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Hierarchical porous carbon exhibits enormous application potential in the field of energy storage. In this paper, we develop a facile method to prepare hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) derived from wood powder and using KMnO4 as the activator. The optimized HPC‐600 samples possess the large specific surface area with hierarchical porous structure and massive oxygen–containing functional groups. The HPC‐600 electrode shows a specific capacitance of 362.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a capacitance retention of 101.5 % after 10, 000 cycles. In addition, the assembled HPC‐600//HPC‐600 symmetric supercapacitor delivers an energy density of 18.4 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 600 W kg−1. This paper provides a new and convenient method for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon for high performance supercapacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal surfaces tend to be oxidized in air through dissociation of the O−O bond of oxygen to reduce the performances in various fields. Although several ligand modification routes have alleviated the oxidation of bulky metal surfaces, it is still a challenge for the oxidation resistance of small‐size metal nanoparticles. Herein, we fixed the small‐size Pd nanoparticles in tin‐contained MFI zeolite crystals, where the tin acts as an electron donor to efficiently hinder the oxidation of Pd by weakening the adsorption of molecular oxygen and suppressing the O−O cleavage. This oxidation‐resistant Pd catalyst exhibited superior performance in directly synthesizing hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen, with the productivity of hydrogen peroxide at ≈10,170 mmol gPd−1 h−1, steadily outperforming the catalysts tested previously. This work leads to the hypothesis that tin is an electron donor to realize oxidation‐resistant Pd within zeolite crystals for efficient catalysis to overcome the limitation of generally supported Pd catalysts and further motivates the use of oxidation‐resistant metal nanoparticles in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal surfaces tend to be oxidized in air through dissociation of the O−O bond of oxygen to reduce the performances in various fields. Although several ligand modification routes have alleviated the oxidation of bulky metal surfaces, it is still a challenge for the oxidation resistance of small‐size metal nanoparticles. Herein, we fixed the small‐size Pd nanoparticles in tin‐contained MFI zeolite crystals, where the tin acts as an electron donor to efficiently hinder the oxidation of Pd by weakening the adsorption of molecular oxygen and suppressing the O−O cleavage. This oxidation‐resistant Pd catalyst exhibited superior performance in directly synthesizing hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen, with the productivity of hydrogen peroxide at ≈10,170 mmol gPd−1 h−1, steadily outperforming the catalysts tested previously. This work leads to the hypothesis that tin is an electron donor to realize oxidation‐resistant Pd within zeolite crystals for efficient catalysis to overcome the limitation of generally supported Pd catalysts and further motivates the use of oxidation‐resistant metal nanoparticles in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid‐liquid swirling flow is directly affected by the dynamic behavior of discrete droplets. Large eddy simulation combined with the volume‐of‐fluid model (LES‐VOF) was adopted to simulate the dynamic behavior of a CCl4 single droplet under water in a concave‐wall jet. There were three modes of droplets: non‐breakup, binary‐breakup, and multiple‐breakup droplets. The binary‐breakup droplet was sheared by the layer between the jet and the main flow, and the multiple‐breakup droplet was sheared by the boundary layer of the wall. Deformation and breakup were the processes of balancing the internal and external droplet vorticity. The largest pressure difference between the internal and external side of the liquid film was the primary reason for droplet breakup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Any benefit of oestradiol supplementation with progesterone for luteal support after fresh embryo transfer in in vitro fertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles remains controversial. In this study, we further addressed this question in cycles using gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist for ovarian stimulation. Design: A retrospective cohort study in a tertiary teaching and research hospital. Patient(s): A total of 1602 patients were given oestradiol valerate (E) in addition to progesterone (P) as luteal support. One thousand six hundred and two patients receiving progesterone alone were selected as the control group. Main outcome measure(s): Live birth rate. Secondary measures included clinical pregnancy rate, miscarriage rate and premature birth rate. Result(s): Clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were similar for the P alone vs the P+E group. In cycles with oestradiol (E2) levels less than 5000 pmol/L on the day of hCG trigger, E supplementation resulted in a significantly higher live birth rate (23.44% vs 32.92%, OR = 1.60 [95% CI 1.05 to 2.46]). In cycles with oestradiol levels 5000 to 10 000 pmol/L on the day of hCG trigger, E supplementation did not increase the live birth rate (34.43% vs 