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Production in knowledge and data‐intensive industries is powered by work that can, in theory, be done from anywhere, via cloudwork platforms. Cloudwork platforms govern data value chains in distinct ways to concentrate power and extract value at the global scale. We argue that unpaid labour is a systemic mechanism of accumulation in these digital value networks. In this paper we demonstrate how it is tied to platform business models and facilitated by elements of platform governance including monopsony power, a high degree of spatial flexibility in sourcing labour, regulatory unaccountability and digital enclosure. We draw on a survey of 699 workers on 14 platforms in 74 countries to show that unpaid labour is an engine of South–North value extraction, and workers in the global South perform more unpaid labour than counterparts in the global North. Our findings have important ramifications our understanding of the changing international division of labour and platform capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of supplier networks at the integrated peripheries is a complex process and results from variegated strategies adopted by firms seeking to adapt to the specificities of each host state. This study aims to provide a preliminary explanation of these patterns by focusing on the case of tier 1 suppliers serving Japanese car manufacturers in Thailand. The empirical data, which capture supply relationships for five different car parts and components, were analysed using a network visualization method. Our initial findings provide insights into how the supply networks vary across car manufacturers and countries and suggest some of the conditions at the integrated peripheries which can enable suppliers to expand their client portfolio to gain scale. The paper also discusses how the integrated periphery framework intersects with the keiretsu networks of Japanese car manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During communication, the interpretation of utterances is sensitive to a listener's probabilistic prior beliefs. In this paper, we focus on the influence of prior beliefs on so‐called exhaustivity interpretations, whereby a sentence such as Mary came is understood to mean that only Mary came. Two theoretical origins for exhaustivity effects have been proposed in the previous literature. On the one hand are perspectives that view these inferences as the result of a purely pragmatic process (as in the classical Gricean view, and more recent Bayesian approaches); on the other hand are proposals that treat them as the result of an encapsulated semantic mechanism (Chierchia, Fox & Spector 2012). We gain traction on adjudicating between these two approaches with new theoretical and experimental evidence, focusing on the behavior of different models for exhaustivity effects, all of which fit under the Rational Speech Act modeling framework (RSA, Frank & Goodman, 2012). Some (but not all!) of these models include an encapsulated semantic mechanism. Theoretically, we demonstrate that many RSA models predict not only exhaustivity, but also anti‐exhaustivity, whereby "Mary came" would convey that Mary and someone else came. We evaluate these models against data obtained in a new study which tested the effects of prior beliefs on both production and comprehension, improving on previous empirical work. We find that the models which have the best fit to human behavior include an encapsulated exhaustivity mechanism. We conclude that, on the one hand, in the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics, semantics plays a larger role than is often thought, but, on the other hand, the tradeoff between informativity and cost which characterizes all RSA models does play a central role for genuine pragmatic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In making sense of the world, we typically cooperate, join forces, and draw on one another's competence and expertise. A group or community in which there is a well‐functioning division of cognitive‐epistemic labor can achieve levels of understanding that a single agent who relies exclusively on her own capacities would probably never achieve. However, is understanding also collective? I.e., is understanding something that can be possessed by a group or community rather than by individuals? In this paper, I develop an account of understanding phenomena according to which understanding a phenomenon requires reasonably endorsing an adequate and intelligible epistemic mediator that accounts for this phenomenon. I then show that understanding, conceived along these lines, can be attributed to collective entities. An important result of my arguments will be that a collective entity's understanding cannot (always) be reduced to the sum of the understandings of the individuals belonging to it. This is because a collective entity can sometimes be rightfully claimed to understand a phenomenon while none of its individual members understands it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roman Macedonia has been largely neglected by bioarcheological research. As a result, little is known about the imprint of living conditions of that time on the skeletons of its inhabitants, especially those of the lower classes. This paper presents the paleopathological study conducted on a Roman period (1st–4th c. CE) skeletal assemblage from Pontokomi‐Vrysi, a site in the semi‐mountainous region of Eordaea in Upper Macedonia (now in Kozani Prefecture, Greece). The aim is to investigate differences in the frequency of multiple paleopathological conditions in the buried population and to assess whether these are linked to sex‐ or age‐related differences. The study examines cribra orbitalia (CO), porotic hyperostosis (PH), enamel hypoplasia (EH), osteoarthritis (OA), vertebral osteoarthritis (VOA), intervertebral disk disease (IDD), Schmorl's