, and simulated using TRNSYS® energy simulation software and optimized in TrnOpt linked to GenOpt for dynamic weather conditions of Gujrat (Pakistan), Fargo (USA), London (UK). As a model, the results of a 27kW p PV system are presented that assists an alkaline electrolyzer generating 12696 m3 hydrogen, 6348 m3 oxygen, 16848 KWh electricity exported to national grid and 11.56 GJ thermal energy annually. The proposed system generates energy vectors including hydrogen, electricity, heat, and oxygen with optimal performance during intermittent weathers. In this paper, a business model canvas is developed for solar PV assisted hydrogen production and storage system. These outputs can be accredited to the hydrogen as an energy alternative for green and sustainable future for transportation sector. [Display omitted] • A paradigm energy shift from electron to molecules for a sustainable future. • A Solar assisted polygeneration system is dynamically simulated and optimized in TRNSYS for various climate conditions. • Proposed 27kWp system effectively produces 12696 m³ hydrogen, 6348 m³ oxygen, and exports 16848 kWh electricity to grid. • The system cuts annual fuel consumption by 9842 liters for university fleet, reducing CO 2 emissions by 26.52 Mt annually. • Developed a business model for the sustainable application of solar PV-assisted hydrogen production in transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the number of member states in the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) has risen by 40%. The UNCOPUOS continues to be one of the largest committees in the United Nations, with recent additions representing many emerging space nations including the Dominican Republic, Rwanda, Angola, Guatemala, and Bangladesh, among many others. This paper addresses the role of emerging space nations in updating and refining current policies and norms of behavior related to the long-term sustainability of the space environment. The paper provides examples of the recent implementation of long-term space sustainability design and operational guidelines in the national space strategies of several emerging space nations, highlighting the importance nations give to the development of legal mechanisms to regulate the peaceful use of the space environment. Examples of both national and regional initiatives are presented including Thailand's 2021 Draft National Space Act, aimed at creating a national legal regime and establishing a governmental agency dedicated to developing space policies for the registration of objects launched into outer space and space debris mitigation measures, and the National Space Law Initiative (NSLI) study group consisting of Australia, Indonesia, India, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam to create a framework that aims to promote information sharing and mutual learning in relation to the participants' respective national regulatory frameworks for long-term space sustainability. More recently, new initiatives have been developed that celebrate the efforts of satellite mission operators with the aim to reduce the likelihood of space debris and collisions among space objects. The Space Sustainability Rating (SSR) was created by the World Economic Forum, the European Space Agency, the University of Texas at Austin, BryceTech, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and is now hosted by the EPFL Space Centre. The SSR is a rating system to assess and recognize missions that are designed to be compatible with sustainable and responsible operations, reducing the potential harm to the orbital environment and the impact on other operators. The SSR comprises six modules aimed at assessing missions for their compatibility with sustainable and responsible operations. This paper specifically focuses on evaluating the Detection, Identification and Tracking (DIT) scores for satellite missions launched by emerging space nations. The DIT module of the SSR serves as a standardized measure for assessing space sustainability. The paper adopts an exploratory multi-case study approach. Through this focused study, the paper identifies barriers and unique challenges emerging space nations face, including experiences of operator organizations, launch options, financial constraints, technical options available, and other relevant factors. • Paper title: Role of Emerging Nations in Ensuring Long-term Space Sustainability. • UNCOPUOS membership rises 40%, highlighting emerging nations in space policy. • Emerging space nations prioritize guidelines for peaceful and sustainable space use. • SSR serves as an effective tool for evaluating space sustainability metrics. • Case study on THEOS, CBERS, and SumbandilaSat reveals barriers for new players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to safe drinking water is a human right, crucial to combat inequalities, reduce poverty and allow sustainable development. In many areas of the world, however, this right is not guaranteed, in part because of the lack of easily deployable diagnostic tools. Low-cost and simple methods to test water supplies onsite can protect vulnerable communities from the impact of contaminants in drinking water. Ideally such devices would also be easy to dispose of so as to leave no trace, or have a detrimental effect on the environment. To this aim, we here report the first paper microbial fuel cell (pMFC) fabricated by screen-printing biodegradable carbon-based electrodes onto a single sheet of paper, and demonstrate its use as a shock sensor for bioactive compounds ( e.g. formaldehyde) in water. We also show a simple route to enhance the sensor performance by folding back-to-back two pMFCs