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Dermoscopy is a technique used to capture the images of skin, and these images are useful to analyze the different types of skin diseases. Malignant melanoma is a kind of skin cancer whose severity even leads to death. Earlier detection of melanoma prevents death and the clinicians can treat the patients to increase the chances of survival. Only few machine learning algorithms are developed to detect the melanoma using its features. This paper proposes a Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system which equips efficient algorithms to classify and predict the melanoma. Enhancement of the images are done using Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization technique (CLAHE) and median filter. A new segmentation algorithm called Normalized Otsu's Segmentation (NOS) is implemented to segment the affected skin lesion from the normal skin, which overcomes the problem of variable illumination. Fifteen features are derived and extracted from the segmented images are fed into the proposed classification techniques like Deep Learning based Neural Networks and Hybrid Adaboost-Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms. The proposed system is tested and validated with nearly 992 images (malignant & benign lesions) and it provides a high classification accuracy of 93 %. The proposed CAD system can assist the dermatologists to confirm the decision of the diagnosis and to avoid excisional biopsies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholangiocarcinoma, cancer of the bile ducts, is often diagnosed via magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Due to low resolution, noise and difficulty is actually seeing the tumor in the images, especially by examining only a single image, there has been very little development of automated systems for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis. This paper presents a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system for the automated preliminary detection of the tumor using a single MRCP image. The multi-stage system employs algorithms and techniques that correspond to the radiological diagnosis characteristics employed by doctors. A popular artificial neural network, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), is used for decision making to differentiate images with cholangiocarcinoma from those without. The test results achieved was 94% when differentiating only healthy and tumor images, and 88% in a robust multi-disease test where the system had to identify the tumor images from a large set of images containing common biliary diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hybrid clustering algorithm based on a three-layer feed forward neural network (FFNN), a distribution density function, and a cluster validity index, is presented in this paper. In this algorithm, both feature weighting and sample weighting are considered, and an optimal cluster number is automatically determined by the cluster validity index. Feature weights are learnt via FFNN based on the gradient descent technique, and sample weights are computed by using the distribution density function of a sample. Feature weighting and sample weighting highlight the importance of sensitive features and representative samples, and simultaneously weaken the interference of insensitive features and vague samples. The presented algorithm is described and applied to the incipient fault diagnosis of locomotive roller bearings. The diagnosis result demonstrates the superior effectiveness and practicability of the algorithm, and shows that it is a promising approach to the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with breast cancer diagnostic and prognostic estimations employing neural networks over the Wisconsin Breast Cancer datasets, which consist of measurements taken from breast cancer microscopic instances. A probabilistic approach is dedicated to solve the diagnosis problem, detecting malignancy among instances derived from the Fine Needle Aspirate test, while regression algorithms estimate the time interval that possibly correspond to the right end-point of the patients' disease-free survival time or the time where the tumour recurs (time-to-recur). For the diagnosis problem, the accuracy of the neural network in terms of sensitivity and specificity was measured at 98.6 and 97.5% respectively, using the leave-one-out test method. As far as the prognosis problem is concerned, the accuracy of the neural network was measured through a stratified tenfold cross-validation approach. Sensitivity ranged between 80.5 and 91.8%, while specificity ranged between 91.9 and 97.9%, depending on the tested fold and the partition of the predicted period. The prognostic recurrence predictions were then further evaluated using survival analysis and compared with other techniques found in literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many different learning algorithms for neural networks have been developed, with advantages offered in terms of network structure, initial values of some parameters, learning speed, and learning accuracy. If we train the networks only on good examples, without noise and shortage, the neural network can be trained to classify, with reasonable accuracy, target patterns or random patterns, but not both. To solve this problem, we propose a learning method of immune multi-agent neural networks (IMANNs), which have agents of macrophages, B-cells and T-cells. Each agent employs a different type of neural network. Because the agents work cooperatively and competitively, IMANNs can automatically classify the training dataset into some subclasses. In this paper, two types of IMANNs are described and their classification capabilities are compared. In order to verify the effectiveness of our proposed method, we used two datasets: the dataset of the MONK’s problem (as a traditional classification problem) and a dataset from a medical diagnosis problem (hepatobiliary disorders). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of big data and deep learning is a world-shattering technology that can make a great impact on any industry if used in a proper way. With the availability of large volume of health care datasets and progressions in deep learning techniques, systems are now well equipped in diagnosing many health problems. Utilizing the intensity of substantial historical information in electronic health record (EHR), we built up, a conventional predictive temporal model utilizing recurrent neural systems (RNN) like LSTM and connected to longitudinal time stepped EHR. Experience records were contribution to RNN to anticipate the analysis and prescription classes for a resulting visit during heart disappointment (e.g. diagnosis codes, drug codes or method codes). In this paper, we also investigated whether use of deep learning to model temporal relations among events in electronic health records (EHRs) would enhance the model performance in predicting initial diagnosis of heart failure (HF) compared to some of the traditional methods that disregard temporality. By examining these time stamped EHRs, we could recognize the associations between various diagnosis occasions and finally predicate when a patient is being analyzed for a disease. In any case, it is hard to access the current EHR data straightforwardly, since almost all data are sparse and not standardized. Along these lines, we proposed a robust model for prediction of heart failure. The fundamental commitment of this paper is to predict the failure of heart by means of a neural network model based on patient's electronic medicinal information. In order to, demonstrate the diagnosis events and prediction of heart failure, we used the medical concept vectors and the essential standards of a long short-term memory (LSTM) deep network model. The proposed LSTM model uses SiLU and tanh as activation function in the hidden layers and Softmax in output layer in the network. Bridgeout is used as a regularization technique for weight optimization throughout the network. Assessments subject to the real-time data exhibit the favorable effectiveness and feasibility of recommended model in the risk of heart failure prediction. The results showed improved accuracy in heart failure detection and the model performance is compared using the existing deep learning models. Enhanced prior detection could expose novel chances for deferring or anticipating movement to analysis of heart failure and diminish cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronary calcium detection in medicine image processing is a hot research topic. According to the low resolution and complex background in medicine image, an improved coronary calcium detection algorithm based on the Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) in Mimics is proposed in this paper. The algorithm firstly uses the aggregate channel feature model to preprocess the image to obtain the suspected calcium area, which greatly reduces the time of single-frame image detection. The basic network VGG-16 is replaced by Resnet-50, which introduces the identity mapping to solve the problem of reducing the detection accuracy when the number of network layers are increased. Finally, the powerful and flexible two-parameter loss function is used to optimize the training deep network and improve the network model generalization ability. Qualitative and quantitative experiments show that the performance of the proposed detection algorithm exceeds the existing calcium detection algorithms, and the detection efficiency is improved while ensuring the accuracy of calcium detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new Internet of Things (IoT) based predictive modelling by using fuzzy cluster based augmentation and classification for predicting the lung cancer disease through continuous monitoring and also to improve the healthcare by providing medical instructions. Here, the fuzzy clustering method is used and which is based on transition region extraction for effective image segmentation. Moreover, Fuzzy C-Means Clustering algorithm is used to categorize the transitional region features from the feature of lung cancer image. In this work, Otsu thresholding method is used for extracting the transition region from lung cancer image. Moreover, the right edge image and the morphological thinning operation are used for enhancing the performance of segmentation. In addition, the morphological cleaning and the image region filling operations are performed over an edge lung cancer image for getting the object regions. In addition, we also propose a new incremental classification algorithm which combines the existing Association Rule Mining (ARM), the standard Decision Tree (DT) with temporal features and the CNN. The experiments have been conducted by using the standard images that are collected from database and the current health data which are collected from patient through IoT devices. The results proved that the performance of the proposed prediction model