nodes (SNs), trauma (Tr), and lower limb periostitis/periostosis (PO). The results show higher frequencies of OA, IDD, PO, and Tr among males compared with those among females. These results suggest increased male physical hardship, pointing to a possible gender division of labor with the men of the community being mostly responsible for the physically demanding agricultural and animal husbandry activities. Additionally, comparisons of the CO, PH, and EH patterns in adults and nonadults support that, in general, the Pontokomi‐Vrysi community was resilient enough to overcome stress. Overall, these findings make an important contribution to both the bioarcheology and social history of Roman Macedonia and stress the need for more studies that combine historical, archeological (cultural), and bioarcheological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural e‐commerce clusters are new phenomena that have emerged in rural China. In examining the case of Shuyang County in Jiangsu Province, this paper puts forward an integrated model revealing the formation mechanism of agricultural e‐commerce clusters. The paper shows that the formation of agricultural e‐commerce clusters involves four processes of technology introduction, technology diffusion, quality crisis, and industrial agglomeration based on elements such as industry bases, e‐commerce platforms, network facilities, logistics services, entrepreneurial talent, local government, and market demand. Rural social networks and imitation behaviors promote technology diffusion by reducing the cost of technology introduction, and industrial agglomeration is found in the economies showing a deepening of labor divisions and geographic agglomeration. Throughout the formation process, a quality crisis may occur due to a race to the bottom and the opportunistic behaviors of local farmers. This work suggests that regional e‐commerce development is a systematic project. Governments of developing countries should not only realize the positive impacts of e‐commerce for the development of the agricultural industry but also recognize the premise and logic of how e‐commerce can play a prominent role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examines whether the impact of husbands' involvement in childcare and housework on wives' fertility intentions varies by wives' education in Taiwan. Background: Recent research has pointed to the positive influence of a more egalitarian division of labor on wives' fertility intentions, yet existing literature often fails to examine educational variations in such linkages. Method: This paper analyzed reports of time spent on domestic work (i.e., housework and childcare) for both spouses in the 2016 Women's Marriage, Fertility, and Employment Survey. The analytical sample included all married respondents with at least one child. Regression models and counterfactual analyses were adopted. Results: The findings showed that husbands of tertiary‐educated wives shared more housework and childcare. Furthermore, wives' fertility intentions beyond parity‐one increased with more input from husbands in helping with childcare, but not housework sharing. This positive childcare‐sharing effect was particularly salient among tertiary‐educated wives—who tended to be more economically empowered and to have higher expectations for gender equality at home. Finally, counterfactual analyses using a propensity score matching method indicated that non‐tertiary‐educated wives would not increase their fertility intentions even if they had received more help from husbands. Conclusion: Such educational variations have been little explored in past theory and research. Pro‐natalist policies aiming to boost fertility will likely attain optimal effectiveness if different combinations of parental‐leave and financial aid packages are offered to women with varying education. This study also contributes to the limited research on how division of labor affects fertility intentions in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers how knowledge, education and research interact as the institutional structures that support them change. Many efforts at large-scale education reform depend upon the proposition that what counts as useful knowledge can be easily defined, without reference to the specific contexts in which that knowledge will be set to work. Yet ?useful knowledge' as it appears to policymakers does not always translate into ?useful knowledge' from the perspective of practitioners. Distance and context matter. Based on studies of the development of literacy policy in England under successive governments, the paper assesses the dislocations and divisions of labour that characterise the contemporary knowledge landscape and asks how the research community can continue to act for the common good in an increasingly crowded and contested education field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines approaches, both within geography and more broadly, to the issue of forced labour in contemporary labour markets. Far from a vestige of pre-capitalist social relations, unfree labour is part of the continuum of exploitation that is intrinsically related the contradictory nature of commodification and to capital as a social relation. The paper focuses on the UK, but draws attention to the ways in which relations of unfreedom in the new global division of labour dissolve clear-cut distinctions between 'developed' and 'developing' nations. The first section focuses on definitions and approaches, including those related to migration and trafficking, from supra-national organisations such as the International Labour Organisation (ILO). The second section looks at geographical approaches to forced labour and examines what a spatially grounded framework can bring to analyses of unfreedom. The conclusion suggests future directions for geographical research on unfree labour, especially