35.42%, OR = 0.90 [95% CI 0.80 to 1.01]). In cycles with oestradiol levels over 10 000 pmol/L on the day of hCG trigger, the live birth rate was significantly lower (36.83% vs 31.37%, OR = 0.78 [95% CI 0.62 to 0.99]) and the premature birth rate was significantly higher (19.66% vs 28.73%,OR = 1.65 [95% CI 1.05 to 2.59]) in the E supplementation group. Conclusion(s): Any benefit of oestradiol supplementation for luteal phase support appears to correlate with the serum oestradiol level on the day of hCG trigger. Oestradiol supplementation is beneficial for improving live birth rate in cycles with oestradiol levels less than 5000 pmol/L, but is not recommended in cycles with oestradiol levels over 10 000 pmol/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant gas condensates have been proven in the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the Tazhong area, the centre of the Tarim Basin, where complicated geological evolution and multiple hydrocarbon accumulations have occurred. Property, geochemistry, and stable carbon isotopes of the Ordovician condensate are characterized to identify the oil and gas origins in the Tazhong area. Fluid inclusion data, combined with numerical modelling methods was used to determine petroleum accumulation processes. Our results suggest that oils are characterized by mixed sources, with 64% of contributions from the Middle‐Upper Ordovician (O2+3) source rocks and 36% of contributions from the Lower‐Middle Cambrian (Є1+2) source rocks. Gases are primarily generated from the thermal cracking of pre‐existing oils in the underlying strata, with a small amount derived from kerogen cracking accompanied with oil generation. Three petroleum filling stages are determined, including the filling of the Є1+2‐derived oils during the Late Hercynian period, filling of the O2+3‐derived oils during the Yanshan period and oil‐cracking‐gas charge during the Himalayan period. The accumulation processes and relative contribution ratios of the two source rocks vary among the reservoirs and are mainly related to the transport system. Due to the lack of faults in the regions away from the No. 1 Fault Belt, the Є1+2‐derived oils are difficult to fill into the Ordovician reservoirs through the gypsolyte, and thus the accumulated oils are mainly from the O2+3 source rocks. The percentage of the O2+3‐derived oils is high in the southeast and northwest segments of the No. 1 Fault Belt, but relatively low in the middle segment and the vicinity of the No. 10 Structure Belt. Likewise, the late gas charge intensity is controlled by regionally varying conduit systems. Gas condensate formed in reservoirs with high gas/oil ratios. Otherwise, light oil retains with respect to low gas/oil ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Fiber‐reinforced polymers composites (FRPs) are widely used in the industrial field, but their failure mechanism in extreme environments is usually unclear. In this work, the effect of high‐temperature, high‐pressure and H2S/CO2 extreme environment, similar to oil and gas field conditions, on raw fibers and unidirectional FRPs was investigated. The results showed that the glass fibers (GFs) suffered extensive degradation with the presence of metal sulfides in the precipitate, whereas basalt fibers (BFs) showed localized degradation. The flexural modulus of glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (GFRP) after degradation decreased by 28.8% compared to 25.6% for the basalt fiber reinforced polymer composite (BFRP). The interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength of the BFRP decreased by 20.3% and 24.7% respectively. In contrast, the GFRP had a reduction of 55.2% in flexural strength after degradation. Finite element method (FEM) analysis showed that the GFRP exhibited severe cohesive interface damage, while the primary failure mode of BFRP remained essentially unchanged with a combination of fiber damage and cohesive interface damage. This study confirms the superior degradation resistance of BF/BFRP over GF/GFRP in the simulated environment and highlights its promising application potential in oil and gas field service. Filament winding was used to fabricate the GFRP and BFRP. Revealed distinct surface morphology changes in GFs and BFs under simulated oil and gas field conditions. Superior degradation resistance of BFRP over GFRP was found in the extreme environment. Demonstrated superior chemical stability and mechanical properties of BFRP over GFRP. Used FEM to investigate the failure modes of FRPs before and after exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature history of samples and maximum palaeogeothermal profiles of boreholes were reconstructed based on low‐temperature thermochronology and vitrinite reflectance data, and the results provide limits for the timescale and amount of uplift–denudation of the eastern Sichuan Basin. The thermal history showed that the uplifting and cooling of eastern Sichuan Basin began around the Late Cretaceous (approximately 100–80 Ma). The region had experienced a continuous cooling process from the Late Cretaceous until the present, with the geothermal gradient decreasing from 32–36 °C/km to 20–23 °C/km. The amount of denudation at the Puguang region in north‐eastern Sichuan was approximately 2.3 km, whereas that at south‐eastern Sichuan was 1.9 km, and the erosion thickness in the eastern Sichuan fold belt that was revealed via