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Learning and studying the structure–activity relationship in the bio‐enzymes is conducive to the design of nanozymes for energy and environmental application. Herein, Fe single‐atom nanozymes (Fe‐SANs) with Fe–N5 site, inspired by the structure of cytochromes P450 (CYPs), are developed and characterized. Similar to the CYPs, the hyperoxide can activate the Fe(III) center of Fe‐SANs to generate Fe(IV)O intermediately, which can transfer oxygen to the substrate with ultrafast speed. Particularly, using the peroxymonosulfate (PMS)‐activated Fe‐SANs to oxidize sulfamethoxazole, a typical antibiotic contaminant, as the model hyperoxides activation reaction, the excellent activity within 284 min−1 g−1(catalyst) mmol−1(PMS) oxidation rate and 91.6% selectivity to the Fe(IV)O intermediate oxidation are demonstrated. More importantly, instead of promoting PMS adsorption, the axial N ligand modulates the electron structure of FeN5 SANs for the lower reaction energy barrier and promotes electron transfer to PMS to produce Fe(IV)O intermediate with high selectivity. The highlight of the axial N coordination in the nanozymes in this work provides deep insight to guide the design and development of nanozymes nearly to the bio‐enzyme with excellent activity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current evidence for the efficacy of pharmacological treatment in improving cognitive function is absent. Recent studies have reported that 3‐n‐butylphthalide (NBP) has a positive effect on improving cognitive impairment; however, its clinical efficacy and safety is unclear. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis to assess its efficacy and safety for cognitive impairment. Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases, and two reviewers independently screened and extracted the data from included studies. We synthesized the data using the Review Manager Software version 5.3. Results: We included six randomized clinical trials (RCTs), encompassing 851 patients with cognitive impairment. The results showed that NBP improved cognitive impairment. Specifically, the clinical efficacy was better than that in the control group, with better performance in improving the Mini‐Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores, while decreasing the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive subscale and the Clinician's Interview‐Based Impression of Change plus caregiver input scores. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between both groups. Conclusion: The NBP is effective and safe in improving cognitive impairment; however, more high‐quality RCTs are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In Arabidopsis, the differentiation of epidermal cells into stomata is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals. Sugar is required for plant epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation. However, it is unclear how epidermal cells maintain division and differentiation to generate proper amounts of stomata in response to different sugar availability.Here, we show that two evolutionarily conserved kinase Snf1‐related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) and Target of rapamycin (TOR) play critical roles in the regulation of stomatal development under different sugar availability.When plants are grown on a medium containing 1% sucrose, sucrose‐activated TOR promotes the stomatal development by inducing the expression of SPEECHLESS (SPCH), a master regulator of stomatal development. SnRK1 promotes stomatal development through phosphorylating and stabilizing SPCH. However, under the high sucrose conditions, the highly accumulated trehalose‐6‐phosphate (Tre6P) represses the activity of KIN10, the catalytic α‐subunit of SnRK1, by reducing the interaction between KIN10 and its upstream kinase, consequently promoting SPCH degradation and inhibiting stomatal development.Our findings revealed that TOR and SnRK1 finely regulate SPCH expression and protein stability to optimize the stomatal development in response to exogenously supplied sugar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case highlights the importance of coordinating with cardiopediatricians or congenitalists in the evaluation and treatment of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To date, the burden of childhood spinal TB in China has not been estimated, and current treatment is hindered by a lack of evidence. This study aimed to review our experience of childhood spinal TB.Methods: We reviewed the medical records of paediatric patients (≤15 years) admitted for spinal TB (confirmed or possible) at Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital from January 2006 to December 2019. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological data were collected from medical records and analysed retrospectively.Results: Seventy-two patients were diagnosed with spinal TB. 45 were male (62.5%), and 27 female (37.5%), with a mean age of 8.42 ± 4.47 (SD) years. During this 14-year period, the overall prevalence of spinal TB among childhood TB was 4.5%. T-SPOT.TB, AFB smear, mycobacterial culture, TB RT-PCR and biopsies were positive in 29.6%, 14.3%, 23.3%, 43.8% and 88.5% of assayed patients, respectively. The overall surgical rate of the studied patients was 40.3%. The requirement of surgery in childhood spinal TB was associated with pulmonary TB (OR = 4.000, 95% CI: 1.197, 13.367).Conclusion: Spinal TB in children cannot be neglected. It remains a severe problem to public health, and more attention should be paid to initiating treatment early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as undesirable by‐products of metabolism in various cellular compartments, especially in response to unfavorable environmental conditions, throughout the life cycle of plants. Stress‐induced ROS production disrupts normal cellular function and leads to oxidative damage. To cope with excessive ROS, plants are equipped with a sophisticated antioxidative defense system consisting of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic components that scavenge ROS or inhibit their harmful effects on biomolecules. Nonetheless, when maintained at relatively low levels, ROS act as signaling molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and adaptation to adverse conditions. Here, we provide an overview of current approaches for detecting ROS. We also discuss recent advances in understanding ROS signaling, ROS metabolism, and the roles of ROS in plant growth and responses to various abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major breakthrough in shale gas exploration and development has been made concerning the black shale of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian. In recent years, significant progresses have been made regarding the exploration and development of shale gas in the black shale of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian. Accordingly, we investigated the petrological and geochemical characteristics of the black shale from WF2‐LM5 graptolite biozones and performed a source analysis of quartz as well as evaluated its effect on shale gas reservoirs. The black shale mainly contains clay, carbonate, and quartz with the average TOC of 2.21%. Three quartz types, Q1, Q2, and Q3, were identified via petrological and cathodoluminescence (CL) analysis. Q1 of detrital origin as suggested by its typical morphology with monocrystal structure, large grain‐size, subrounded to angular outlines, and clear edges. This is further supported by the occurrence of medium luminescence under cathodoluminescence and medium intensity of P1 and P2 and high intensity P3 according to CL images. Q2 accounts for more than 90% of quartz and exhibits cryptocrystalline texture, an irregular shape, blurring edges, and low luminescence, and its CL images show low intensity P1, low intensity P2, and high intensity P3. Q3 have the morphologies of siliceous organisms, for example, sponge spicules, radiolaria, and foraminifera. Q2 and Q3 belong to authigenic quartz derived from siliceous organisms. Th/U and V/Cr indicate black shale from LM1–3 mainly deposited in the dysoxic‐anoxic environment while black shale from LM4–5 deposited in the oxic environment. Authigenic quartz‐rich shales from LM1–3 were speculated to be the best shale gas reservoirs characterized by high TOC content, high gas content, and with negligible amount of detrital quartz. Compared with shale from LM1–3, black shale from LM4–5 usually have relatively high detrital quartz content and low TOC content and gas content. Considering the abundant interparticle pore space, the detrital quartz‐rich shale interbedded within the black shale from LM4–5, could also become good shale gas reservoirs if sufficient gas supply is guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the signaling pathways mediated by teriparatide in MLO‐Y4 cell lines based on the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through AKT pathways, which regulate apoptosis of bone cells. Methods: We performed the DCFH‐DA assay to investigate the role of ROS in MLO‐Y4 cells caused by dexamethasone (Dex). Four groups were included: Dex group, Dex+NAC, Dex+ teriparatide group and control group (without any dispose). Real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to test the SOD2 and Cat mRNA expression. Western blot (WB) was used to investigate the AKT and caspase‐3 protein expression. A Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay test was conducted to explore the cell viability, and we also studied the apoptosis through western blot assay. A glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP) model was used to confirm the anti‐ROS and anti‐apoptosis ability of teriparatide. Results: The CCK‐8 assay revealed that Dex reduced the proliferative capability of cells significantly, whereas incubation with teriparatide resulted in a remarkable increase in the proliferation of osteocytes. In addition, teriparatide can rescue the effect of inhibiting cell proliferation due to Dex treatment. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that ROS levels increased in Dex‐treated MLO‐Y4 cells when compared with control groups. However, the Dex+Teriparatide group showed less ROS when compared with the Dex group. The expression of Sod2 and Cat, two antioxidant enzymes crucial for ROS elimination, was decreased in the Dex group, indicating a defect of the enzymatic antioxidant system. Compared to the Dex group, incubation with teriparatide resulted in a significant decrease in caspase‐3 level; when compared with the control group, the caspase‐3 level was not significantly different, indicating that teriparatide can rescue apoptosis during Dex exposure. Moreover, teriparatide promotes the expression of AKT, and rescues the apoptosis effect caused by Dex. The results of immunofluorescence also showed that Akt was highly expressed in the teriparatide group when compared with the Dex group. The microstructural parameters Tb.Th, BV/TV, and Tb.N in the methylprednisolone (MPS) group were markedly reduced compared with the control group, but additional treatment with teriparatide could remarkably reverse the methylprednisolone‐induced reduction of these parameters. Moreover, the parameter Tb.Sp was significantly increased in the methylprednisolone group compared to the control group, and this increase could be inhibited by teriparatide. Conclusions: Teriparatide can reduce the cellular ROS level caused by glucocorticoids to facilitate the proliferation of osteocytes through activating the AKT pathway. Meanwhile, the activated AKT can inhibit the activity of proteolytic enzyme caspase‐3 and prevent the activation of apoptosis cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-pathogenic fungi produce cellulases. However, little information is available on cellulase as an elicitor in plant-pathogen interactions. Here, an endocellulase ( EG1) was isolated from Rhizoctonia solani. It contains a putative protein of 227 amino acids with a signal peptide and a family-45 glycosyl hydrolase domain. Its aspartic acid ( Asp) residue at position 32 was changed to alanine ( Ala), resulting in full loss of its catalytic activity. Wild-type and mutated forms of the endoglucanase were expressed in yeast and purified to homogeneity. The purified wild-type and mutant forms induced cell death in maize, tobacco and Arabidopsis leaves, and the transcription of three defence marker genes in maize and tobacco and 10 genes related to defence responses in maize. Moreover, they also induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species ( ROS), medium alkalinization, Ca2+ accumulation and ethylene biosynthesis of suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Similarly, production of the EG1 wild-type and mutated forms in tobacco induced cell death using the Potato virus X ( PVX) expression system. In vivo, expression of EG1 was also related to cell death during infection of maize by R. solani. These results provide direct evidence that the endoglucanase is an elicitor, but its enzymatic activity is not required for its elicitor activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water absorption is a prerequisite for seed germination. During imbibition, water influx causes the resumption of many physiological and metabolic processes in growing seed. In order to obtain more complete knowledge about the mechanism of seed germination, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was applied to investigate the protein profile changes of rice seed during the first 48 h of imbibition. Thirty-nine differentially expressed proteins were identified, including 19 down-regulated and 20 up-regulated proteins. Storage proteins and some seed development- and desiccation-associated proteins were down regulated. The changed patterns of these proteins indicated extensive mobilization of seed reserves. By contrast, catabolism-associated proteins were up regulated upon imbibition. Semi-quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that most of the genes encoding the down- or up-regulated proteins were also down or up regulated at mRNA level. The expression of these genes was largely consistent at mRNA and protein levels. In providing additional information concerning gene regulation in early plant life, this study will facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of seed germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single atomic catalysts have shown great potential in efficiently electro‐converting O2 to H2O2 with high selectivity. However, the impact of coordination environment and introduction of extra metallic aggregates on catalytic performance still remains unclear. Herein, first a series of carbon‐based catalysts with embedded coupling Ni single atomic sites and corresponding metallic nanoparticles at adjacent geometry is synthesized. Careful performance evaluation reveals NiSA/NiNP‐NSCNT catalyst with precisely controlled active centers of synergetic adjacent Ni‐N4S single sites and crystalline Ni nanoparticles exhibits a high H2O2 selectivity over 92.7% within a wide potential range (maximum selectivity can reach 98.4%). Theoretical studies uncover that spatially coupling single atomic NiN4S sites with metallic Ni aggregates in close proximity can optimize the adsorption behavior of key intermediates *OOH to achieve a nearly ideal