electrically connected in parallel. This promising proof of concept work can lead to a revolutionizing way of testing water at point of use, which is not only green, easy-to-operate and rapid, but is also affordable to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper and cellulose manufacturing industry generates significant quantities of waste, including an extremely humid sludge, which is considered to be an effluent with high environmental liability for the manufacturer. Studies have shown that this waste sludge may be utilized in construction material, such as mortar for fixing blocks, as well as for ceiling and wall coatings that use ceramic masonry as a sealant. The recycling of pulp and paper industry waste sludge has important environmental benefits, by preventing soil and water pollution caused by inadequate disposal and by reducing the depletion of natural resources, such as lime, used in cementitious materials. This study analyzed the sustainability of incorporating such waste into cement-based mortars. Tests were conducted replacing lime, one of the most expensive mortar components with high environmental impact, with waste sludge in contents of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Analysis was then performed on the samples to assess the primary technical characteristics of these incorporated mortars, such as the consistency index, heat of hydration, content of incorporated air, water retention, mechanical strength and the capillarity coefficient. The results were compared with the results of the characterization tests that were performed on the waste material. The results showed that for use in wall and ceiling mortar coatings, the level of incorporation should not exceed 10%, because higher levels yield lower values of mechanical strength resistance, incompatible with market requirements. This result is probably due to the low heat of hydration of the waste material which generates slower reactions. On the other hand, higher levels of waste material content, above 10%, are appropriate convenient for mortar used to fill small repairs in masonry that do not require control of properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sustainable recyclable paper and composite materials can be ideal choices for the construction of temporary structures for both exhibition spaces or for rapid-recovery shelters in emergency operations. The unique engineering and sustainable features of these structures need to be considered as an integral part of the design process from the conceptual phase. Engineering studies to analyze these structures should be as important as the overall artistic and architectural vision. This paper examines the use of environmentally creep-formed paper tubes for the design, construction, and exhibition of, “Portals to an Architecture”, a large temporary outdoor sculpture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Papermaking is a water intensive industry. The growth of paper demand will further intensify the need of fresh water resources. Papermaking involves complex processing routes. Previous investigations of water consumption in papermaking industry have focused primarily on key processes and pathways, ignoring the impacts of many intermediate and inter-related processes in paper production cycles and there underestimating the sustainability impacts. Herein, the results of a life cycle analysis of water consumption for papermaking industry in China using an extensive system boundary that includes the water embedded in intermediate processing are presented. The results show the life cycle water consumption and water saving potentials for different papermaking pathways. The advocacy of "forest pulp and paper integration" may have few practical contribution to reducing water consumption due to the low indirect water consumption of raw materials and energy for transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability measurement in economics includes assessment of environmental and economic effects in an integrated manner. In this study, system level economic data are integrated with environmental impacts determined from a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a common product. We adopt a costing methodology that captures conventional costs, but additionally incorporates externality costs to present a convenient, easily interpretable metric. Green Net Value Added (GNVA) is a type of full cost accounting that incorporates total revenue, the cost of production, depreciation, and environmental externalities. We present externality costs disaggregated by upstream sectors, full cost of production, and GNVA to evaluate the relative sustainability of Bounty ® paper towels manufactured at two production facilities. We found that the longer running, more established line had a higher GNVA. The predominant components contributing to externality costs come from the stationary sources in the supply chain: electricity generation (27–35%), refineries (20–21%), pulp and paper making (15–23%). Health-related externalities from Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions are to a great extent driven by electricity usage and emissions by the facilities, followed by pulp processing and transport. Supply chains for other facility purchases, product distribution, and end-of-life management contribute the least to the environmental health-related costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to sustainable energy sources is a global imperative in the face of climate change and dwindling fossil fuel reserves. Hydrogen, as a clean and versatile energy carrier, has garnered significant attention as a potential solution. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various electrolyzer types, their features, advantages, disadvantages, and future expectations in the context of sustainable energy generation. The article begins by outlining the fundamental principles of electrolysis, highlighting its potential to harness surplus renewable energy. Four main types of electrolyzers are discussed: alkaline electrolyzers, proton exchange membrane electrolyzers, anion exchange membrane electrolyzers, and solid oxide electrolyzers. Each type is explored in depth, with a focus on their unique operating principles, efficiency, scalability, and suitability for different applications. The paper further delves into recent advancements in electrolyzer technology, discussing emerging trends, improved catalysts, and innovative system designs aimed at enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. It also explores the role of policy support and research initiatives in accelerating the adoption of electrolysis for sustainable hydrogen production. • Water electrolyzer systems are one of the most promising technologies for green hydrogen production. • This review provides insights into the current state and future potential of water electrolysis technologies. • Challenges, advantages, and future directions of electrolyzer types are discussed. • Green hydrogen plays a crucial role in decarbonization efforts and offers a sustainable solution for future energy needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The relationship of Firms' GVC positioning and CEP is investigated for the first time. • We find a right-side smile curve between firms' GVC positioning and CEP. • The improvement of CEP could be driven by firms' downstream climbing in GVC. • The demand diversity brought about by consumption-downstream GVC positioning promotes CEP. • The higher the export market efficiency, the larger the environmental improvement effect is. How firms' GVC positioning affects their environmental performance is an interesting but under-researched issue. This paper explores the relationship between GVC positioning and environmental performance from the firm level for the first time. Based on the Chinese Industrial Enterprise Pollution Emission Database from 2001 to 2013 combined with OECD's TiVA and China Customs databases, this paper identifies the existence of a right-side smile curve between firms' GVC positioning and Corporate Environmental Performance (CEP, represented by firms' SO2 emission intensity) among firms in developed regions, supported by industrial policies and with large scale, implying that the improvement of CEP could be driven by firms' downstream climbing in GVC. Mechanism analysis reveals that the demand diversity brought about by consumption-downstream GVC positioning expands firms' imported intermediate goods and enhances firms' innovation to promote CEP. The environmental improvement effects are more substantial when the export market is more efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the recycling of waste paper and metallic ions in waste water, waste art paper with high contents of fillers/adhesives was carbonized at 300, 450, and 600 °C and the resulting engineered biochars were used to recycle the aqueous Pb(II). The waste-art-paper biochars obtained at higher temperature showed extraordinary removal of aqueous Pb(II) with the Langmuir maximum sorption capacity of 1555 mg g −1 , significantly higher than that of other carbon sorbents in literatures. Comparison of Pb(II) sorption onto biochar’s deashing component and ash suggested the important role of minerals in Pb(II) sorption. The pH changes and the releases of Ca 2+ after Pb(II) sorption further suggested the reactions between calcite minerals of the biochars with the lead ion during Pb(II) sorption. Characterizations of pristine and post-sorption biochars with scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron analyses confirmed the precipitation of Pb(II) with CO 3 2− to form PbCO 3 and Pb 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 crystals on the biochar surfaces. As a result, acid extraction (1.0 mol L −1 HNO 3 ) effectively recycled all the sorbed lead. Furthermore, incineration of Pb(II)-laden biochar under 350 °C not only successfully recovered the lead but also turned it into high purity (>96%) PbO nanoparticles. Findings from this work indicated that recycle waste art paper for biochar production can be a promising environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology because of the extraordinary sorption ability of waste-art-paper biochar and the effective recovery of sorbed Pb(II) into value-added nanoparticles from exhausted biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes the development of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) using carbon-based paste combining silicone glue and graphite powder. The ePADs were manufactured using the screen-printing technique, which consisted of depositing the conductive ink on a screencast on the paper surface. In addition, an alternative electrical connector was designed and 3D-printed to make the detection method cheaper, portable and reproducible. The morphological, structural, and electrochemical properties of the conductive material developed were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. The ePADs combined with the alternative connector revealed high repeatability, reproducibility, and stable responses considering a well-known redox probe ([Fe(CN) 6 ]4-/3-). In addition, the proposed ePAD provided a linear response for standard solutions of ascorbic acid (AA) in the concentration range between 0.1 and 2.0 mmol L−1. The achieved