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Summary: Crop domestication usually leads to the narrowing genetic diversity. However, human selection mainly focuses on visible traits, such as yield and plant morphology, with most metabolic changes being invisible to the naked eye. Buckwheat accumulates abundant bioactive substances, making it a dual‐purpose crop with excellent nutritional and medical value. Therefore, examining the wiring of these invisible metabolites during domestication is of major importance. The comprehensive profiling of 200 Tartary buckwheat accessions exhibits 540 metabolites modified as a consequence of human selection. Metabolic genome‐wide association study illustrates 384 mGWAS signals for 336 metabolites are under selection. Further analysis showed that an R2R3‐MYB transcription factor FtMYB43 positively regulates the synthesis of procyanidin. Glycoside hydrolase gene FtSAGH1 is characterized as responsible for the release of active salicylic acid, the precursor of aspirin and indispensably in plant defence. UDP‐glucosyltransferase gene FtUGT74L2 is characterized as involved in the glycosylation of emodin, a major medicinal component specific in Polygonaceae. The lower expression of FtSAGH1 and FtUGT74L2 were associated with the reduction of salicylic acid and soluble EmG owing to domestication. This first large‐scale metabolome profiling in Tartary buckwheat will facilitate genetic improvement of medicinal properties and disease resistance in Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Golden buckwheat (Fagopyrum dibotrys or Fagopyrum cymosum) and Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) belong to the Polygonaceae and the Fagopyrum genus is rich in flavonoids. Golden buckwheat is a wild relative of Tartary buckwheat, yet golden buckwheat is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine and Tartary buckwheat is a food crop. The genetic basis of adaptive divergence between these two buckwheats is poorly understood.Here, we assembled a high‐quality chromosome‐level genome of golden buckwheat and found a one‐to‐one syntenic relationship with the chromosomes of Tartary buckwheat. Two large inversions were identified that differentiate golden buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat.Metabolomic and genetic comparisons of golden buckwheat and Tartary buckwheat indicate an amplified copy number of FdCHI, FdF3H, FdDFR, and FdLAR gene families in golden buckwheat, and a parallel increase in medicinal flavonoid content. Resequencing of 34 wild golden buckwheat accessions across the two morphologically distinct ecotypes identified candidate genes, including FdMYB44 and FdCRF4, putatively involved in flavonoid accumulation and differentiation of plant architecture, respectively.Our comparative genomic study provides abundant genomic resources of genomic divergent variation to improve buckwheat with excellent nutritional and medicinal value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Buckwheat accumulates abundant flavonoids, which exhibit excellent health‐promoting value. Flavonoids biosynthesis is mediated by a variety of phytohormones, among which jasmonates (JAs) induce numerous transcription factors, taking part in regulation of flavonoids biosynthesis genes. However, some transcriptional repressors appeared also induced by JAs. How these transcriptional repressors coordinately participate in JA signaling remains unclear. Here, we found that the disruption of the GCC‐box in FtF3H promoter was associated with flavonoids accumulation in Tartary buckwheat. Further, our study illustrated that the nucleus‐localized FtERF‐EAR3 could inhibit FtF3H expression and flavonoids biosynthesis through binding the GCC‐box in the promoter of FtF3H. The JA induced FtERF‐EAR3 gene expression while facilitating FtERF‐EAR3 protein degradation via the FtBPM3‐dependent 26S proteasome pathway. Overall, these results illustrate a precise modulation mechanism of JA‐responsive transcription suppressor participating in flavonoid biosynthesis, and will further help to improve the efficiency of flavonoids biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat. Significance Statement: The JA‐stabilized FtBPM3 could facilitate the degradation of the transcription repressor FtERF‐EAR3, alleviating the binding of FtERF‐EAR3 to the GCC‐box in the promoter of FtF3H, thus promoting flavonoids biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Underutilized crops are, by definition, under‐researched compared to staple crops yet come with traits that may be especially important given climate change and the need to feed a globally increasing population. These crops are often stress‐tolerant, and this combined with unique and beneficial nutritional profiles. Whilst progress is being made by generating reference genome sequences, in this Tansley Review, we show how this is only the very first step. We advocate that going 'beyond