binding strength, which thus affording a kinetically favorable pathway for H2O2 production. This strategy of manipulating the interaction between single atoms and metallic aggregates offers a promising direction to design new high‐performance catalysts for practical H2O2 electrosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current investigation sought to utilize finite element analysis to replicate the biomechanical effects of different fixation methods, with the objective of establishing a theoretical framework for the optimal choice of modalities in managing Pauwels type III femoral neck fractures. Methods: The Pauwels type III fracture configuration, characterized by angles of 70°, was simulated in conjunction with six distinct internal fixation methods, including cannulated compression screw (CCS), dynamic hip screw (DHS), DHS with de‐rotational screw (DS), CCS with medial buttress plate (MBP), proximal femoral nail anti‐rotation (PFNA), and femoral neck system (FNS). These models were developed and refined using Geomagic and SolidWorks software. Subsequently, finite element analysis was conducted utilizing Ansys software, incorporating axial loading, torsional loading, yield loading and cyclic loading. Results: Under axial loading conditions, the peak stress values for internal fixation and the femur were found to be highest for CCS (454.4; 215.4 MPa) and CCS + MBP (797.2; 284.2 MPa), respectively. The corresponding maximum and minimum displacements for internal fixation were recorded as 6.65 mm for CCS and 6.44 mm for CCS + MBP. When subjected to torsional loading, the peak stress values for internal fixation were highest for CCS + MBP (153.6 MPa) and DHS + DS (72.8 MPa), while for the femur, the maximum and minimum peak stress values were observed for CCS + MBP (119.3 MPa) and FNS (17.6 MPa), respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and minimum displacements for internal fixation were measured as 0.249 mm for CCS + MBP and 0.205 mm for PFNA. Additionally, all six internal fixation models showed excellent performance in terms of yield load and fatigue life. Conclusion: CCS + MBP had the best initial mechanical stability in treatment for Pauwels type III fracture. However, the MBP was found to be more susceptible to shear stress, potentially increasing the risk of plate breakage. Furthermore, the DHS + DS exhibited superior biomechanical stability compared to CCS, DHS, and PFNA, thereby offering a more conducive environment for fracture healing. Additionally, it appeared that FNS represented a promising treatment strategy, warranting further validation in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Regulation of grain size is a crucial strategy for improving the crop yield and is also a fundamental aspect of developmental biology. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing grain development in wheat remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a wheat atypical basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH489, which is tightly associated with grain length through genome‐wide association study and map‐based cloning. Knockout of TabHLH489 and its homologous genes resulted in increased grain length and weight, whereas the overexpression led to decreased grain length and weight. TaSnRK1α1, the α‐catalytic subunit of plant energy sensor SnRK1, interacted with and phosphorylated TabHLH489 to induce its degradation, thereby promoting wheat grain development. Sugar treatment induced TaSnRK1α1 protein accumulation while reducing TabHLH489 protein levels. Moreover, brassinosteroid (BR) promotes grain development by decreasing TabHLH489 expression through the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1). Importantly, natural variations in the promoter region of TabHLH489 affect the TaBZR1 binding ability, thereby influencing TabHLH489 expression. Taken together, our findings reveal that the TaSnRK1α1‐TabHLH489 regulatory module integrates BR and sugar signalling to regulate grain length, presenting potential targets for enhancing grain size in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the biggest accretionary orogens in the world. With the development of laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS), large data of detrital zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopes have been published for decades, which leads to better understanding of the tectonic evolution and geodynamics of the CAOB. We compiled the data about the information of articles, samples and their analytical methods and results, then checked and corrected. These data are available to support future research activities in the CAOB, northern China, for example, the provenance analysis, climate changes and paleogeographic reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The timing and extent of cell division are crucial for the correct patterning of multicellular organism. In Arabidopsis, root ground tissue maturation involves the periclinal cell division of the endodermis to generate two cell layers: endodermis and middle cortex. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this pattern formation remains unclear.Here, we report that phytohormone brassinosteroid (BR) and redox signal hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) interdependently promote periclinal division during root ground tissue maturation by regulating the activity of SHORT‐ROOT (SHR), a master regulator of root growth and development.BR‐activated transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1) directly binds to the promoter of SHR to induce its expression, and physically interacts with SHR to increase the transcripts of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs (RBOHs) and elevate the levels of H2O2, which feedback enhances the interaction between BZR1 and SHR. Additionally, genetic analysis shows that SHR is required for BZR1‐promoted periclinal division, and BZR1 enhances the promoting effects of SHR on periclinal division.Together, our finding reveals that the transcriptional module of BZR1‐SHR fine‐tunes periclinal division during root ground tissue maturation in response to hormone and redox signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we conducted sandstone petrography analyses and determined detrital zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotopes for sandstones collected at different stratigraphic levels of the lowest strata of the Laiyang Group. All results nearly point to an evolutionary trend for the source regions of the strata. The detrital zircon U–Pb results reveal multiple age groups at 140–123 Ma, 810–700 Ma, and 2,500–1,750 Ma, but variable age proportions for two sandstones (19LY‐01Z and ‐05Z) collected at lowermost and middle levels of strata, respectively, but only one unimodal age mode at ca. 1,850 Ma for the uppermost sandstone 19LY‐09Z. Provenance analysis illustrates that the lower strata likely include two source regions, including the Jiaobei Terrane and the Sulu orogen, whereas the upper strata appeared to have one dominant source region (i.e., Jiaobei Terrane). Framework modes of sandstones display that lower samples contain more metamorphic lithic fragments, which corresponds to the recycled orogenic field in the Q‐F‐L diagram, while middle‐upper samples are enriched in feldspars but deficient in lithics and plot in the basement uplift field of the Q‐F‐L diagram. This compositional variation reflects an evolution of the source regions from the Sulu Orogen to the Jiaobei Terrane, completely consistent with the observation of an increase in the amount of detrital zircons sourced from the Jiaobei Terrane, but decreasing detrital zircons from the Sulu Orogen in an upward order. This shift in the provenance of sediments reflects two tectonic events including exhumation of the Sulu Orogen to the surface before sedimentation of the Laiyang Group, and a rapid uplift of the Jiaobei Terrane after ca. 125 Ma following removal of lithospheric mantle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of arsenic contaminated water and cereals is a serious threat to humans all over the world. Rice ( Oryza sativa 'Nipponbare'), as a main cereal crop, can accumulate arsenic more than 10-fold that of in other cereals. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the response of rice subjected to 100 µM arsenate stress, a comparative proteomic analysis of rice shoots in combination with morphological and biochemical investigations have been performed in this study. The results demonstrated that arsenate suppressed the growth of rice seedlings, destroyed the cellular ultra-structure and changed the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, a total of 38 differentially displayed proteins, which were mainly involved in metabolism, redox and protein-metabolism, were identified. The data suggest the arsenic can inhibit rice growth through negatively affecting chloroplast structure and photosynthesis. In addition, upregulation of the proteins involved in redox and protein metabolism might help the rice to be resistant or tolerant to arsenic toxicity. In general, this study improves our understanding about the rice arsenic responsive mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plant growth and development are coordinated by multiple environmental and endogenous signals. Brassinosteroid (BR) and ethylene (ET) have overlapping functions in a wide range of developmental processes. However, the relationship between the BR and ET signalling pathways has remained unclear.Here, we show that BR and ET interdependently promote apical hook development and cell elongation through a direct interaction between BR‐activated BRASSINOZALE‐RESISTANT1 (BZR1) and ET‐activated ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3).Genetic analysis showed that BR signalling is required for ET promotion of apical hook development in the dark and cell elongation under light, and ET quantitatively enhances BR‐potentiated growth. BZR1 interacts with EIN3 to co‐operatively increase the expression of HOOKLESS1 and PACLOBUTRAZOL RESISTANCE FACTORs (PREs). Furthermore, we found that BR promotion of hook development requires gibberellin (GA), and GA restores the hookless phenotype of BR‐deficient materials by activating EIN3/EIL1.Our findings shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of plant development by BR, ET and GA signals through the direct interaction of master transcriptional regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrate is the main source of nitrogen for plants but often distributed heterogeneously in soil. Plants have evolved sophisticated strategies to achieve adequate nitrate by modulating the root system architecture. The nitrate acquisition system is triggered by the short mobile peptides C‐TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDES (CEPs) that are synthesized on the nitrate‐starved roots, but induce the expression of nitrate transporters on the other nitrate‐rich roots through an unclear signal transduction pathway. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factors HBI1 and TCP20 play important roles in plant growth and development in response to fluctuating nitrate supply. HBI1 physically interacts with TCP20, and this interaction was enhanced by the nitrate starvation. HBI1 and TCP20 directly bind to the promoters of CEPs and cooperatively induce their expression. Mutation in HBIs and/or TCP20 resulted in impaired systemic nitrate acquisition response. Our solid genetic and molecular evidence strongly indicate that the HBI1‐TCP20 module positively regulates the CEPs‐mediated systemic nitrate acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). In present study, we aimed to assess the possible association between POCD and BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms. Methods: 124 patients aged 60 years or older scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia and 25 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy volunteers were recruited. POCD was identified using a neuropsychological test battery administered preoperatively, 7 days, and 3 months after surgery. Genotyping of rs6265 was performed using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: 99 patients and 25 healthy controls were finally enrolled in the analysis. 29(29.3%) and 18(18.2%) of 99 patients had POCD at 7 days and 3 months after surgery, respectively. The patients carrying a G allele at the rs6265 locus showed a lower risk for POCD than an A allele carriers on postoperative 7 days, but not 3 months after surgery (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.47–0.96; p =.017; OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.42–1.13; p =.14, respectively). The risk of POCD at 7 days following surgery was significantly lower in additive model (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.2–0.84; p =.015) and dominant model (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13–0.96; p =.042). Conclusion: We tentatively demonstrate that BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms might be associated with occurrence of POCD at 7 days after surgery and the A > G mutant at the rs6265 locus be likely a protective factor for early POCD in Chinese Han population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qinghai Lake forming in the Miocene is the largest faulted brackish lake in China. Different researchers conducted comprehensive study via multidisciplinary methods between 1960 and 1970, but modern sedimentary researchers mostly focus on a single facies instead of trying to systemically understand the sedimentary systems of Qinghai Lake and its surrounding areas. Based on observation of outcrop and bathymetry, remote sensing imagery, and meteorological data, the combined research of the modern sedimentary systems in Buha River of Qinghai Lake is conducted, assisted by mechanical analysis and geochemical test. The theory of "source‐to‐sink" system is presented in this study. Based on sedimentary facies analysis in single sites and linear "source‐to‐sink" sedimentary system are well built. The delta of Buha River develops underwater distributary, underwater natural levee, mouth bar, sheet sand, and delta front slope. The control factors of Buha River Delta sedimentary systems include provenance lithology, topography, drainage, vegetational species, plant coverage, wave, coastal current, and lake level fluctuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Several population pharmacokinetic (popPK) models for ciclosporin (CsA) in adult renal transplant recipients have been constructed to optimize the therapeutic regimen of CsA. However, little is known about their predictabilities when extrapolated to different clinical centres. Therefore, this study aimed to externally evaluate the predictive ability of CsA popPK models and determine the potential influencing factors. Methods A literature search was conducted and the predictive performance was determined for each selected model using an independent data set of 62 patients (471 predose and 500 2-h postdose concentrations) from our hospital. Prediction-based diagnostics and simulation-based normalized prediction distribution error were used to evaluate model predictability. The influence of prior information was assessed using Bayesian forecasting. Additionally, potential factors influencing model predictability were investigated. Results Seventeen models extracted