limit of detection was 4.0 μmol L−1. As proof of applicability, the ePADs were evaluated for AA analysis in synthetic biofluids (blood plasma and urine), vitamin C tablets, and food (gelatine and orange juice) samples. The analytical parameters of the proposed device were compared with other reports in the literature and exhibited similar or even superior performance, highlighting its feasibility for sensing applications. [Display omitted] • A carbon-based ink prepared by mixing graphite powder and silicone glue was used to develop screen-printed electrodes on paper. • An inexpensive 3D printed holder ensured simple assembling and suitable reproducibility. • Paper-based sensors revealed great stability and analytical performance. • Ascorbic acid was successfully determined in different samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper explores into the extensive realm of alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), a transformative technology for hydrogen production, offering profound insights and future prospects for sustainable growth. It embarks on this journey by explaining the fundamental principles, the application of Faraday's laws, electrolyzer design, and the intricate electrochemical processes transpiring at the cathode and anode. Subsequently, it investigates electrode materials, catalysts, membrane material and their recent developments, unveiling essential aspects of material selection and performance enhancement. The exploration extends to the domain of alkaline electrolyte solutions, where it provides a comprehensive overview of common electrolytes, the impact of concentration on system performance, and pioneering research on alternative electrolytes. Shifting focus towards large-scale systems and industrial applications, the paper unravels the economic feasibility, considerations regarding costs, and the transformative influence of alkaline water electrolysis on diverse industries. The final segment is dedicated to emerging trends and future directions. It casts light on recent breakthroughs and the potential for commercialization, presenting a vivid image of the evolving role of this technology in the sustainable energy landscape. The conclusive segment, this review offers a recapitulation of the key discoveries and insights presented throughout the paper, while delivering a critical evaluation of the present state of alkaline water electrolysis. It emphasizes the potential of the technology while recognizing critical research areas such as electrode materials, safety standards, scaling efficiency, flexible operation, and surface modification techniques. In the rapidly changing energy scenario, this paper stands as a testament to the dynamic nature of alkaline water electrolysis and its pivotal role in a sustainable energy future. • Identifying different alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) cell efficiencies and transport resistances. • Insights into recent development in electrodes, catalysts, and separator membranes materials. • Recognizing recently examined alkaline electrolytes. • Recent and emerging trends in AWE including the use of electromagnetic field and pulsating potential. • Perspectives of scaling up AWE and its industrial commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of agricultural and food wastes for biohydrogen generation is a hot research topic. In this paper, biohydrogen generation potentials from wheat, maize, barley, rice and potato production, consumption, associated losses, and household food waste generation in Turkey is estimated till 2030 using novel semi-empirical holistic models based on different scenarios. It was estimated that up to 90 thousand tonnes of biohydrogen could be produced from household food wastes in Turkey in 2030. This amount of biohydrogen would be worth 1.5 billon US$ and generate nearly 0.8 billion US$ of net return. In addition, this study clearly shows that there is a great potential for economic gain from agricultural and food waste based biohydrogen generation in Turkey. In conclusion, the methodology developed in this study could be used by researchers around the world to estimate local and national level biohydrogen generation potentials from agricultural and food wastes. [Display omitted] • This paper examines biohydrogen potentials from agricultural and food wastes. • Holistic per capita models for estimating annual biohydrogen production potentials. • Annual production and sale costs are estimated. • Annual net returns from biohydrogen generation are calculated. • The results highlight recommendations for future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has represented a watershed in people's lifestyle. One important consequence has been the change in how people buy groceries online/offline that represent the most frequent shopping-related trip any household performs. Since this has substantially different transport and environmental implications, it is crucial to investigate what are the COVID-19-induced variations. This paper estimates both travel and environmental impacts grocery channel choice implies by comparing, in a diachronic fashion, the pre and during COVID-19 situation in Norway, considering alternative scenarios describing different service configurations for each channel considered. Stated preferences are used to estimate market shares for grocery purchase distinguishing between different channels: in-store, home delivery and click&pick. The robust comparative analysis between the two time periods is guaranteed by the use of the same methodological approach in the same geographical context. Results show that total emissions are lower during the pandemic