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Accurate measurements of the three-dimensional structure characteristics of urban buildings and their greenhouse effect are important for evaluating the impact of urbanization on the radiation energy budget and research on the urban heat island (UHI) effect. The decrease in evapotranspiration or the increase in sensible heat caused by urbanization is considered to be the main cause of the UHI effect, but little is known about the influence of the main factor "net radiant flux" of the urban surface heat balance. In this study, experimental observation and quantitative model simulation were used to find that with the increase of building surface area after urbanization, the direct solar radiation flux and net radiation flux on building surface areas changed significantly. In order to accurately quantify the relationship between the positive and negative effects, this study puts forward the equivalent calculation principle of "aggregation element", which is composed of a building's sunny face and its shadow face, and the algorithm of the contribution of the area to thermal effect. This research clarifies the greenhouse effect of a building with walls of glass windows. Research shows that when the difference between absorption rates of a concrete wall and grass is −0.21, the cooling effect is shown. In the case of concrete walls with glass windows, the difference between absorption rates of a building wall and grass is −0.11, which is also a cooling effect. The greenhouse effect value of a building with glass windows reduces the cooling effect value to 56% of the effect of a building with concrete walls. The simulation of changes in net radiant flux and flux density shows that the greenhouse effect of a 5-story building with windows yields 15.5% less cooling effect than one with concrete walls, and a 30-story building with windows reduces the cooling effect by 23.0%. The simulation results confirmed that the difference in the equivalent absorption rate of the aggregation element is the "director" of cooling and heating effects, and the area of the aggregation element is the "amplifier" of cooling and heating effects. At the same time, the simulation results prove the greenhouse effect of glass windows, which significantly reduces the cold effect of concrete wall buildings. The model reveals the real contribution of optimized urban design to mitigating UHI and building a comfortable environment where there is no atmospheric circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]