relating to the undertheorised relations between unfreedom, domestic labour and social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the subtle ways in which welfare professionals in the UK construct Gypsy culture as subordinate to the dominant Western concept of 'civilization'. Qualitative empirical evidence is presented to show how notions of a resistance to processes of individualization and social integration-which draw on conflicting interpretations of childhood and a perceived lack of aspiration among Gypsy-Travellers-are seen as legitimate grounds for state and social welfare intervention. The paper argues that a strong group orientation and a more marked gendered division of labour are constructed as being at odds with these dominant social processes. It is posited that the 'civilizing' project against Gypsy-Travellers ignores cultural norms and values resulting in the perception that they are undeserving. The paper suggests that theoretical accounts of social processes at a society wide level require revision in order to understand their varying impact on peripheral minorities in specific spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A political economic analysis of mass media and culture is conspicuously absent in geography. The symbolic or textual emphasis of most materialist media theories presents media simply as a struggle over images, omitting space from the equation altogether, except in metaphorical terms. This paper presents a framework for understanding the conditions under which culture is increasingly produced by media corporations for the global accumulation of capital. The paper first discusses the importance of thinking about the production of culture as the ‘industrial production of culture’ and its relationship to the media as part of the capitalist division of labour. Second, it explores more fully the spatial and material limits to the industrial production of culture through mass media. Lastly, it uses MTV and its ‘360°’ initiative as a critical case study to describe the role of a particularly successful industrial cultural producer within the spatial division of labour, as an advertising platform for international marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kaindi area of Papua New Guinea is home to a large community of Anga small-scale miners. While they constitute nearly half of the local population, women do not participate in mining to the same extent as the men. Drawing on ethnographic data this paper shows that this is not just due to personal choice but also to a series of limiting factors that include pollution beliefs, land tenure practices, the unequal control of household resources, and the gendered division of labour. Far from being simply intrinsic to Anga culture, these impediments also relate to the gendered history of the colonial goldfields and to contemporary national law and company practice in the extractive sector. Similarly, they are neither unambiguous nor resistant to change. Indeed, since the Anga first entered the mines their women have engaged in resource extraction in ever increasing numbers, both independently and alongside male relatives and partners. Through an analysis of this historical trend, my paper will show that historically conscious ethnography can help specify not only the main obstacles women face in entering artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), but also the conditions that lead to their strengthening or weakening through time, thus identifying factors to be stimulated or countered in policies and strategies for equitable development within the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

iley k. (2004) Journal of Advanced Nursing 45(4), 360–370 Occupational changes in nursing: the situation of enrolled nurses The move to one level of qualified nurse in the United Kingdom (UK) is, in part, a consequence of professionalizing strategies. Registered nurses now undertake technical work previously performed by doctors. The role of enrolled nurses, and their career intentions, have not been considered in light of these changes, despite the fact that many still work in the National Health Service. This paper considers the pursuit of professionalization by nurses, illustrating the argument with findings from an empirical study of conversion to registered nurse by enrolled nurses. The paper is based on a secondary analysis of a large data set, originally used to explore ethnic inequalities in nursing. Data from 2968 respondents were analysed to answer a number of research questions relating to the characteristics of different groups of enrolled nurses and predictors of conversion to registered nurse. These included demographic characteristics, markers of career orientation, career progression and job satisfaction. This study used secondary analysis of data and, therefore, exploration of issues was limited, not least because the data were 10 years old. Also, the design was cross-sectional and respondents’ experiences related to different stages of the phenomenon under study and the same group was not studied over time. Enrolled nurses who had converted to registered nurse were more likely than those who had no intention of converting to: be male, be younger, have been nursing longer, not be working on elderly care wards, have a high career orientation, not have taken a career break, and work full-time. Most of these factors predicted likelihood to convert. Although nurses who converted to registered nurse were more likely to anticipate career progression, they were less likely to be satisfied with their work. In attempts to define rewarding nursing work, the importance of ensuring that qualified nurses continue to retain basic nursing care skills should be acknowledged. This may offer an uncomfortable view to those seeking to further the professional status of nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses findings from a study of interprofessional relationships between doctors and nurses in medical wards in three provincial general hospitals in south Wales. The aim of the research was to investigate the changing nature of doctor-nurse relations, and in particular, how far the notion of the doctor-nurse game, as developed by Leonard Stein (Stein 1967, 1990), remains relevant to contemporary hospital work. The present paper concentrates on a subset of the findings concerned with doctors' and nurses' accounts of the hospital division of labour and the extent of any overlap in their work activities. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 doctors and 39 nurses in their places of work over a period of 4 months. Inductive analysis of the data indicated that, whilst doctors and nurses perceived their roles in largely traditional terms, there was some recognition of blurring of occupational boundaries, especially when considering work pressures, working at night and differences in practice in more specialized clinical areas. Although nurses were generally reluctant to challenge doctors' authority, some used the notion of patient 'advocacy' to frame and justify their questioning of particular decisions. Whilst doctors valued 'experience' in nurses and saw experienced nurses as the group who might most legitimately move into doctors' territory, nurses valued formal education and saw advanced nursing qualifications as the route to role expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to analyse the relationship between teamwork and gender, in particular how far the new technical division of labour associated with teamwork holds out the prospect of lessening gender segregation in the capitalist labour process. Taking Volvo - a company at the forefront of 'good work' experiments - as the focus of the research one could reasonably expect that if teamwork was leading to a lessening of gender segregation in blue collar areas it would be in companies such as Volvo. The evidence suggests that in certain areas and under certain conditions teamworking can lead to more women being employed in blue collar environments on the same terms and conditions as men. However, on adding a normative and governance dimension to teamworking, the evidence is more complex and is suggestive of a strategy drawing upon the utilization of stereotypical images of women as a 'civilizing' influence over male workers in a de-layered organizational environment lacking direct first line supervision. The paper is divided into three substantive sections. The first section will sketch out the development of work organization in the Volvo organization to be followed in the second by a review of the gender segregation literature. The third section of the paper will, through an analysis of Volvo's Commercial Vehicle Division, assess how far teamwork has challenged traditional forms of gender segregation in the capitalist labour process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of sex and gender is concerned with documenting the existence of differences between the sexes and explaining why those differences exist. This paper first examines what we know about how women and men differ, focusing on differences in social roles, and in the abilities and traits associated with those roles. The paper then examines why women and men differ. In addressing this question, the roles of both biological and social influences are considered. Although there is reason to believe some sex differences in behavior and attitudes have a biological basis, the existence of historical and cross-cultural variation in gender role differentiation and stratification provides strong evidence that social influences play an important role in the determination of differences between the sexes. Both biological and social factors have influenced the division of labor by sex, and the division of labor provides the basis for gender stratification by affecting the degree to which each sex is able to acquire and control the valuable resources of a society. Reduction of gender inequality in contemporary societies therefore requires reduction of gender differentiation in the division of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyse the sectoral and functional division of labour in Central and Eastern European ( CEE) regions within the convergence debate. By analysing the investment decisions of multinational corporations in 49 NUTS 2 regions across six European CEE countries ( Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria), we show that capital city regions not only receive more greenfield FDI but also attract a larger variety of investments in terms of sectors and functions. Capital cities are more likely to host higher-end sectors and functions, which provides an explanation for the existing regional disparities within CEE countries. These results highlight the importance of functional and sectoral divisions of labour in the view of regional profiling and contribute to the recent EU Cohesion Policy debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that female participation rates are lower in suburbs than in urban areas. In this paper we explore the residential patterns of the gender division of family households at the level of the neighbourhood. We draw on national register data (SSB) to define various arrangements of the way in which parents with dependent children divide paid work. These household arrangements are plotted onto maps to sketch the geography of division of paid work in Amsterdam. Our findings show that family households with specific gender divisions of paid work tend to cluster in specific residential environments: (1) families who work with a traditional division of labour are concentrated in social-housing estates in neighbourhoods with high shares of non-Western minorities; (2) one-and-a-half earner families are clustered in the most suburban parts of the city; and (3) symmetrical and female-breadwinner households concentrate in central gentrification areas of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many philosophers have attempted to answer the 'ethical question': can the ethical value of an artwork ever contribute to its aesthetic value, and if so, how? In this paper, I consider a methodological question that arises out of this discussion: should attempts to address the ethical question use analytic tools found in contemporary philosophical literature, art criticism, or some combination of the two? I concur with arguments proposed elsewhere, which suggest that art criticism has an important role to play in addressing the ethical question. However, I argue that any fruitful attempt to answer the question must defend some particular way of understanding the ethical value of artworks, which suggests that we should address what I label the 'art question': what is the role and importance of art? This question, I suggest, is one with which philosophers can usefully engage. This division of labour offers a way forward in addressing this important issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployment has consequences for individuals, but its impacts also reverberate through families. This paper examines how families adapt to unemployment in one area of life-time in housework. Using 74,881 observations from 10,390 couples in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we estimate fixed effects models and find that individuals spend between 3 and 7 hours more per week in housework when unemployed than when employed, with corresponding decreases of 1 to 2 hours per week in the housework hours of unemployed individuals' spouses. We are the first to show that unemployment is associated both with a reallocation of housework to the unemployed spouse and an increase in the family's total household production time. The results also provide evidence for gender differences in adjustments to the division of labor during unemployment, with wives' unemployment associated with an increase in housework hours that is double the increase for unemployed husbands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an ethnographically grounded examination of the intersections between work, employment and identity for Indigenous people living in a country town in far western New South Wales, Australia. It argues that work, employment and labour are locally deployed categories that meet mainstream discourse in a precarious fashion and, that this disjunction has clear material and ideological repercussions. For most Aboriginal people in Wilcannia, you are who you are, not by virtue of what you have 'become' in any economic, professional or educational sense. Who you are is not a becoming, it is established at birth. These genealogical forms of being through kinship see a construction of self which in many ways is at variance to the standard 'autonomous self-regulating individual' (Sennett 1998:215). This sense of self, for most, is not determined by engagement in the capitalist division of labour; indeed, the greater the engagement in the capitalist economy, the more problematic and fraught a sense of self and of belonging can become. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines possible determinants of models of the division of earning and caring activities in Canadian couples. Using the General Social Survey on Time Use, we identify five models of the division of work: complementary-traditional, complementary-gender-reversed, women's double burden, men's double burden, and shared roles. While the complementary-traditional model is declining, it still represents a third of couples. Women's double burden is the second largest category, representing 27 percent of couples in 2005, with men's double burden representing another 11 percent. The shared roles account for about a quarter of couples. Building on these typologies of earning and caring, we analyze the relative importance of life course, as well as structural and cultural factors as determinants of the division of paid and unpaid work within couples. We find that the complementary-traditional and women's double burdens are more likely for older persons, and for persons with young children. Alternative models are more common when women have higher relative resources, for younger persons, and for persons living in Quebec and in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces some concepts for analysing scalar aspects of governance, governance failure, and meta-governance. There is now a significant corpus of work on multi-level governance in the European Union as well as an enormous literature on various modes of governance. Although the problem of scale is often posed directly for the EU case (notably in terms of the‘multi-level’ character of its political regime), scalar issues are also important for all forms of governance. For effective governance must take account of the specific spatio-temporalities of its objects and mechanisms as well as the spatio-temporal location and horizons of action of the subjects involved in its exercise. In particular, among their other relational properties, the objects of governance are more or less embedded in space, place, and scale and linked to distinctive temporal relations and emergent temporalities. This indicates the relevance of a strategic-relational concern with space, place and scale, with spatial, local and scalar imaginaries, and with attempts to secure spatio-temporal fixes to facilitate the reproduction of objects of governance. Given space constraints, I focus here on two sets of issues: (i) theoretically, the role of scale, scalar divisions of labour, the relativisation of scale, and multi-scalar governance; and (ii) substantively, the now paradigmatic case of the European Union as a novel form of multi-scalar meta-governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from 467 members of a large firm in the United States, this paper found that perceived work-group support is a distinct construct from perceived organizational support. To reinforce the uniqueness of the constructs, the work-group and organizational support constructs exhibited meaningful, differential relationships with six of eight variables reflecting different levels of exchange relationships and commitments. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In 1989, the professional nursing organization that represents nurses in New Brunswick adopted baccalaureate entry to practice in nursing. This decision coincided with a major restructuring of provincial health care. Consequently, there has been a reorganization of health care worker roles which affects nurses and nursing assistants. Aim. This paper explores the changing division of labour between nurses and nursing assistants in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. Methods. The study used archival material, from the period 1978-1990, of three nursing organizations that played a significant role in initiating baccalaureate entry to practice. Interviews with 19 key people involved in the decision to upgrade nurse education were conducted. Data from the archival material and interviews were analysed jointly. Findings. There are ongoing tensions between nurses and nursing assistants. Although nurses would like a support worker, they remain ambiguous about the role of nursing assistants in health care and which tasks should be delegated to this group. Nursing leaders are concerned about the ease with which some patient-related tasks are moved to nursing assistants. In the past, these concerns have led nursing leaders to attempt to limit nursing assistant responsibilities through both legislative means and ways of organizing nursing labour (primary nursing). As a result of health care reforms and baccalaureate entry to practice for nurses, nursing assistant responsibilities are currently expanding. Conclusion. Upgrading nurse education, which came into effect in 1996 with the closure of diploma schools in New Brunswick, is likely to entrench the role of nursing assistants in health care because of the economic value of their work during a period of restructuring and rationalization of health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the inner workings of Chinese human smuggling organizations. Contrary to widely held conceptions about Chinese organized crime, most alien smugglers are otherwise ordinary citizens whose familial networks and fortuitous social contacts have enabled them to pool resources to transport human cargoes around the world. They come from diverse backgrounds and form temporary alliances to carry out smuggling operations. With the exception of a shared commitment to making money, little holds them together. The smuggling organizations mostly resemble ad hoc task forces and are assembled for specific operations. These organizations have clear divisions of labor with limited hierarchical structures. We discuss the theoretical implications of their unique organizational characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been very widely argued that processes of globalisation render traditional forms of social democratic politics impossible. The paper identifies and reviews three key claims in this debate — concerning trade, capital mobility and a new international division of labour. It is argued that, whilst much has changed, this has not always led in the direction anticipated by those who foresee an end to “traditional social democracy”. In particular, the sorts of changes that have taken place do not add up to an endorsement of recent enthusiasm for a “third way”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that in many societies ethnicity plays an important role in stratification processes, a common view held by students of stratification argues that the role of ascriptive criteria in stratification processes is diminishing, and that the main axis of the modern stratification system is rooted in the division of labour in the marketplace. Despite this, most Israeli sociologists have taken the ethnic and national cleavages to be the main axes of stratification in Israel. This paper utilizes the 1974 and 1991 mobility surveys in Israel to examine changes over time in the association between ethnicity/nationality (i.e., Ashkenazi-Jews, Sephardi-Jews and Israeli-Arabs) and class position in the Israeli stratification structure. It also examines the extent to which inequality of opportunity within the Israeli class structure is affected by ethnicity/nationality. Here it is found that the ethnic/national cleavage in Israel appears to have played a less important role over time in the allocation of Israeli men to class positions. It is shown that class crystallization processes that result from the differentiation of employment contracts in the marketplace produce a relatively common level of inequality of opportunity in Israel, across sub-populations and over time. Any difference in the level of inequality of opportunity between the various sub-populations would appear to result, in part, from different historical process of, and government policy towards, the three sub-populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restructuring of labour regimes in high-value export agriculture has been an important research theme in the globalisation of agro-food systems. Contrary to theories of agrarian transition, as export agriculture becomes more globalised, it does not shift to more modern forms of labour. Increasing competition within global agricultural trade has instead led to the use of more vulnerable workers in an attempt to secure a less militant and cheaper workforce. This paper presents the results of a detailed study of the farm worker conditions in the Mpumalanga lowveld of South Africa, a region that produces high-value