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This paper investigates the collocations produced by a set of fictive motion verbs found in a specialized corpus representing the language of adventure tourism. Since our ultimate aim is to contribute to the characterization of this specialized language, we defined two specific objectives: (1) to analyze the motion verbs and their meanings extracted from the Advencor corpus, and (2) to identify the collocates of these verbs as well as the semantic roles they express. After the application of our methodology, eight motion verbs produced 35 collocations satisfying all the established criteria. The results focus on different aspects: (1) the verbs convey distinct meanings, such as motion on a vertical axis or direction towards a destination; (2) the most recurrent combination is noun + verb, where the former describes the inanimate entity that seems to perform motion; (3) collocation production and collocation strength are not correlated; and (4) the collocates accompanying the verbs under analysis shed light on the argument structure of these verbs, for they represent one of the participants. In conclusion, this work provides relevant information about the phraseology of fictive motion verbs in the language of adventure tourism and proves the specialization of this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the difficulties of translating Chinese expressions frequently used in communicating governmental policies to the public. In particular, we focus on the expression wenming 文明, a term with manifold meanings and uses, which often ends up being translated into English simply as 'civilised'. This translational convention is problematic because wenming in Chinese tends to be used in many collocations where the English civilised sounds distinctly alien. In order to systematically investigate this translational problem, we propose a bottom-up tri-partite approach to the study of Chinese policy expressions in general and wenming in particular. This novel mixed-method approach not only allows us to go beyond essentialist generalisations about expressions frequented in Chinese political discourse, but more importantly it allows us to unearth and label practical difficulties faced by translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a corpus linguistic perspective on two adjectival suffixes -al and -ell in the German language. Its attention is focused on the distributional frequency of the derived adjectives, the semantic motivation and contextual occurrence through the lens of retried adjective + noun collocations. On top of that, the paper attempts to determine the superiority of such derived adjectives in the specialised vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the utility of metaphor as an investigative tool in "long-distance" corpora and discourse studies. I show that metaphor is both important for understanding discourses and useful for diachronic analysis because it allows us to abstract out above the purely lexical level, enabling comparison across contexts where the same concept could be lexicalised differently. The case-study is concerned with the oft-discussed metaphor of migrants are water in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800–2018 and the conventionalisation and evaluative patterns are presented. The findings confirm that the water metaphor has an extensive discourse history regarding how migration is represented in the UK press, but also that evaluations may differ significantly. The paper shows how metaphor can provide a way to find discourse evaluations and framings across different time periods. The use of second-order collocates illustrates how corpus tools can help re-contextualise data to ensure interpretation heeds contemporary framings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an in-depth study and analysis of the model of English writing using artificial intelligence algorithms of neural networks. Based on word vectors, the unsupervised disambiguation, and clustering of multimedia contexts extracted from massive online videos, the disambiguation accuracy reaches over 0.7, and the resulting small-scale multimedia context set can cover up to 90% of vocabulary learning tasks; user experiments show that the multimedia context learning system based on this method can improve the effectiveness and experience of ESL vocabulary learning, as well as the long-term word sense memory of learners. The results are 30% better. Based on the dependency grammatical relations and semantic metrics of collocations on a large-scale professional corpus, we established a collocation intention description and retrieval method in line with users' linguistic cognition and doubled the usage rate of collocation retrieval on the actual deployment system after half a year, becoming a user "sticky" ESL writing aid, and further defined style. Dictionaries only provide basic lexical definitions, and, even if supported by example sentences, they still cannot meet the needs of ESL authors in terms of expressive accuracy and richness. However, the current machine translation is based on the black box deep neural network construction, and its translation process is not understandable and interactive. Among the three algorithmic models constructed in this paper, the multitask learning model outperforms the conditional random field model and the LSTM-CRF model because the multitask learning model with auxiliary tasks solves the problem of sparse data to a certain extent, allowing the model to be trained more adequately in the case of uneven label distribution, and thus performs better than other models in the task of grammatical error detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses prevalent topics found in narratives of the maritime discourse community in the past seven years, from 2016 to 2022. For this purpose, we compiled a corpus of eighty speeches given by the respected Mr. Kitack Lim, secretary-general of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). The texts are found on the official IMO website and were delivered on the occasion