from 17 published popPK studies were assessed. Prediction-based diagnostics showed that ethnicity potentially influenced model transferability. Simulation-based normalized prediction distribution error analyses indicated misspecification in most of the models, especially regarding variance. Bayesian forecasting demonstrated that the predictive performance of the models substantially improved with 2-3 prior observations. The predictability of nonlinear Michaelis-Menten models was superior to that of linear compartmental models when evaluating the impact of structural models, indicating the underlying nonlinear kinetics of CsA. Structural model, ethnicity, covariates and prior observations potentially affected model predictability. Conclusions Structural model is the predominant factor influencing model predictability. Incorporation of nonlinear kinetics in CsA popPK modelling should be considered. Moreover, Bayesian forecasting substantially improved model predictability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease ( PD), are characterized by progressive neuronal loss in different regions of the central nervous system, contributing to brain dysfunction in the relevant patients. Stem cell therapy holds great promise for PD patients, including with foetal ventral mesencephalic cells, human embryonic stem cells ( hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hi PSCs). Moreover, stem cells can be used to model neurodegenerative diseases in order to screen potential medication and explore their mechanisms of disease. However, related ethical issues, immunological rejection and lack of canonical grafting protocols limit common clinical use of stem cells. iPSCs, derived from reprogrammed somatic cells, provide new hope for cell replacement therapy. In this review, recent development in stem cell treatment for PD, using hi PSCs, as well as the potential value of hi PSCs in modelling for PD, have been summarized for application of iPSCs technology to clinical translation for PD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We investigated the reliability of core needle biopsy (CNB) in evaluating the status of hormone receptor (HR),human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2, and Ki-67 status, and the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on the expression of these immunohistochemical markers. Methods: Among 177 patients with breast adenocarcinoma, 95 patients underwent NACand the remaining 82 patients made up the control group. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to evaluate the expression status of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER-2, and Ki-67 in the specimens obtained by surgical excision or CNB. Results: In the control group, the expression of ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67 was highly consistent between samples from surgical excision or CNB (all r > 0.8, P < 0.05). In theNACgroup, the proportions of sampleswith changes in ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67 expression were 12.7%, 24.1%, 5.1%, and 38.0%, respectively; the figures in the control group were 2.4%, 4.9%, 2.4%, and 7.3%, respectively, which significantly differed in ER, PR, and Ki-67 (P < 0.05), but not HER-2 (P > 0.05). In theNAC group, pre- and post-treatment ER+ rates did not significantly differ (P > 0.05), although PR+ and high Ki-67 expression rates did significantly differ (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Neither CNB nor surgical excision samples gave highly consistent results in HR, HER-2, and Ki-67 status.NAC can alter HR and Ki-67 status in breast adenocarcinoma patients.NAC decreased PR+ rate and Ki-67 expression. The mean ER+ rate exhibited a decreasing, but insignificant trend after NAC treatment. NAC had no significant effect on HER-2 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy ( SLNB) after neoadjuant chemotherapy ( NAC) in breast cancer patients with confirmed axillary nodal metastases. Methods We enrolled 51 patients with breast cancer who received NAC. All patients were proven to have axillary nodal metastases by histopathology biopsy prior to NAC. They all underwent SLNB before breast surgery, and complete axillary lymph node dissection immediately followed. Results The identification rate for SLNB was 87.5% (84/96); the false negative rate was 24.5% (12/49). The clinicopathological factors were not significantly correlated with the identification and false negative rate of the SLNB. Lymphatic mapping, blue dye or radionuclide methods tended to decrease the identification rate of SLNB ( P = 0.073). Clinical nodal status before NAC has a trend to increase the false-negative rates of the SLNB ( P = 0.059). For patients with N1 clinical axillary lymph nodal status, the identification rate was 93.9%, and the false negative rate was 5.9%, compared with N2-3 patients with 73.9% and 38.9%, respectively. Conclusions SLNB is feasible for the patients whose axillary lymph nodal status before NAC is N1. However, for N2-3 patients, SLNB cannot be used as an infallible indicator of non- SLN status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]