and adopting a free delivery strategy not only increases home delivery market shares but also produces the lowest level of CO2 emissions regardless of COVID-19. The results obtained are particularly relevant in the "new normal" the world is experiencing both from a public policymaking perspective, when promoting transport-related interventions to curb emissions, and from a private standpoint, when customising market strategies to increase sales and profits. • COVID-19 has represented a watershed in people's lifestyle. • Investigating changes in how people buy groceries online/offline is important. • Stated preferences are used to estimate grocery market shares for different channels. • The paper estimates travel and environmental impacts pre and during COVID-19 via scenario analysis. • Results are particularly relevant for both the public and private sector in the "new normal" conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quest for a sustainable future, the bio-economy and biorefineries have emerged as pivotal agents of transformation. This review paper offers an accessible and comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted bio-economy landscape. Environmental concerns, resource scarcity, and the demand for renewable and bio-based products are the key drivers shaping this sustainable paradigm. Agriculture and agro-industry play an indispensable role, acting as the primary suppliers of the essential feedstock for biorefineries. They not only fuel the bio-economy but also foster sustainable farming practices and rural development, forming a mutually beneficial relationship. Biorefineries, the workhorses of the bio-economy, optimize resource usage, minimize waste, and produce a diverse range of bio-based products. Innovative biorefinery techniques are at the forefront, revolutionizing efficiency and expanding the array of feedstock's, thereby creating higher value-added derivatives. These value-added products, spanning biofuels, bio-plastics, and more, drive the market towards a greener and circular economy. The bio-economy's commitment to sustainability is evident through waste reduction and the promotion of circular economy principles. Policy, regulation, and market developments shape the bio-economy by promoting bio-based industries while favouring eco-friendly alternatives, creating a competitive and healthy ecosystem. While the bio-economy shows promise, it faces challenges. Optimizing conversion efficiency, discovering new feedstocks, and solving biorefinery environmental issues need technological breakthroughs and research. In summary, the bio-economy and biorefineries orchestrate a sustainable symphony, driven by environmental consciousness, rooted in agriculture, refined by innovative techniques, and harmonized by the production of bio-based products. The stage is set for a greener, more sustainable future. Bio-economy and biorefineries have become crucial drivers of transformation in the pursuit of a sustainable future. The review paper provides a thorough and easily understandable examination of the diverse bio-economy landscape. Environmental concerns, limited resources, and the need for biodegradable and renewable products are some of the main things that are shaping the sustainable paradigm. Agriculture and the agro-industry play a big role in this because they provide biorefineries with the feedstock they need. The bio-economy is not only fuelled by them, but they also contribute to sustainable farming practices and rural development, creating a mutually beneficial relationship. Biorefineries are the backbone of the bio-economy as they effectively utilize resources, minimize waste, and generate a wide array of bio-based products. At the forefront of innovation, biorefinery techniques are revolutionizing efficiency and expanding the range of feedstock's available. This, in turn, leads to the creation of higher-value derivatives and value-added products, such as biofuels and bioplastics, promoting a greener and more circular economy. The commitment of the bio-economy to sustainability is demonstrated through its efforts to reduce waste and promote the principles of a circular economy. Policy, regulation, and market developments impact the bio-economy by working together to support bio-based industries and encourage the use of eco-friendly alternatives. As a result, a competitive and healthy ecosystem is created. Although the bio-economy holds promise, it also encounters various challenges. Technological breakthroughs and research are necessary for optimizing conversion efficiency, discovering new feedstock's, and solving biorefinery environmental issues. In essence, a commitment to the environment guides how the bio-economy and biorefineries collaborate in a sustainable manner by utilizing innovative methods to refine and produce bio-based products. This harmonious process creates a symphony of sustainability, paving the way for the dream of a greener, more sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The usability of a paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in the brick making is established. • Up to 10 wt% of PMSC was suitable for bricks production as per relevant standards. • It is proved that the products can be used in non load-bearing and infill walls. • TCLP procedure demonstrated the non-hazardous nature of the obtained bricks. This study's focus was to develop a potential pathway for recycling of the paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in brick making. Composting reduces the paper mill sludge (PMS) moisture content considerably and shredding becomes easier. The addition of PMSC leads to an increase of porosities in bricks