of significant maritime events. The analysis section combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The sophisticated language program Wordstat was used to determine frequencies, dominant phrases, collocations and prevalent topics. In addition, critical discourse analysis was used to interpret linguistic facts through the lenses of an actual maritime setting. The results reveal how dynamic changes in the maritime discourse community are reflected in narratives. We note how traditional issues in seafaring have been complemented with new perspectives impacted by globalisation, digitalisation, automatisation, issues of social and human rights which have been raised, women's empowerment, questions of environmental protection and many more. We conclude that the established concepts cannot be demarcated: they are increasingly interdependent and have the seafarer in their focus. We also point to the possibility of future research in the domain of comparative analysis on a sample of larger corpora that could make use of research articles or academic narratives about the maritime discourse community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novice Geography researchers need to be acquainted with the rhetorical move structure and organization of scientific research article abstracts (RAAs); yet there is a lack of studies investigating the linguistic realizations involved and their connections to the rhetorical move structure in Geography RAAs. This paper conducted a multidimensional analysis to explore phrase frames/collocations and move length and their connection to the rhetorical move structure and sequence in 190 Geography RAAs from journals indexed in the Web of Science Master Journal List. The move structure was investigated employing Hyland’s (2004) move scheme, Introduction-Purpose-Method-Product-Conclusion. The results revealed that Geography RAAs have a five-move structure, consisting of three “essential” moves whose functions are to present Purpose, Methods and Results, and two “conventional” moves, whose functions are to present Introduction and Conclusion. The findings of the multidimensional analyses indicated that the moves that occurred most frequently in Geography RAAs (Purpose, Methods and Results) occupied most text space and included more phrase frames. The findings indicate the importance of combining investigations of the rhetorical move structure in a particular genre with an exploration of the linguistic realizations in each move as this may provide both researchers and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) tutors with valuable resources for understanding the rhetorical and linguistic characteristics of specific RAA types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of collocations is essential for English academic writing. However, there are few academic collocation referencing tools available and there is a pressing need to develop more. In this paper, we will introduce the ACOP (Academic Collocations and Phrases Search Engine), a newly developed corpus-based tool to search large academic corpora. Using the AntCorGen corpus crawling tool, 100,000 articles from 10 academic areas were downloaded from the PLOS One journal database. A multidisciplinary 500-million-word academic corpus was thus created. Our team further developed the ACOP to allow users to search for collocations and phrases in the academic corpus that we compiled. Additionally, this new tool will allow learners to search for not only bigrams but also for three- to five-word strings. Learners can further search using parts of speech. To validate whether the new tool can assist EFL learners in finding appropriate academic collocations, we compared this tool with BYU's state-of-the-art COCA corpus search tool. The 35 students who participated in the study were randomly divided into two groups. One group used BYU's COCA tool and the other used the ACOP tool. Both groups were asked to identify suitable collocates for 25 gap-fill questions. Paired t-tests and independent t-tests were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that both groups showed a significant improvement in the posttest when they had access to the collocation retrieval systems. However, statistically, the results showed no significant difference between the two tools, as they were equally useful in helping the students find appropriate collocates. According to the users' surveys, compared with the COCA group, the participants in the ACOP group found the ACOP easier to use and the interface was clearer and simpler. The Mann-Whitney U tests of the two groups showed significant differences in the aspect of the interface. The preliminary results indicated that the ACOP can assist EFL learners in finding suitable academic collocations and phrases, and the users' surveys showed positive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the application of the orthogonal collocation on finite elements (OCFE) method using quadratic and cubic B-spline basis functions on partial differential equations. Collocation is performed at Gaussian points to obtain an optimal solution, hence the name orthogonal collocation. The method is used to solve various cases of Burgers' equations, including the modified Burgers' equation. The KdV–Burgers' equation is considered as a test case for the OCFE method using cubic splines. The results compare favourably with existing results. The stability and convergence of the method are also given consideration. The method is unconditionally stable and second-order accurate in time and space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corpus consultation with concordancers has been recognized as a promising way for learners to study and explore language features such as collocations at their own pace and in their own time. This study examined 1.5 million search queries sent to a collocation consultation tool called FlaxCLS (Flexible Language Acquisition Collocation Learning System; http://flax.nzdl.org) over a period of two years to identify learners' collocation look-up patterns. This paper examines and characterizes