which is able to achieve the better accuracy when it is compared with other existing prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease diagnosis from medical images has become increasingly important in medical science. Abnormality identification in retinal images has become a challenging task in medical science. Effective machine learning and soft computing methods should be used to facilitate Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis from Retinal Images. Artificial Neural Networks are widely preferred for Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis from Retinal Images. It was observed that the conventional neural networks especially the Hopfield Neural Network (HNN) may be inaccurate due to the weight values are not adjusted in the training process. This paper presents a new Modified Hopfield Neural Network (MHNN) for abnormality classification from human retinal images. It relies on the idea that both weight values and output values can be adjusted simultaneously. The novelty of the proposed method lies in the training algorithm. In conventional method, the weights remain fixed but the weights are changing in the proposed method. Experimental performed on the Lotus Eye Care Hospital containing 540 images collected showed that the proposed MHNN yields an average sensitivity and specificity of 0.99 and accuracy of 99.25%. The proposed MHNN is better than HNN and other neural network approaches for Diabetic Retinopathy Diagnosis from Retinal Images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maculopathy is the group of diseases that affects central vision of a person and they are often associated with diabetes. Many researchers reported automated diagnosis of maculopathy from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no literature that presents a complete 3D suite for the extraction as well as diagnosis of macula. Therefore, this paper presents a multilayered convolutional neural networks (CNN) structure tensor Delaunay triangulation and morphing based fully autonomous system that extracts up to nine retinal and choroidal layers along with the macular fluids. Furthermore, the proposed system utilizes the extracted retinal information for the automated diagnosis of maculopathy as well as for the robust reconstruction of 3D macula of retina. The proposed system has been validated on 41,921 retinal OCT scans acquired from different OCT machines and it significantly outperformed existing state of the art solutions by achieving the mean accuracy of 95.27% for extracting retinal and choroidal layers, mean dice coefficient of 0.90 for extracting fluid pathology and the overall accuracy of 96.07% for maculopathy diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed framework is first of its kind that provides a fully automated and complete 3D integrated solution for the extraction of candidate macula along with its fully automated diagnosis against different macular syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a life-threatening tick-borne viral infectious disease endemic to South Asia and has been taking so many lives every year in the past decade. But recently, this disease has been witnessed in other regions to a large extent and can become an epidemic very soon. In this paper, a new fog computing based e-Healthcare framework has been proposed to monitor the KFD infected patients in an early phase of infection and control the disease outbreak. For ensuring high prediction rate, a novel Extremal Optimization tuned Neural Network (EO-NN) classification algorithm has been developed using hybridization of the extremal optimization with the feed-forward neural network. Additionally, a location based alert system has also been suggested to provide the global positioning system (GPS)-based location information of each KFD infected user and the risk-prone zones as early as possible to prevent the outbreak. Furthermore, a comparative study of proposed EO-NN with state of art classification algorithms has been carried out and it can be concluded that EO-NN outperforms others with an average accuracy of 91.56%, a sensitivity of 91.53% and a specificity of 97.13% respectively in classification and accurate identification of risk-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye disease, which affects the people who are all having the diabetes for more than 10 years. The ophthalmologist identifies when the dilated eye exam causes severe in any one of the following deviations in the retina: changes in blood vessels, leaking blood vessels, newly grown blood vessels, swelling of the macula, changes in the lens, and damages to the nerve tissue. It can eventually lead to vision loss. The early detection of DR prevents the cause of blindness. In this paper, we propose the retinal image segmentation and extraction of blood vessels by morphological processing, thresholding, edge detection, and adaptive histogram equalization. For the automatic diagnosis of DR from the fundus image, we also developed a network with the convolutional neural network architecture for accurately classifying its severity. By using high-end graphical processor unit (GPU), we trained this network on the publicly available dataset such as DRIVE, DIARETDB0, and DIARETDB1_v1, and the images collected from the Aravind Eye Hospital, Coimbatore, India. Our proposed CNN achieves a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 93%, and an accuracy of 96.9% containing a database of 854 images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]