agricultural crops, much of which are exported. Mozambican labour has played a key role in this region for decades, and options for improving conditions are explored in the context of proposed changes in the country's immigration policy. Rather than improving conditions for farm workers, the new policy may instead worsen conditions for migrant farm workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary systems of welfare are increasingly underpinned by the assumption that families should care for their dependent adult relatives. Yet, the burgeoning empirical literature in this area has given little attention to the ways in which family caregivers fit into the service system. Drawing on interactionist theories of the division of labour, this paper employs ethnographic data, taken from a recent study, to explore the ways in which formal and informal carers negotiate 'care' on an adult medical ward. It is argued that established family carers (referred to as expert carers) constitute a special case in understanding the negotiation of care in the hospital context because of the challenge they pose to fundamental features of the social organisation of the work: nurses' control over caring processes, their claim to expertise and their license to define standards of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an evaluation of Giddens' theory of structuration is focused on two related issues: first, the degree to which Giddens provides a theory of action which transcends the structure/agency dualism and, second, whether such a transcendence is possible. In the first instance, it is demonstrated that Giddens exaggerates the powers of agents at the expense of structural constraints. Second, it is argued that transcendence of structure/agency dualism and the specification of a definitive ontology of action is not possible and that the merit of structuration theory lies in its use as a sensitizing device for empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While considerable attention has been drawn to "reproduction" theories of education, little empirical research has been conducted within this framework. This paper uses the reproduction perspective to examine how various mechanisms of the American educational structure contribute to the maintenance of the mental-manual division of labor within class structure. Using a national, longitudinal sample of high school seniors, we look at the reproduction effects of public versus private schooling, the composition of school communities and curriculum tracking. We find that reproduction results from the schooling experiences of a majority of students and that tracking is the most important mechanism in this process However, nonreproduction is apparent as well which points to some issues that reproduction theories must address to provide viable explanations of the role of education in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues raised by the feminist epistemic critique of social science are used to examine what is meant by local knowledge and its contribution to analyses of agricultural sustainability. Employing the concepts of partial perspective, lived experience, and the complexity of social context, this paper focuses attention on the juxtaposition of local and scientific knowledge and challenges those interpretations of local knowledge production that ignore the various people. relations, and interests constituting the rural economy. An examination of local as a contested, complex. and heterogeneous domain refines the work of Kloppenburg (1991) and his commitment to the significance of local knowledge in constructing opportunities for sustainable agriculture. Attention to the on-farm gender division of labor helps to identity gender differences as critical in constituting the family farm and to elaborate how the different experiences of women and men may offer alternative visions of what constitutes sustainable agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for the "classicity" of Durkheim `s first book: the innovative way viewing the compatibility of social order and individual autonomy; his sensitive perception of uneasiness with regards to the crisis of anomie; the lucid sociological account, especially the tripartite explanation of the division of labor in terms of its functioning, emergence, and consequences; and the conceptualization of the problem of order--i.e., the relationship of differentiation and integration. In all of these respects, Durkheim's book is a classic. Yet "classical" neither means original nor flawless. This is shown with respect to the relationship of division of labor and organic solidarity by looking at the historical debate on the division of labor, by elucidating mechanical and organic solidarity, and by carving out some of the problems "inside organic solidarity." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the essay "Durkheim's Division of Labor in Society," published in the March 1, 1994 issue of the journal "Sociological Forum." The author of the article feels that it has several dimensions. It begins by touching several dimensions like the quality of the translations, meta-theoretical aspects and contexts of the pioneering book and its meta-theoretical assumptions and one major research technique, empirical indicators. The paper opens with a rebuke to the translator. It takes no notice of the basic theoretical contributions of the work. It had a dismal quality of the translation. The graduate student evidently resonated to writer Emile Durkheim's early recognition of the importance of identifying indicators and devices indices of conceptualized social realities as a basic procedure in theory-based empirical enquiry. Two kinds of reductionist theories were rejected as both were categorized as undermined by facts.

