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Introduction: Excess sodium intake is common across all age, sex, racial, and ethnic groups in the US and remains an important modifiable risk factor for elevated blood pressure (BP), a leading contributor to cardiovascular disease. While multiple 24 -hour urinary measures of sodium excretion are the preferred objective measure of sodium intake, multiple standardized, interviewer-administered 24 hour dietary recalls offer a useful surrogate measure for longitudinal group comparisons, especially unique among US Hispanics/Latinos of diverse backgrounds. Objectives: To assess whether dietary sodium intake was associated with change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) over six years, overall and by use of BP lowering medication. Methods: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is an ongoing prospective population-based study of 16,415 diverse Hispanics/Latinos aged 18-74 yr from four US communities. Visit 1 (baseline) was conducted in 2008-2011, and visit 2 is currently ongoing (2014-2017). Dietary sodium intake was averaged from two interviewer-administered 24-hour diet recalls collected at visit 1. Likewise, SBP was the average from three seated measurements in visit 1 and about six years later in visit 2. Change in SBP from visit 1 to visit 2 was calculated. Using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, study site, follow-up years, Hispanic/Latino background, education, income, nativity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, family history of CVD, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and energy intake, we estimated the association of a 500 mg/day increment of sodium intake on change in SBP. Models were further stratified by self-reported use of BP lowering medication at visit 2. Results: The sample includes 7,904 adults who attended visit 2 by September 2016; average follow-up time was 5.8 years (SE: 0.02). At visit 1 mean age was 44.5 years (SE: 0.05); 57% were female (SE: 0.86). Overall, mean sodium intake was 3171 mg/day (SE: 33); a 500 mg/day higher sodium intake was associated with a 0.33 mmHg increase in SBP (95% CI: 0.07, 0.60). Among individuals not reporting taking BP lowering medication, mean sodium was 3,181 (SE: 34) and a 500 mg higher sodium intake was associated with a non-significant 0.29 mmHg increase in SBP (95% CI: -0.00, 0.58). Among individuals on BP lowering medication, mean sodium intake was 2,966 (SE: 50) and a 500 mg higher sodium intake was significantly associated with a 0.61 mmHg increase in SBP (95% CI: 0.11, 1.11). Conclusions: Among a large sample of diverse US Hispanics/Latinos, higher sodium intake was associated with small SBP increases in approximately six years. The effect of sodium on elevated SBP was stronger among individuals on BP lowering medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Experimental evidence suggests sedentary time (ST), in part, contributes to cardiovascular disease risk by eliciting detrimental hemodynamic changes (blood pooling, turbulent blood flow) in the lower limbs. However, few studies have examined the association of ST and peripheral artery disease (PAD). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that longer daily ST is associated with higher odds of PAD, independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Methods: We examined cross-sectional associations of accelerometer-measured ST (measured over 7 days) and the ankle brachial index (ABI) among 7,677 Hispanic adults (ages 45-74) who were enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). ST (<100 counts/min) was standardized to 16 hours/d of wear time. Using multivariable logistic regression accounting for the complex survey design, we analyzed quartiles of ST then used restricted cubic splines (RCS) to assess non-linear associations of ST with odds of PAD (ABI ≤ 0.9), all models controlled for claudication, MVPA, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Results: Median ST was 12.2 hours/day (76% of wear time) and 366 (5%) participants had PAD. Using RCS with 3 knots (10th, 50th & 90th percentile), ST had a significant non-linear association with PAD (p= 0.004). As seen in the dose-response figure, a threshold effect was seen such that time spent above median ST was associated with significantly higher odds of PAD. For example, compared to median ST, 2 hours above median ST (14.2 hours/day) was associated with 1.60 times the odds of PAD (OR 1.60, 1.24-2.07). Conclusions: Among Hispanic/Latino adults, higher ST is associated with higher odds of PAD, independent of claudication, MVPA, and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Importantly, this effect was only observed at higher levels of ST. Further study is warranted to determine if reducing high levels of ST may reduce risk of PAD or prevent progression of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]