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This paper offers an integrated theoretical framework to explain interpersonal, moralistic conflict that combines the logic of the "pure sociology" approach with a social psychological framework that highlights the importance of the human capacity for language, evaluation, and justification. While violations of normative expectations are the root causes of moralistic conflict, the paper argues that one can only determine the emergence of such conflict by assessing the nature of the behavior in question in relation to the social locations of the participants in combination with the justifications invoked. The central question that the theory addresses can be distilled as follows: What explains the emergence of interpersonal, moralistic conflict? The paper specifies three core assumptions, followed by a delineation of a series of propositions designed to explicate the conditions under which moralistic conflicts emerge. The theory identifies the combination of the social geometry of interpersonal encounters along with the mechanisms that typically are used to justify the grievances that individuals express toward one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perfectionism includes a tendency for high standards for self and others with a clear goal of successful performance in a variety of areas. A perfectionist often reacts with critical evaluations whenever performance falls below these standards. Moreover, perfectionists emphasize personal goals to gauge their worth, neglecting intimate bonds or openness to new experience. At the core of perfectionism lies a view of self as weak, flawed, and easily rejected. Perfectionism can result in chronic tendencies for emotional distress and interpersonal conflict. Treatment aims to explore personal views of self and others, viewing perfectionism as a form of maladaptive coping. When clients understand the role of perfectionism, they can discontinue striving to meet their extreme goals and unrealistic standards. The authors of the papers in the issue present their views on how to treat these maladaptive tendencies according to their preferred therapeutic orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group‐based guilt and shame are part of a wide range of moral emotions in intergroup conflicts. These emotions can potentially motivate group members to make compromises in order to promote conflict resolution, and increase support for reparations and apologies following moral transgressions committed by the in‐group. Thus, it is important to understand how to induce these emotions and the mechanisms for their effects. In the present paper, we examined the mechanisms underlying group‐based guilt and shame in four studies. Across the first three studies, conducted in the context of the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict, we found that group‐based guilt was mostly predicted by individuals' implicit theories about groups (ITG). Specifically, we found that the more participants believed that groups are malleable, the more they experienced group‐based guilt. Group‐based shame, however, was found to be dependent upon individuals' perception of other people's perceptions about the malleability of groups (i.e., meta‐ITG), as the perceived damage to one's in‐group image is a major component in experiencing shame. In Study 4, conducted in the context of gender relations, we differentiated between the two components of shame, that is, moral and image shame. As predicted, while group‐based guilt and moral shame showed similar patterns of results, meta‐ITG had a moderating effect on the association between ITG and group‐based image shame. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed in relation to promoting intergroup conflict resolution and reconciliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are epistemic reasons normative in the same sense as, for instance, moral reasons? In this paper I examine and defend the claim that epistemic reasons are normative only relative to an epistemic standard. Unlike moral reasons they are not substantially normative, because they fail to make an independent contribution to obligations or permissions simpliciter. After presenting what I take to be the main argument for this view, I illustrate that the argument has often been defended by examples which controversially presuppose strong epistemic obligations or pragmatic reasons for belief. Opponents of the argument often deny the existence of obligations and reasons of these kinds. I therefore examine whether the argument can withstand that line of critique by employing new examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Late Intermediate Period (LIP) (AD 1000-1450) in the Andes was a time of turbulent political and social change as two major states, Wari and Tiwanaku, lost power. Increased rates of skeletal trauma in parts of Peru and Chile for this time period have been interpreted as increased interpersonal violence, perhaps as a result of the political vacuum left in the wake of state collapse. In the Titicaca Basin, people increasingly built defensive architecture on the northern lake shore; however, in the southern lake basin, people did not. Few skeletal remains have been excavated in the lake basin overall to corroborate an increase in violent activity or measure if violent activity was increasing for all populations. This paper reports the skeletal trauma for nine LIP individuals excavated from a common tomb on the Copacabana Peninsula in the southern Titicaca basin. This small sample is important for several reasons: (i) they are the only skeletal remains from the Copacabana Peninsula during the LIP; (ii) 100% of the sample population experienced traumatic injury, possibly because of interpersonal violence; and (iii) trauma was often survived. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a wide-ranging, critical reflection on intercultural mediation theory and practice. Rather than following the standard format of literature review and discussion, the author uses his experiences as a mediator and researcher to frame the culture question and analyze intercultural practice models. We begin with the White American author's realization that culture is important, following a mediation session in which the other participants were Black. Reading Kochman's Black and White Styles in Conflict reinforced that realization, and, combined with other works, suggested a relatively straightforward relationship between culture and mediation managed through cultural competency. However, original field research on third-party peacemaking in West Africa complicated the issue by indicating that worldviews and associated conflict styles are highly diverse, varying both within and across social groups. The second half of the paper examines the nature of cultural perspectives or worldviews and considers proposed methods for intercultural mediation. By analyzing prominent responses to the issue of sociocultural variation, the paper explores the challenge of creating a broadly applicable mediation methodology that addresses the complexity of worldviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a school-based intervention in which a family therapist, serving as a consultant to a high school, worked with that school to reduce the level of school-based violence. The primary intervention reported in this paper is a conflict skills training programme called ‘Making the Smart Choice’. While designed for the families of students suspended for physical violence, this intervention also impacts upon the school's disciplinary system and the climate of the school itself. The context or responses to school-based violence, the strategy to gain access to the school, the politics of developing such a programme, the programme itself and the infrastructure needed to maintain it are described. For four years, suspensions for school-based violence were halved compared to the four years prior to the start of the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether differentiating among types of intimate partner violence enhances the explanatory capacity of extant empirical models.The analysis uses national-level Canadian data to evaluate an alternative approach to operationalizing intimate partner violence, drawing upon Black's (1990) and Johnson's (1995) theoretical work. The main argument suggests that current efforts to explain intimate partner violence with victimization studies are inadequate because they typically do not measure key sociological variables. The failure to assess the contexts within which different types of violence occur further hinders explanatory efforts.The paper concludes with recommendations for innovative theoretical and methodological strategies to address these limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether perceived work–family conflict would function as a mediator in the link between work–family culture perceptions and self-reported distress. Data were obtained from employees (N ¼ 1; 297) of five Finnish organizations representing both the public (local social and health care, school, and labour departments) and the private sectors (paper mill, IT company). The results showed that perceived work–family conflict functioned as a partial mediator between employees’ perceptions of work–family culture and self-reported distress in two organizations (i.e. in the social and health care department and paper mill), whereas the relationship turned out to be direct in the other three organizations (i.e. the education, labour departments and IT company). Thus, a supportive work–family culture was related directly and indirectly, through reduced work–family conflict, to the well-being of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with mothers' beliefs about the balance of power in the parent-child relationship and the influence these beliefs may have on their management of parent-child conflict and their children's socioemotional adjustment. It has long been recognized that one of the greatest challenges of parenting is the appropriate use of power. From the way in which parents use and construe power in episodes of conflict or potential conflict, children learn about both power and conflict. This paper describes recent work on the role that mothers' beliefs about power may play in these learning processes.

This article discusses the theme of the research papers presented in the Winter 1999 issue of the journal "New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development." The journal issue attempts to contribute to advances in the understanding of mothers' beliefs by examining those beliefs in situations that are often the most challenging for parents: conflicts with children. Conflicts provide circumstances in which both deliberate and automatic responses from parents may be elicited, thus potentially revealing diverse aspects of beliefs. Examining mothers' thoughts about, during, and in response to conflict may therefore be a powerful means of extending and clarifying the society's view of their roles as parents. The five papers of this journal attempt to meet this challenge by examining conflict and maternal beliefs in diverse yet complementary ways.

Presents an abstract of the study `Violent People, Violent Times: Interpersonal Conflict and Warfare at the Site of Hasanlu' by C. McCarthy and R. Perlin.