a reference genome' should be a priority, as it is only at this stage one can identify the specific genes and the adaptive alleles that underpin the valuable traits. We sum up how population genomic and pangenomic approaches have led to the identification of stress‐ and disease‐tolerant alleles in staple crops and compare this to the small number of examples from underutilized crops. We also demonstrate how previously underutilized crops have benefitted from genomic advances and that many breeding targets in underutilized crops are often well studied in staple crops. This cross‐crop population‐level resequencing could lead to an understanding of the genetic basis of adaptive traits in underutilized crops. This level of investment may be crucial for fully understanding the value of these crops before they are lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rutin, a flavonoid rich in buckwheat, is important for human health and plant resistance to external stresses. The hydrolysis of rutin to quercetin underlies the bitter taste of Tartary buckwheat. In order to identify rutin hydrolysis genes, a 200 genotypes mini‐core Tartary buckwheat germplasm resource was re‐sequenced with 30‐fold coverage depth. By combining the content of the intermediate metabolites of rutin metabolism with genome resequencing data, metabolite genome‐wide association analyses (GWAS) eventually identified a glycosyl hydrolase gene FtGH1, which could hydrolyse rutin to quercetin. This function was validated both in Tartary buckwheat overexpression hairy roots and in vitro enzyme activity assays. Mutation of the two key active sites, which were determined by molecular docking and experimentally verified via overexpression in hairy roots and transient expression in tobacco leaves, exhibited abnormal subcellular localization, suggesting functional changes. Sequence analysis revealed that mutation of the FtGH1 promoter in accessions of two haplotypes might be necessary for enzymatic activity. Co‐expression analysis and GWAS revealed that FtbHLH165 not only repressed FtGH1 expression, but also increased seed length. This work reveals a potential mechanism behind rutin metabolism, which should provide both theoretical support in the study of flavonoid metabolism and in the molecular breeding of Tartary buckwheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of digital and intelligent information systems, the display of visual information on interfaces has become an important challenge in the field of human‐computer interaction, as well as the human‐computer interface of nuclear power plants. This paper examines effective factors affecting visual attention capture based on icons related to the human‐computer interface of nuclear power plants. Experiments were conducted on multiple factors of visual search tasks with reference to information features to analyze information display factors affecting visual cognitive performance. The experimental results showed that the three factors, icon shape, feature display, and target position, have a great effect on information searching performance. The main effect of reaction time on three factors all reached a significance level congruent with the effect on fixation time and pupil response. Eye gaze indexes of feature display factors presented an increasing trend, which indicates that the information block spends more time on cognitive processing than icon features in the human‐computer interface of nuclear power plants. Pupil diameter was dilated when searching icons under difficult visual cognition conditions, and when searching information blocks, pupils were dilated more than searching single icons. Therefore, shape highlighting of data icons in the human‐computer interface of nuclear power plants can effectively improve the attention capture of the operator's visual search, and the ease of icon discrimination is an influential factor in visual attention capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth elements (REEs) are vital in high‐tech industries and defense due to their strategic significance. Crafting an efficient membranes channel for REE separation poses a significant challenge. Employing 2‐methylimidazole‐hydrolyzed OH−, dopamine polymerization is initiated and then Zn2+ coordinates with 2‐methylimidazole on PDA surfaces. The confined symbiotic reaction yields 2D vertical heterojunctions of GO/ZIF‐8/PDA (G/Z/P). During separation, partially dehydrated smaller hydrated lanthanide ions preferentially access interlayers, expanding and stabilizing the interlayer space by coordinating with PDA, thus excluding larger hydrated scandium ions from the membranes. Some scandium ions entering interlayer channels are sequestered by N in size‐matched ZIF‐8 pores. This distinctive mechanism facilitates selective scandium separation from other REEs (other REEs/Sc selectivity ≈68.73), achieving nearly complete Sc3+ rejection in a single step. The methodology