This paper explores two themes that had a significant place in Durkheim's Division of Labor: the idea that people's needs and wants vary across epoches and cultures, and the conception of societies as systems. The first leads to a rejection of efficiency as the primary driving force behind advances in the division of labor. Considering power in addition to efficiency, but also the complex conditions of trust and meaning, leads into questions of interdependence and systems analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a new way of looking at social inequality in socialist and nonsocialist societies. In the first section, a conceptual framework for recovering houseworkers for class analysis is introduced, and a historically-based argument for representing them in the occupational structure is advanced. The second section reviews the evolution of social cleavages from the preindustrial era to the present day and discusses the implications of using the same occupational classification scheme to describe both socialist and nonsocialist societies. This occupational classification is illustrated in the concluding section of the paper by reanalyzing data from Hungary and the United States. The results provide new insights into the structure of gender-based inequalities and the effects of socialism on the occupational division of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the effect of the new international division of labor on urbanization in developing countries. Previous histories, particularly of insertion into the world economy, affect responses to the new order. Also, previous phases in the organization of the world economy, particularly those associated with import-substitution industrialization, have shaped the urban systems and urban social organization of developing countries in particular ways. By comparing the tendencies of the import-substituting period with those of the new international division of labor, contrasts are brought out in the patterns of migration, the shape of the urban system, labor markets, and in urban social organization. The overall change is likely to be an increasing divergence, both within developing countries and between them, in their urban organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of sociological and economic models premised on individual decision-making to account for persistent patterns of occupational concentration by race and gender has been a matter of considerable recent interest and debate. One response to this debate has been to explore the impact of various organizational dimensions on the social division of labor as experienced by males and females and/or blacks and whites. The importance of the work place as a locus of occupational restrictions has been widely acknowledged, but empirical research on this topic has been limited by the availability of establishment-level data. This paper seeks to contribute to our understanding of occupational concentration by race and gender through analysis of 1980 EEOC data on business establishments. The first phase of analysis examines the importance of the work place for occupational concentration by race and gender and places the EEOC data within the context of the 1980 U.S. economy. The second phase of analysis explores the impact of several organizational characteristics on occupational concentration within work establishments.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the importance of the concept of mesostructure for understanding how families create and enact a gendered division of labor. The work of symbolic interactionists, especially those using the negotiated order perspective, is used to examine linkages and processes of articulation between, the public and private worlds. Mesostructure provides a conceptual device for examining how men and women merge their respective activities within the context of social constraints. Six interlinked concepts developed by Hall (1987)--collective activity, network, conventions-practices, resources-power, processuality-temporality, and grounding--form the foundation for a mesostructural analysis of family division of labor These concepts are used to explicate the interaction of structure and process in gender division of labor In families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a stratified random sample of adults aged 40 and older, interviewed in Hamilton, Ontario, more than half the respondents indicated that there was someone in their extended family who could be considered a "kinkeeper," someone who works at keeping family members in touch with one another. In this study kinkeeping is viewed as a position in a familial division of labor. The paper examines the identification of the position, the work of kinkeeping, the way in which the position is structured, the dynamics of position occupancy, and the consequences for families of having a kinkeeper. Kinkeeping is primarily a female activity and is related to the importance sibling relationships hold for people. The position of kinkeeper persists over time, and occupancy is frequently passed from mother to daughter. Having a family kin keeper is related to greater extended family interaction and greater emphasis on family ritual at both extended family and lineage levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this chapter, I identify changes in the division of labor by age, gender, and class, evaluate the intensity of household production, and analyze shifting patterns of consumption to address how the Inka conquest of the Yanamarca Valley differentially affected women and men, children and adults, elites and commoners in Late pre-Hispanic Peru. Ethnohistoric and archaeological data indicate that the workload increased generally for all conquered peoples, while reordered systems of reward and recognition differentially affected distinct sectors of the population, altering social relations and gender ideology during this period of political and economic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]