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Incoming surface solar irradiance (SSI) is essential for calculating Earth's surface radiation budget and is a key parameter for terrestrial ecological modeling and climate change research. Remote sensing images from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites provide an opportunity for SSI estimation through directly retrieving atmospheric and land-surface parameters. This paper presents a new scheme for estimating SSI from the visible and infrared channels of geostationary meteorological and polar-orbiting satellite data. Aerosol optical thickness and cloud microphysical parameters were retrieved from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system images by interpolating lookup tables of clear and cloudy skies, respectively. SSI was estimated using pre-calculated offline lookup tables with different atmospheric input data of clear and cloudy skies. The lookup tables were created via the comprehensive radiative transfer model, Santa Barbara Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (SBDART), to balance computational efficiency and accuracy. The atmospheric attenuation effects considered in our approach were water vapor absorption and aerosol extinction for clear skies, while cloud parameters were the only atmospheric input for cloudy-sky SSI estimation. The approach was validated using one-year pyranometer measurements from seven stations in the SURFRAD (SURFace RADiation budget network). The results of the comparison for 2012 showed that the estimated SSI agreed with ground measurements with correlation coefficients of 0.94, 0.69, and 0.89 with a bias of 26.4 W/m-2, -5.9 W/m-2, and 14.9 W/m-2 for clear-sky, cloudy-sky, and all-sky conditions, respectively. The overall root mean square error (RMSE) of instantaneous SSI was 80.0 W/m-2 (16.8%), 127.6 W/m-2 (55.1%), and 99.5 W/m-2 (25.5%) for clear-sky, cloudy-sky (overcast sky and partly cloudy sky), and all-sky (clear-sky and cloudy-sky) conditions, respectively. A comparison with other state-of-the-art studies suggests that our proposed method can successfully estimate SSI with a maximum improvement of an RMSE of 24 W/m-2. The clear-sky SSI retrieval was sensitive to aerosol optical thickness, which was largely dependent on the diurnal surface reflectance accuracy. Uncertainty in the pre-defined horizontal visibility for 'clearest sky' will eventually lead to considerable SSI retrieval error. Compared to cloud effective radius, the retrieval error of cloud optical thickness was a primary factor that determined the SSI estimation accuracy for cloudy skies. Our proposed method can be used to estimate SSI for clear and one-layer cloud sky, but is not suitable for multi-layer clouds overlap conditions as a lower-level cloud cannot be detected by the optical sensor when a higher-level cloud has a higher optical thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]