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The defendant's mental capacity is often crucial in criminal procedure, and an expert witness may be requested to conduct a forensic psychiatric evaluation. This paper analyzes the law and clinical practice of adult defendants' forensic psychiatric evaluation in criminal courts between Mainland China and Taiwan China. Results indicated that the law in Taiwan China explicitly mentioned more mental illness and mental capacity than the law in Mainland China regarding forensic psychiatric evaluation. Concerning expert witnesses, Mainland China has established a registration and management system, but in Taiwan China, the judge decides the expert witness's admissibility. Furthermore, clinical evaluation guidelines have been promulgated in Mainland China, while none in Taiwan China. Implications of the findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the knowledge, attitude and practice level among young Saudi adults regarding osteoporosis. Methods: A cross‑sectional study was done in Riyadh among Saudis, within the age group (17–30 years old), with sample size (663). A validated questionnaire was distributed in paper and electronic forms. The questionnaire had five parts: first part was the demographic variables, second part the source of the participant knowledge about the disease, third part assessed the knowledge about osteoporosis, fourth part assessed osteoporosis attitudes, and the fifth part assessed the practice for prevention of osteoporosis. The collected data was analysed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program. Results: It was found that there was low level of knowledge among overall participants; there was no significant difference between male and female in level of knowledge, while the age group 21–25 had the highest knowledge level among all other age groups. Males have better level of practice of a healthy lifestyle that decreases the risk of osteoporosis than females. In total, 52.5% of males have a sufficient level of practice, while only 34.9% of females have acceptable level of practice Conclusion: The study found no significant difference between males and females regarding the knowledge of osteoporosis. Males were found to have better level of practice of a healthy lifestyle that decreases the level of osteoporosis then females. The study recommends similar studies and undertake more efforts in promotion of preventive programs for young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Saudi Public Health Authority recently prepared a Consensus Statement regarding how much time a person should spend engaged in physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep to promote optimal health across all age groups. This paper describes the background literature, methodology, and modified RAND Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-ADOLOPMENT approach that guided the development process. A Leadership Group and Consensus Panels were formed, and credible existing guidelines were identified. The Panel identified clear criteria to choose the best practice guidelines for the set objectives after evaluation, based on GRADE table evidence, findings table summaries, and draft recommendations. Updating of the selected practice guidelines was performed, and the Consensus Panels separately reviewed the evidence for each behavior and decided to adopt or adapt the selected practice guideline recommendations or create de novo recommendations. Data related to cultural factors that may affect the studied behaviors, such as prayer times, midday napping or "Qailulah," and the holy month of Ramadan, were also reviewed. Two rounds of voting were conducted to reach a consensus for each behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stress can cause significant impact on social and occupational participation. This study aimed to investigate association between psychological factors (six factors of psychological well-being [PSW] and self-reported mindfulness) and perceived stress. Further, the study aimed to compare the relationship of psychological factors and stress between Erick Erickson's two adult developmental stages, i.e., intimacy versus isolation (19-40 years) and generativity versus stagnation (40--65 years). Objectives: To measure PSW (six factors), mindfulness, and perceived stress in people from the two developmental stages, to study the correlation between psychological factors (the six factors of PSW and mindfulness) and stress in each group, and to compare the relation between psychological factors and stress in these two developmental stages. Study Design: A cross-sectional study design was chosen for the research. Methods: Males and females belonging to intimacy versus isolation (19-40 years) and generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) stages of Erick Erikson's classification of development were included in the study. Written informed consent was taken from all the participants. Paper-based version of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS), and Ryff's PSW scale were administered. The scores obtained on PSS, MAAS, and Ryff's PSW were compared. Results: Individuals belonging to the intimacy vs. isolation stage (19-40 years) and generativity vs. stagnation (40-65 years) stage of development showed a significant correlation between psychological factors and stress, with a significant correlation (P = 0.010, 95% CI: 187.600-169.080) in the intimacy vs. isolation stage and (P = 0.005, 95% CI: 165.004-155.136) in the generativity vs. stagnation stage. Conclusions: Individuals in the generativity versus stagnation (40-65 years) stage are more stressful than those in intimacy versus isolation stage (19-40 years) stage. Thus, practicing mindfulness and being mindful helps us to deal with stress better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 1.9%–3.0% in the general population. It is an easily missed diagnosis. Although several paper-based tools have been developed, none are culturally validated for Sri Lankans to screen for OCD at field level. Aims: This study aimed to translate and assess the validity and reliability of obsessive-compulsive inventory-revised scale (OCI-R) for Sri Lankan adults. Setting and Design: This study was a case–control study. Materials and Methods: This was conducted among 89 OCD patients and 89 controls recruited from the National Hospital of Sri Lanka to assess the criterion validity of OCI-R (an 18-item tool on common OCD symptoms using six subscales), by applying it and the gold standard (clinical diagnosis made by two independent consultant psychiatrists) to the same patient simultaneously. Before this, the tool was translated into local language (Sinhala) by bilingual experts and two psychiatrists using the forward-backward translation method. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was drawn to determine the cutoff value to identify OCD in Sri Lanka. Results: The translated tool demonstrated the following: sensitivity 84.4%, specificity 85.6%, positive predictive value 85.4%, negative predictive value 84.6%, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of 5.86 and 0.18, respectively. The cutoff value for diagnosing OCD was 21 according to the ROC curve. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient) of all six domains and the total scale showed values exceeding Nunnally's criteria of 0.7. Conclusions: Sinhala version of the OCI-R scale was identified as a valid and reliable screening instrument to be applied in Sri Lankan adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise exposure generated by air traffic has been linked with sleep disturbances. The purpose of this systematic review is to clarify whether there is a causal link between aircraft noise exposure and sleep disturbances. Only complete, peer-reviewed articles published in scientific journals were examined. Papers published until December 2010 were considered. To be included, articles had to focus on subjects aged 18 or over and include an objective evaluation of noise levels. Studies were classified according to quality. Given the paucity of studies with comparable outcome measures, we performed a narrative synthesis using a best-evidence synthesis approach. The primary study findings were tabulated. Similarities and differences between studies were investigated. Of the 12 studies surveyed that dealt with sleep disturbances, four were considered to be of high quality, five were considered to be of moderate quality and three were considered to be of low quality. All moderate- to high-quality studies showed a link between aircraft noise events and sleep disturbances such as awakenings, decreased slow wave sleep time or the use of sleep medication. This review suggests that there is a causal relation between exposure to aircraft noise and sleep disturbances. However, the evidence comes mostly from experimental studies focusing on healthy adults. Further studies are necessary to determine the impact of aircraft noise on sleep disturbance for individuals more than 65 years old and for those with chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60-year-old postmenopausal female presented with multiple, itchy lesions, and painful ulcers on buttocks and perineum since 1 year. Declaration of patient consent The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. Diagnosis is primarily clinical, and treatment comprises barrier agents (e.g., zinc oxide ointment), local hygiene, and management of underlying factor (e.g., urinary incontinence). [Extracted from the article]