The aim of this paper was to examine precipitating events for suicidal ideation and how these experiences relate to disclosure in a diverse sample of college students were examined. Among non-Hispanic White students, relationship/academic problems were most associated with ideation. A romantic break-up increased the odds of getting help. Among racial/ethnic minority students, family/academic problems were most associated with ideation and students who reported multiple events were less likely to get help compared with those not reporting events. Future research should examine the reasons for interpersonal conflict among this high-risk group and their attitudes about help-seeking, and identify cultural norms associated with disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the most difficult conflicts people face at work are up and down; with bosses, supervisors, and important clients, or with direct reports, staff, or other employees who differ from them in terms of their power and interests. However, much of the research on power differences and conflict tends to be piecemeal, decontextualized, and focused on negative consequences. This paper presents 2 studies that investigated a new situated model of conflict and power at work. They build on classic areas of research on social conflict, power, and interdependence; and integrate them into a coherent framework for organizational conflict research. The study methods and findings are presented, and their implications for research on work conflict are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating work-engagement theory with conflict framework, this paper presents a model to demonstrate how 2 types of conflict (task and relationship conflict) affect employees' knowledge sharing through 3 psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced safety, experienced availability) and work engagement. Employees ( N = 139) in 2 software development companies in China responded to a survey. The results show that task conflict improved 2 psychological states (experienced safety, experienced availability) and work engagement, which, in turn, increased knowledge sharing. Relationship conflict deteriorated the 3 psychological states and work engagement, which, in turn, affected knowledge sharing. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are scholars of conflict resolution and scholars of social movements, and rarely do the twain meet. Continuing an in-person dialogue, three scholars whose work touches both fields consider the lessons each has to contribute to the other. The paper explores power dynamics, activism solidarity, negotiation strategies, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lay third parties sometimes react to an interpersonal dispute by taking sides. In this paper, we investigate the interaction effects of lay third parties’ moral and expedient orientations on the relationship between perceived legitimacy (or expected negative sanctions) and their intention of side-taking with a legitimacy party (or a sanction party). Seventy-nine Chinese and 77 Dutch employees were presented with a scenario describing a conflict dilemma between one party who has more legitimacy claims but less negative sanctions and the other party who has less legitimacy claims but more negative sanctions. The results showed that moral orientation by itself has a reinforcing effect on the positive link between perceived legitimacy and siding with a legitimacy party. In addition, in both countries, the relationship between expected negative sanctions and side-taking with a sanction party was moderated by a joint effect of the moral and the expedient orientations. That is, for lay third parties with a weakly moral orientation and a strongly expedient orientation, an increase in negative sanctions led to more side-taking with a sanction party. For those lay third parties who were weakly moral and weakly expedient oriented, strongly moral and strongly expedient oriented, or strongly moral and weakly expedient oriented, the above-mentioned link was not positive any more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competition for natural resources has spawned unprecedented conflict between users, resulting in litigious and legislative actions. Citizens often expect Cooperative Extension professionals to engage communities in collaborative processes to manage these conflicts. This paper examines thirty-five skills Cooperative Extension professionals need if they are to engage communities in collaborative processes. Survey methodology is used to assess the skills extension professionals perceive as most needed, and the ranked means of the perceived skill needs are presented. The results offer information useful to strengthen the capacity of extension professionals to play an important role in helping citizens manage natural resource conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of collective behaviour among England football fans attending the European football championships in Portugal (Euro2004). Given this category's violent reputation, a key goal was to explore the processes underlying their apparent shift away from conflict in match cities. Drawing from the elaborated social identity model of crowd behaviour (ESIM) data were obtained using semi-structured observations and interviews before, during and after the tournament. Qualitative analysis centres first on three key incidents in match cities where the potential for violence was undermined either by ‘self-policing’ among England fans, or by appropriately targeted police intervention. These are contrasted with two ‘riots’ involving England fans that occurred in Algarve during the tournament. A phenomenological analysis of England fans' accounts suggests that the contexts created by different forms of policing helped bring to the fore different understandings of what constituted proper and possible behaviour among England fans, and that these changes in identity content underpinned shifts toward and away from collective conflict. The implications of this analysis for the ESIM, understanding public order policing, social change and social conflict are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first half of a longer piece – itself the second of a series of four articles looking at working with conflict – in which a generic ground map is presented signposting four key tasks that peacebuilders need to bear in mind in any conflict transformation work. The four tasks involve mapping the ‘what’ of peacebuilding: 1 Personal Resources; 2 Interpersonal and Intercultural Issues; 3 Bio-psycho-social Determinants; 4 Organizational and