offers unprecedented insights into precise nano‐space material synthesis, indicating promising strides in advancing scandium production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a simple method named aspiration and coagulation (AC) for reducing the risk of postoperative bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Methods: Data were retrospectively reviewed and collected from the medical records and endoscopic and pathologic reports about consecutive patients who underwent ESD for early gastric cancer or precancerous lesions or gastric submucosal lesions from January 2016 to December 2021 at the Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital. Enrolled patients who underwent the AC method during ESD were included in the AC group, and the others were included in the control group. Propensity score (PS) matching (1:1 match) was used to compensate for the differences that might affect post‐ESD bleeding. Massive hemorrhage and overall delayed bleeding events after gastric ESD were compared between the two groups. Results: Propensity score matching analysis created 242 matched pairs in the study. Characteristics of the subjects such as age and use of antithrombotic drugs were all similar between the two groups after PS matching. The rate of massive hemorrhage and overall delayed bleeding was both significantly lower in the AC group than in the control (0.4% vs. 3.3% for massive hemorrhage, P = 0.037, and 1.2% vs. 5.0% for overall delayed bleeding, P = 0.032), predominantly in mucosal lesions (0.6% vs. 4.4% for massive hemorrhage, P = 0.032, and 1.2% vs. 5.6% for overall delayed bleeding, P = 0.031). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the AC method effectively decreased delayed bleeding events after ESD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aimed to determine differences in protein and lipid oxidation between bacon with KCl and calcium ascorbate (alternative) and with NaCl (traditional) during a two‐month storage process. At the beginning of storage, the carbonyl content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in alternative salt bacon were higher than those in traditional bacon, while the sulphhydryl content, fluorescence intensity and the α‐helix structure of alternative salt bacon protein were lower than those of traditional bacon. As the duration of storage progressed from 0 to 60 days, the degree of oxidation of proteins and fats in both groups of bacon increased, and the degree of oxidation of alternative salt bacon was stronger than that of traditional bacon. The results indicated that alternative salts can promote physicochemical changes in bacon to some extent. The changes in the protein and lipid oxidation of the two kinds of bacon during storage may led to the production of key volatile flavour substances and taste substances, which require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test whether SBC-like motif in FtMYB11 was responsible for the recognition of FtMYB11 by FtBPM3, the interaction between FtBPM3 and FtMYB11 derivatives (Figure 1m), was tested by Y2H assays. FtBPM3 modulates the orchestration of FtMYB11-mediated flavonoids biosynthesis in Tartary buckwheat Keywords: BTB; POZ AND MATH DOMAIN proteins; Jasmonate signalling; MYB transcriptional repressor; Secondary metabolite; 26S proteasome EN BTB POZ AND MATH DOMAIN proteins Jasmonate signalling MYB transcriptional repressor Secondary metabolite 26S proteasome 1285 1287 3 07/28/21 20210701 NES 210701 Tartary buckwheat ( I Fagopyrum tataricum i , TB) is rich in bioactive flavonoids, which have a variety of biological activities (Ghorbani, 2017). Immunoblot analysis of FtBPM3-HA protein levels in I FtBPM3 i overexpressing lines revealed that both MeJA and MG132 drastically increased FtBPM3-HA accumulation (Figure 1h), indicating FtBPM3 protein is subject to 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Purpose: Astrocytic nuclear factor erythroid‐derived 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a potential therapeutic target of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC). Icariside II (ICS II) is a naturally occurring flavonoid derived from Herba Epimedii with Nrf2 induction potency. This study was designed to clarify if exposure to ICS II mimicks IPC neuroprotection and if Nrf2 from astrocytes contributes to ICS II preconditioning against ischaemic stroke. Experimental Approach: Mice with transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)‐induced focal cerebral ischaemia and primary astrocytes challenged with oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) were used to explore the neuroprotective effect of ICS II preconditioning. Additionally, Nrf2‐deficient mice were pretreated with ICS II to determine whether ICS II exerts its neuroprotection by activating Nrf2. Key Results: ICS II pretreatment mitigated cerebral injury in the mouse model of ischaemic stroke along with improving