and makes them lighter, besides delivering energy to the firing process from burning organics. Lighter construction materials help minimize construction outlay by reducing labour and transportation costs and lesser expense on foundation construction. The variability in the experimental data and the brick properties were investigated for two types of soils, typical in the brick industry of India (alluvial and laterite soil), blended with PMSC in five mix ratios (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The samples of oven-dried bricks were fired at two different temperatures (850 and 900 °C) in an electrically operated muffle furnace representing typical conditions of a brick kiln. Various properties of bricks were analyzed which included linear shrinkage, bulk density, water absorption and compressive strength. Conclusions were drawn based on these properties. It was found that the addition of PMSC to the alluvial and laterite soil by up to 10% weight yield mechanical properties of fired bricks compliant with the relevant Indian and ASTM codes. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) tests showed that PMSC incorporated fired bricks are safe to use in regular applications as non-load-bearing and infill walls. This study is timely in light of the European Green Deal putting focus on circular economy. Besides, it fulfills the objective of UN sustainable development goals (SDG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural cellulose fibres are proposed as promising components for bioderived photoanodes and polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In particular, TiO 2 -laden paper foils, prepared by simple papermaking, can be applied to several substrates (conductive glass or plastics) instead of the high-temperature sintered traditional commercial pastes. In addition, nanoscale microfibrillated cellulose is used as reinforcing filler in acrylate/methacrylate-based thermo-set polymer electrolyte membranes prepared by means of fast, low-cost and green UV-induced free-radical photopolymerization. The laboratory-scale quasi-solid state paper-DSSCs assembled with cellulose-based electrodes and electrolytes guarantee sunlight conversion efficiencies as high as 3.55 and 5.20% at simulated light intensities of 1 and 0.2 sun, respectively, along with an excellent efficiency retention of 96% after 1000 h of accelerated aging test. The simple, low cost and green approach here specifically developed opens up intriguing prospects in the design of bio-inspired energy conversion devices showing high performance, outstanding durability and truly sustainable characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an inclusive approach with focus on energy use and recovery in wastewater management, including wastewater treatment (WWT) and sludge handling. Process data from three Swedish mills and a mathematical model were used to evaluate seven sludge handling strategies. The results indicate that excess energy use in WWT processes counters the potential energy recovery in the sludge handling systems. Energy use in WWT processes is recommended to aim for sufficient effluent treatment, not for sludge reduction. Increased secondary sludge production is favourable from an energy point of view provided it is used as a substrate for heat, biogas or electricity production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Biodiversity markets offer considerable promise but are accompanied by controversies. Here, we map the utilization of native species (NS) from Brazil's biodiversity across eleven industrial sectors: foodstuffs, beverages, textiles, clothing, leather, wood, pulp and paper, biofuels, pharmochemicals, rubber and furniture. We show that there exists a diverse range of NS use in industrial products (48%) and activities (73%). These economic activities represent potential annual exports of approximately USD $50 billion. However, we found that only 1% of the potential business, USD $500 million of annual exports, is consolidated and can be traced to such products. We show that biodiversity markets and larger annual revenues locate in municipalities away from places in which biodiversity products originate. Therefore, the biodiversity business in Brazil remains largely untapped. This prompts a critical examination of the role of biodiversity within the Brazilian industry and its alignment with the Brazilian Biodiversity Law and the Nagoya Protocol. Our study is a pioneering effort that provides strategic recommendations. We suggest that the responsibility for sustainable NS utilization predominantly falls on sectors dominated by major corporations, most notably pharmochemicals and biofuels. These industry sectors possess the potential to lead the transition towards responsible and sustainable biodiversity practices within Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study develops a framework of internal and external factors that influence the adoption of eco-innovation. We studied 80 adoption processes in the Dutch brewing industry and the Dutch paper industry and analysed the relative importance of different factors. We find that internal factors were more important than external factors. The analysis also shows differences between the industries. The financial advantage was important for both industries, but especially for the paper industry. For the brewing industry, ethical responsibility and stakeholders played a more important role in the adoption. The analysis also revealed differences for small and large firms. Ethical responsibility and stakeholders are relatively more often mentioned by small firms, whereas clear objectives and regulations were