Systemic Dimensions. In the current paper the first two of these are described and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The removal of patients from general practitioners’ (GPs) lists in the UK offers important sociological insights into what happens when the doctor-patient relationship ‘goes wrong’. An interactionist analysis shows how removers (doctors) and removed (patients) strategically invoke ‘rules of conduct’ to account for difficulties in the doctor-patient relationship and for GPs’ decisions to end their relationships with patients. In this paper we extend this analysis through recourse to Bourdieu's theory of practice, by juxtaposing ‘paired’ accounts of the same removal event by both remover and removed. Our analysis demonstrates the unthinking or non-reflective nature of people's understanding of the rules governing social interactions, but also demonstrates how apparent rule violations make the rules explicit and expose patterns of power distribution. We argue that removal of patients amounts to a strategic exercise of symbolic power by GPs, and that this is experienced as an overtly violent symbolic act by patients. A theoretical reconciliation of interactionist theories of the doctor-patient relationship with Bourdieu's theory of practice is both possible and profitable, providing a micro-macro link in which issues of capital and power within the health (care) field are brought to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The impetus for the study was the concern of teachers about the potentially deleterious effects of conflict in the preceptee-preceptor relationship. Preceptorship, in which students work alongside designated professionals in clinical settings, can provide opportunities to integrate theoretical and practice knowledge, and can play a part in professional development. However, students may experience communications and interpersonal problems with their preceptors and, if the conflict thereby generated is not challenged and resolved, negative outcomes can occur for students, preceptors and teachers. AIM: The purpose of the study was to explore the nature of conflict in preceptorship experiences. METHODS: A modified, simultaneous quantitative/qualitative triangulated method was used, with the quantitative results reported in this paper. A total of 548 questionnaires were mailed to students and preceptors in the final clinical experience of undergraduate programmes in four disciplines. The return rate was 42.7% (234 questionnaires). FINDINGS: Data revealed the prevalence of conflict, the degree to which this affected preceptorship relationships, factors occurring in the practicum that may contribute to conflict, the degree to which the conflict was resolved, and the outcomes of conflict. CONCLUSIONS: It is only through an understanding of the dynamics involved in conflict, and its negative effects on students, that teachers, preceptors and students alike can respond proactively to conflicts and become adept at seeking and implementing effective solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper integrates the object relations concept of projective identification and the systemic concept of marital dances to develop a more powerful model for working with more difficult and distressed couples. This integrated model explains how some couples use the defenses of splitting and projective identification to externalize and transpose internal conflicts into interpersonal conflicts in five common marital dances. The author suggests how object relations techniques can be used to interrupt the projective identifications, help clients to reown their disowned and projected affects and resolve the conflict on the intrapsychic level so that the marital dance is no longer necessary to resolve the intrapsychic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using prospective longitudinal data from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS), this paper examines the effects of parental separation on the quality of adolescents' attachment to parents and their perceptions of parental care and overprotection during childhood. Exposure to parental separation was significantly associated with lower attachment to parents in adolescence and more negative perceptions of maternal and paternal care and protection during childhood. When examined in relation to the developmental timing of first separation, a linear relationship between the age at first separation and later parental attachment and perceived parent-child relations was found. The younger the age of the child at the time of separation, the lower their subsequent parental attachment and the more likely they were to perceive both their mother and father as less caring and more overprotective. No gender differences were found in children's responses to parental separation. These findings persisted after control for the confounding effects of family social background, marital conflict, parenting, child behavior, and remarriage. Results supported the importance of the early childhood years for the development of a secure and enduring attachment relationship between children and their parents.Key Words: adolescence, attachment, divorce, parent-child relationships, parental seperation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the research papers presented in the Winter 1999 issue of "New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development" with respect to parenting cognitions, parent-child conflict, and child outcomes. It also speculates about future directions for research concerning parenting cognitions and considers how culture might moderate the relation between parenting cognitions and parent-child conflict.

This essay explores the relations between adolescents and adults. Although the generalizations of the paper are most apposite to middle-class American adolescents and adults, because the conflicts they refer to are pervasive they may be applied with qualification to other classes as well. Human learning is distinguished from that of other species by its cross-generational character. This cross-generational pattern of learning is apparently most effective for transmitting and acquiring the skills required of a human adult. At the same time, it requires the construction of social relationships which confront members of generations who, by their definition, have different knowledge of the world and different interests in it. In analyzing alternative methods for resolving these conflicts, the essay focuses on the functions of the permissive school in relieving the inter-generational conflicts and containing larger social conflicts.

