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Thermal conductivity is a basic parameter of soil heat transferring, playing an important role in many fields including groundwater withdrawal, ground source heat pump, and heat storage in soils. However, it usually requires a lot of time and efforts to obtain soil thermal conductivity. To conveniently obtain accurate soil thermal conductivity, a new model describes the relationship between soil thermal conductivity (λ) and degree of saturation (Sr) was proposed in this study. Dry soil thermal conductivity (λdry) and saturated soil thermal conductivity (λsat) were described using a linear expression and a geometric mean model, respectively. A quadratic function with one constant was added to calculate λ beyond the lower λdry and upper λsat limit conditions. The proposed model is compared with five other frequently used models and measured data for 51 soil samples ranging from sand to silty clay loam. Results show that the proposed model match the measured data well. The proposed model can be used to determine soil thermal conductivity of a variety of soil textures over a wide range of water content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a facile and controllable approach to design anodic catalysts with different surface morphologies. The RuO-TiO anodes are directly grown in situ on the surface of Ti substrate under certain hydrothermal conditions. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectra, cyclic voltammetry, and linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) were used to scrutinize the electrodes and the electrochemical activity. The experimental results indicate that solvothermal crystallization in the presence of hydrochloric acid plays a critical role in regulating the catalyst size and microstructure during the nucleation and growth process of RuO-TiO. The designed RuO-TiO/Ti anode with a nano-flowerlike structure displays significantly enhanced activity toward anodic chlorine evolution reaction (CER) compared to the other two morphology anodes. Such excellent performance of RuO-TiO/Ti is explained in terms of the small charge transfer resistance and the unique surface structure with more active sites to be utilized during CER. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The (RuTiSnSb)O-TiO nanotubes (TNTs) anode has been prepared via anodization, deposition, and annealing. X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and linear scanning voltammetry were used to scrutinize the electrodes and the electrochemical activity. The results indicate that highly ordered TNTs with large specific surface area could be implanted with active metal oxides. The catalyst firmly binds with the TNTs and enhances the electrochemical stability of the electrode. It displays high over-potential for oxygen evolution reaction. Accordingly, the constructed (RuTiSnSb)O-TNTs anode exhibits a greater potential difference (Δ E) between the evolutions of oxygen and chlorine than that exhibited by the traditional dimensionally stable anode, which is beneficial for improving the selectivity toward chlorine evolution reaction. This superior performance is explained in terms of the surface properties and geometric structure of coated catalyst, as well as the electrochemical selectivity ascribed by the addition of tin and antimony species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new surgical technique, 'one-stop hybrid procedure' is rarely applied in trauma patients. This paper aims to explore its role in vascular injury of the lower extremity. Vascular intervention combined with open surgery was performed to treat three cases of vessel injuries of the lower extremity in our hybrid operating room. One patient with stab injury to the left femoral vein was treated by temporary artery blocking after excluding arterial injury by angiography, followed by blocking surgery and debridement and repair of the injured vein. The other two patients with drug addiction history, who were found to have pricking injuries to the femoral artery combined with local infection, were successfully treated by endovascular techniques and open debridement. One-stop hybrid procedure in treating vascular injury patients could simplify the operation procedure, reduce operative risk, and achieve good curative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]