long‐term recovery. Furthermore, proteomics screening identified Nrf2 as a crucial gene evoked by ICS II treatment and required for the anti‐oxidative effect and anti‐inflammatory effect of ICS II. Also, ICS II directly bound to Nrf2 and reinforced the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 after MCAO. Moreover, ICS II pretreatment exerted cytoprotective effects on astrocyte cultures following lethal OGD exposure, by promoting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and activating the OXPHOS/NF‐κB/ferroptosis axis, while neuroprotection was decreased in Nrf2‐deficient mice and Nrf2 siRNA blocked effects of ICS II. Conclusion and Implications: ICS II preconditioning provides robust neuroprotection against ischaemic stroke via the astrocytic Nrf2‐mediated OXPHOS/NF‐κB/ferroptosis axis. Thus, ICS II could be a promising Nrf2 activator to treat ischaemic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in China and the third leading cause of cancer‐related death. Parkin has been shown to be a tumor suppressor in a variety of malignancies, including GC. However, the mechanism of Parkin in GC remains unclear. In this study, the low expression of Parkin in GC cells and patient tumor tissues was observed, and Parkin inhibited proliferation and migration of GC cells. Additionally, doxorubicin (DOX) upregulated the expression of Parkin and promoted its anticancer effect. Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) is a crucial transcription factor that involves in the regulation of cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. Here, we found that FOXO3a inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and promotes apoptosis in GC by regulating Parkin expression at the transcriptional level. In addition, Parkin inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and promoted apoptosis by inhibiting ATP‐binding box protein E1 (ABCE1) expression. In summary, our results demonstrated a new regulatory axis of FOXO3a–Parkin–ABCE1 that modulated GC cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, and it can serve as a potential therapeutic target in GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic chronic cutaneous ulcers (DCU) are one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus, occurring mainly in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) and their target genes are essential regulators of cell physiology and pathology including biological processes that are involved in the regulation of diabetes and diabetes-related microvascular complications. in vivo and in vitro models have revealed that the expression of some miRNAs can be regulated in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and wound remodelling of DCU. Nevertheless, the potential application of miRNAs to clinical use is still limited. Here, we provide a contemporary overview of the miRNAs as well as their associated target genes and pathways (including Wnt/β-catenin, NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR) related to DCU healing. We also summarize the current development of drugs for DCU treatment and discuss the therapeutic challenges of DCU treatment and its future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Multiple colorectal polyps are relevant in hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndromes, which are thought to be caused by multiple events including germline mutations. This study was aimed to characterize germline mutations in Chinese patients with multiple colorectal polyps. Methods Patients with > 10 colorectal polyps at the Department of Gastroenterology of the PLA Army General Hospital were enrolled from January 2014 to December 2015. These patients were divided into the high-risk, moderate-risk, and mild-risk groups. White blood cell samples were collected, and DNA was extracted to sequence a panel of 19 genes previously associated with CRC by next-generation sequencing. Results A total of 96 patients were enrolled in the study. Pathogenic germline mutations were found in 24 (24/33, 72.73%), nine (9/24, 37.5%), and three patients (3/39, 7.7%) in the high-risk, moderate-risk, and mild-risk groups, respectively. Based on the results given, we suggested a strategy about gene sequencing test for the patients with multiple polyps, and the sensitivity and specificity of the screening strategy were 97% and 57%, respectively. Four of eight patients with MUTYH pathogenic germline mutations had the c.A934-2G monoallelic germline mutation, whereas three of eight patients had the C55T MUTYH germline mutation. Concurrent pathogenic germline mutations in APC and MUTYH were also observed. Conclusions A genetic screening strategy comprising 19 genes was effective to screen for hereditary CRC syndromes in patients with multiple colorectal polyps. The MUTYH germline mutation hotspots in Chinese patients may be different from those in Caucasian patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]