The studies presented in this paper examined empathy, especially perspective taking, as a potential inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. the theoretical rationale for these investigations derived from Zillmann's [(1998); Aggressive Behaviour 14:51-64] cognitive-excitation model. Study I revealed that dispositional empathy correlates negatively with self-reported aggression and with conflict responses that reflect little concern for the need of the other party. Empathy also was positively related to constructive responses to interpersonal conflict (i.e., those that do involve concern for the needs of the other party). In Study 2, perspective taking was manipulated with instructions to subjects prior to participation in a reaction-tome task designed to measure aggression. When threat was relatively how, subjects who were instructed to take the perspective of the target responded less aggressively than did those who had been instructed to focus on the task. Study 3 examined the effect of dispositional perspective taking on verbal aggression. Threat was manipulated in terms of the combination of provocation and gender of the interactants. As predicted, perspective taking related to aggression inhibition under conditions of moderate threat--for males under low provocation and females under high provocation. These effects were predicted and explained in the context of the cognitive-excitation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises the age-old problem of the citizen's obligation to the state, but in a radical framework, where all citizens fully participate in the making of law and where all citizens enjoy maximum economic and social equality. For liberal political theory, the legitimacy of government is typically a function of the participation of citizens in the political process. This participation is defined minimally, however, to be merely a matter of citizens consenting, to government. Carole Paternan's writings on participatory democracy provide a radical alternative to the liberal consent model. Socialism and the law have been uneasy bedfellows. Certainly the notion that political and legal institutions will wither away with the emergence and development of socialist society has had a long legacy in radical thought. In any case, the definitions of law as a vehicle of egoism or ideology provide some ground for a socialist jurisprudence which does not foresake all liberal ideals. A socialist jurisprudence thus rests on the possibility that interpersonal conflict may arise in socialist society which is not connected with egoism and class divisions.

This paper reviews the mechanisms of injury and the types of fractures that most commonly affect the human skeleton, presents descriptive protocols for cranial and postcranial fractures adapted from clinical and forensic medicine, and summarizes anatomically the injuries most likely to be found in archaeological skeletons along with their most common causes and complications. Mechanisms of injury are categorized as direct and indirect trauma, stress, and fracture that occurs secondary to pathology. These are considered to be the proximate, or most direct, causes of injury and they are influenced by intrinsic biological factors such as age and sex, and extrinsic environmental factors, both physical and sociocultural, that may be thought of as the ultimate, or remote, causes of injury. Interpersonal conflict may be one of those causes but the skeletal evidence itself is rarely conclusive and must therefore be evaluated in its individual, populational, sociocultural, and physical context. A cautionary tale regarding parry fractures is presented as an illustration. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 40:139-170, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural Family Therapy needs a training model that integrates the existential, human mutuality of the therapeutic relationship with its technical elements. This paper offers a theoretical foundation for training structural family therapists in the use of self, discusses a model for training, and gives a case example illustrating personal training in a clinical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an elaboration of Stinchcombe's model of the structure of functional explanations, this paper attempts to integrate the notions of equilibrium structures, structural contradictions, and social conflicts. It proposes that two variables of an unquestionably empirical nature can account for the distinctions among the three structural forms: (1) the emergence of a double loop in the basic structure of functional systems and (2) the embodiment of systemic, mechanical forces in the intentions and actions of persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines conceptual distinction among avoidance, cooperation and competitive conflict resolution strategies used by marital partners. The discussion centers on avoidance which is viewed as a multifunctional communication strategy capable of operating either pro-socially or anti-socially in a given marital conflict. Forty-three couples were audiotaped as they discussed issues in which they had previously indicated significant disagreements. Couples were grouped based on how they define the relationship and their communication behavior was analyzed. Results indicated that the temporal aspects of speech, including turn-taking and interruptions, need to be considered in the study of couple conflict resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the author's opinion on an article by Underwood, Galen and Paquette about indirect/relational/social aggression. Critics may argue that indirect, social and relational aggression are definitionally differently. Underwood and her colleagues appear to lean towards a preference for calling the phenomenon social aggression. The problem with this label is that, in fact, all types of aggression are by necessity social. Aggression implies a conflict between at least two people or parties and it always has to do with social relations. By using the term indirect aggression, already used by Feshbach as early as 1969, we wanted to stress the manipulative aspect of this type of hostile behavior. In their article, Underwood and her colleagues suggest that very little research has addressed the developmental origins of indirect/relational/social aggression. Already in 1992, we suggested a developmental theory with respect to physical, verbal and indirect aggression. When verbal skills develop, they facilitate a rich amount of possibilities for the being aggressive without having to resort to physical force. When social intelligence develops to a level that the individual is able to analyze social relations and manipulate them to his/her own favor he or she is able to be indirectly aggressive.