the field samples is 2.3 ± 0.3–2.6 ± 0.3 km. The north‐eastern Sichuan experienced sustained cooling with inconspicuous fluctuations, whereas the thrust belt and the south‐eastern Sichuan Basin presented 2–4 stages with different cooling rates. It may indicate that the eastern Sichuan fold belt experienced a complex structural evolution, characterized by episodic upliftings and deformations since Late Cretaceous, while a different and gentle deformation took place in the northeastern Sichuan Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Down syndrome (DS), which is characterized by various malfunctions, is the most common chromosomal disorder. As the DS population continues to grow and most of those with DS live beyond puberty, early‐onset health problems have become apparent. However, the cellular landscape and molecular alterations have not been thoroughly studied. Methods: This study utilized single‐cell resolution techniques to examine DS in humans and mice, spanning seven distinct organs. A total of 71 934 mouse and 98 207 human cells were analyzed to uncover the molecular alterations occurring in different cell types and organs related to DS, specifically starting from the fetal stage. Additionally, SA‐β‐Gal staining, western blot, and histological study were employed to verify the alterations. Results: In this study, we firstly established the transcriptomic profile of the mammalian DS, deciphering the cellular map and molecular mechanism. Our analysis indicated that DS cells across various types and organs experienced senescence stresses from as early as the fetal stage. This was marked by elevated SA‐β‐Gal activity, overexpression of cell cycle inhibitors, augmented inflammatory responses, and a loss of cellular identity. Furthermore, we found evidence of mitochondrial disturbance, an increase in ribosomal protein transcription, and heightened apoptosis in fetal DS cells. This investigation also unearthed a regulatory network driven by an HSA21 gene, which leads to genome‐wide expression changes. Conclusion: The findings from this study offer significant insights into the molecular alterations that occur in DS, shedding light on the pathological processes underlying this disorder. These results can potentially guide future research and treatment development for DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western Yunnan is composed of several extruded continental microblocks that were generated by the oblique collision between the Indian and Asian continents during the Cenozoic. In this study, the magmatic and tectonic frameworks of western Yunnan in the Cenozoic were analyzed based on geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, and apatite/zircon fission track dating. Magmatism during the Cenozoic in western Yunnan was then divided into three distinctive episodes: alkali granite rocks produced from 55 to 46 Ma were derived from the anatexis of crustal materials; bimodal igneous rocks formed between 37 and 24 Ma were possibly derived from an EMII mantle with a contribution from continental materials; and intermediate-basic volcanic rocks produced in the Tengchong microblocks since ∼16 Ma are considered to be generated by the partial melting of the upper mantle that was induced by the pulling apart of the dextral Gaoligong strike-slip fault system. Moreover, fission track analysis of apatite and zircon indicates that the regional crustal uplift in western Yunnan possibly began at ∼34 Ma, with accelerated annealing occurring at ∼24 Ma, ∼13 Ma, and ∼4 Ma. During the past 24 Ma, the average denudation rate was ∼0.32 mm/yr for the faulted block controlled by the Chongshan-Lancang River fault However, crustal uplift has been relatively gentle in places lacking influence from strike-slip shear zones, with an average denudation rate of ∼0.2 mm/yr. Combined with strike-slip shear and block rotation in the Cenozoic, the tectonic evolution of western Yunnan since ∼45 Ma can thus be divided into four stages occurring at 45-37 Ma, 37-24 Ma, 24-13 Ma, and 13-0 Ma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that endometrial atrophy in postmenopausal women is due to an age-related reduction in estrogen level. But the role of high circulating follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) in postmenopausal syndrome is not clear. Here, we explored the role of high circulating FSH in physiological endometrial atrophy. We found that FSH exacerbated post- OVX endometrial atrophy in mice, and this effect was ameliorated by lowering FSH with Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist (Gn RHa). In vitro, FSH inhibited endometrial proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of primary cultured endometrial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, upregulation of caspase3, caspase8, caspase9, autophagy-related proteins ( ATG3, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12 and LC3) and downregulation of c-Jun were also observed in endometrial adenocytes. Furthermore, smad2 and smad3 showed a time-dependent activation in endometrial cells which can be partly inhibited by blocking the transforming growth factor beta receptor II (Tβ RII). In conclusion, FSH regulated endometrial atrophy by affecting the proliferation, autophagy and apoptosis of endometrial cells partly through activation of the transforming growth factor beta ( TGFβ) pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]