mentioned more by large firms. Our study highlights that the adoption of eco-innovation is a complex process and the position in the supply chain as well as the size of a firm influence what is important in the adoption of eco-innovation. • Many different internal and external factors influence the adoption of eco-innovation. • Internal factors are more important than external factors. • Ethical considerations and stakeholders seem more important for smaller firms. • The position in the supply chain influences which factors are important. • Firms visible to consumers are influenced by ethical considerations and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the application of a comprehensive approach to the design of small scale sustainable distributed generation systems with special focus on energy recovery from paper production process sludge. The methodology integrates a detailed fluid-dynamic analysis tool with preliminary experimental analysis on a laboratory scale to guide the design of a prototype bubbling fluidized bed gasifier in the 85kW power range fitting with small and medium size paper production industries. Preliminary tests show stable operation even for this rather small power scale, and deviation from chemical equilibrium concentration in agreement with literature available data. Energy content in the sludge may be recovered along with a significant reduction of residual volume and mass. The concept may then be used to increase the overall sustainability of paper production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The European Green Deal has set a target for Europe to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, necessitating a transition to more sustainable energy sources. Hydrogen gas (H 2) has emerged as a promising solution, with methane pyrolysis presenting a viable method for its production. This study explores the optimization of methane plasma pyrolysis for hydrogen and high-quality carbon production. Employing a statistical approach by a design of experiment software, critical process parameters are systematically analyzed to predict their impact within a defined range. Additionally, the paper conducts comprehensive characterization of the solid carbon produced during pyrolysis using imaging, spectroscopic and elemental analysis, and gas sorption analysis methods. The experimental investigation was conducted using a thermal plasma reactor with several settings of influential parameters including methane gas (CH 4) content in the plasma gas, electric current, and arc length. The DC-transferred plasma arc is formed using a variable gas mixture of argon gas (Ar) and CH 4, with a constant flow rate of 5 Nl/min. Thirteen tests were designed, evaluating responses such as power input, process stability, and H 2 yield. The H 2 yield indicates the hydrogen produced from CH 4 , with 100% representing total conversion. While the process exhibited inconstancy, attributed to reactor design constraints, a high H 2 yield of 67%–100% was achieved. The results indicate that a higher CH 4 content in the plasma gas and extended arc lengths disturb the plasma arc, hence reducing the H 2 yield. Increased power input, achieved through higher amperage levels, and a wider reaction zone eased by extending the arc length both led to an improved H 2 yield. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed microstructural differences, with carbon samples from the filter exhibiting finer textures and carbon samples from the reactor larger sizes and dendritic particles. Raman spectroscopy confirmed crystalline graphitic-like structures with low defect concentrations, a finding supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis confirmed high-purity carbon with slight impurities from initial filter contamination. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area calculations based on gas sorption analysis showed significant variations, with filter-collected samples exhibiting 40–170 m2/g and reactor-collected ones showing 7–30 m2/g. [Display omitted] • This study investigates a unique approach to optimizing the thermal plasma pyrolysis of methane. • A H 2 yield of 67%–100% was achieved utilizing a DC-transferred plasma arc furnace and an Ar and CH 4 mixture plasma gas. • A lower CH 4 content in the plasma gas and an optimized arc length improve the plasma arc and the H 2 yield. • The carbon shows crystalline graphitic-like structures with low defect concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient production and sustainable operation of water electrolysis hydrogen production equipment within renewable energy systems, characterized by intermittency and volatility, necessitates dynamic simulation for the development of optimized control systems. This paper proposes the application and modification of a data-driven deep-learning model to simultaneously simulate the thermal and electrochemical responses of an alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE), yielding exceptional performance and versatility. By utilizing 4840 h of comprehensive experimental data, the causal relationships among electrolyzer operating parameters are resolved, classifying them into set values and response values for the proposed dynamic model. The model architecture is based on an attention mechanism and designed with hybrid input. Notable enhancements include embedding flow-leveraged polarization function, creating set-value cross-attention, and adopting probability-sparse attention, all of which are validated through both the validation and simulation results. Extensive exploration of various structural and training parameters leads to the selection of the best-performing model. When applied to simulation across all experimental data, the median mean percentage absolute error of the optimal model in cell voltage is a mere 1.3%, while the error in temperature is only 3.5%. Moreover, under typical operating conditions, the simulation error for both voltage and temperature remain below 2%, highlighting the outstanding dynamic modeling and simulation capabilities. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed model for future hydrogen energy applications in dynamic control and operational optimization within renewable energy system for higher performance and better conversion efficiency. • Deep-learning model for dynamic thermoelectric simulation of water electrolyzers. • Flow-leveraged polarization function and set-value cross-attention mechanism. • Excellent accuracy, thermoelectric error of 3.5% and 1.3%, respectively. • Insights for optimizing control strategies of electrolyzer for higher efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions due to human activities exert a substantial adverse effect on the environment. The conversion of CO 2 into methanol (CH 3 OH) through hydrogenation is a promising way to utilize this greenhouse gas, thus maintaining carbon in the cycle. In terms of sustainability, methanol is of particular interest because of its dual utilization potential as a fuel or base material to produce different chemicals. The versatility of the latter allows it to be used directly as a precursor to produce numerous compounds, including dimethyl ether (DME), olefins, formaldehydes, and hydrocarbon fuels. This paper first reviews the latest developments in catalyst design, focusing on the relationship between catalyst structure and performance. In addition, recent advances in understanding the reaction mechanisms, optimizing catalyst architectures, innovating membrane reactors, and reaction conditions have been discussed. This summarizes the strategies for increasing the efficiency of sustainable methanol production with the help of membranes. This study provides an outlook for future research in this field. [Display omitted] • Developing efficient hydrogen conversion is essential for addressing climate change. • Technological improvements in the synthesis of water selective zeolite membranes. • Latest developments in CO 2 hydrogenation using Cu-based catalysts. • Adapting zeolite membranes in catalytic membrane reactors to increase methanol yield. • Challenges and perspectives of CO 2 hydrogenation in the presence of a membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• So far, dietary guidelines have been based on a single-nutrient approach. • The prevention of non-communicable diseases is now based on epidemiological research. • Dietary indications should follow a holistic approach, including consumers' perceptions. Over the past century, dietary recommendations emphasizing food patterns as means to deliver essential nutrients have garnered widespread acceptance. The necessity for foods supplying vital nutrients and energy throughout various life stages requires the involvement of local resources and cultural practices to prevent nutrient deficiency diseases. Since the 1980s, dietary guidelines aimed at adverting chronic diseases have relied on epidemiological research to predict which dietary patterns correlate with reduced risk of chronic disease or links to health outcomes. Dietary guidelines have been broad, typically recommending avoiding excess or deficiency of single nutrients. Efforts to fine-tune these recommendations face challenges due to a scarcity of robust scientific data supporting more specific guidance across the life cycle. Consumers have become skeptical of dietary guidelines, because media coverage of new studies is often in conflict with accepted nutrition dogma. Indications to align individual and planet's health have been issued supporting the concept of sustainable dietary patterns. Whether we really have a science-based databank to support dietary guidelines is still a matter of ongoing debate, as presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for the short-process recovery and reuse of rare earth secondary resources. Low-value rare earth polishing powder waste (WP), trichromatic phosphor waste (WT), NdFeB permanent magnetic waste (WN), and SmCo permanent magnetic waste (WS) were used as the raw materials. Based on the concept of combinatorial chemistry, energy-efficient cool pigments and environmental remediation materials were synthesized by a solid-phase method. The results showed that the synthesized materials had fluorite-type and garnet-type structures. In terms of cool pigments, doping with different rare earth permanent magnets can enrich the color (including yellow, green, brown, gray, and blue) and cause fluctuations in the near-infrared (NIR) reflectance (59.05–99.54 %) and NIR solar reflectance (55.32–95.64 %). Yellow fluorite-type pigments (WP: WT = 1:1) have the highest NIR reflectance (R = 99.54 %), while brown fluorite-type pigments (WP: WN = 1:0.1) and blue garnet-type pigments (WP:WS = 1:0.1) have relatively high NIR reflectance, 88.18 % and 59.30 %, respectively. The synthesized pigments possessed better chemical stabilities and thermal insulation performance. In terms of environmental remediation materials, the adsorption capacities of fluorite-type materials for F− and PO 4 3− can reach 84.03 mg/g and 85.3 mg/g, respectively. In summary, materials synthesized from rare earth waste exhibit excellent potential for use in energy-efficient wastewater treatment and promote the sustainable utilization of secondary rare earth resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]