learners' look-up patterns as they entered search queries, clicked on the query formation aids provided by the system, and navigated through the different levels of collocation information returned by the system to support collocation learning. We looked at how learners formulated query terms, and we analyzed the characteristics of query words learners entered, the characteristics of collocations they preferred, and the sample sentences they checked. Our collocation look-up pattern analyses, similar to traditional user query analyses of the web, provide interesting and revealing insights that are hard to obtain from small-scale user studies. The findings provide valuable information and pedagogical implications for data-driven learning (DDL) researchers and language teachers in designing tailored collocation consultation systems and activities. This paper also presents multidimensional analyses of learner query data, which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been explored in DDL research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collocations have been the subject of much scientific research over the years. The focus of this research is on a subset of collocations, namely metaphorical collocations. In metaphorical collocations, a semantic shift has taken place in one of the components, i.e., one of the components takes on a transferred meaning. The main goal of this paper is to review the existing literature and provide a systematic overview of the existing research on collocation extraction, as well as the overview of existing methods, measures, and resources. The existing research is classified according to the approach (statistical, hybrid, and distributional semantics) and presented in three separate sections. The insights gained from existing research serve as a first step in exploring the possibility of developing a method for automatic extraction of metaphorical collocations. The methods, tools, and resources that may prove useful for future work are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world of professional translation is inextricably linked to the conquests of artificial intelligence (AI), and human translators need to use machine translation tools and translation memories to increase their productivity. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the human translator in the translation process and, consequently, to adapt the training of young translators to the circumstances in which they will have to work in the future. Based on the work of final-year students of FLUP's Master's in Translation and Language Services, we carried out an analysis of several cases that revealed the weaknesses of machine translation systems, in order to illustrate how human intervention can contribute to a more efficient translation process and a higher quality of the final product and can also help translators focus their efforts on areas where human intervention is most valuable. If the translator is aware of the limitations of AI systems in advance and if he/she knows what are the most appropriate linguistic resources applied in the different text genres of specialised communication in the target culture and language, during the revision and post-editing process he/she may focus his efforts on areas where human intervention is most valuable: in producing texts that do not look like a translation and reveal the characteristic features of original, specialised discourse in the target culture and language. By paying special attention to pronominal anaphora, collocations, idiomatic expressions, or macro- and micro-textual conventions translators can optimize the revision process, increase productivity, and achieve improved translations in less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most aspect-based sentiment analysis approaches at this stage primarily focus on extracting information from the comment sentence and analyzing the interaction between the comment sentence and aspect words while ignoring the importance of key phrase information. Sentences are composed of words and phrases following specific grammatical rules, and mining phrase information can provide valuable insights into short-distance collocations between words. Thus, integrating multi-granularities (sentences, phrases, and aspect words) in the learning process can lead to better vector representations. This paper proposes a multi-granularity information mining and sentiment hint model (MGSH). Specifically, we first use two phrase extraction techniques to separately extract a set of key phrases from comment sentences and use heuristic algorithms to merge and eliminate the redundancy of the two sets. In addition, we design a constrained multi-granularity fusion module to dynamically integrate information from different granularities, encouraging the model to capture semantic associations among these granularities. Finally, we conducted a statistical analysis on the number of aspect words in the comment sentences. We found a potential correlation between the overall emotion of the sentence and the aspect words. Therefore, we pre-assign sentiment pseudo-labels to the commented sentences to identify sentiment cues specific to aspects and potential sentiment relationships between sentences and aspects. Our experimental evaluations, conducted on three benchmark datasets, showcase the importance of multi-granularity information mining and interaction as well as the effectiveness of utilizing sentiment cue information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since people express their opinions and feelings more openly than ever before, sentiment analysis proves to be a promising research area that effectively analyses the opinion expressed over the entities. In this context, Sentiment analysis is utilized to gather valuable insights from users' opinions. These insights would benefit a lot for the business concerns and institutions to improve their respective products/services. Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is the most robust technique that offers a more fine-grained analysis. The objective of this paper is to improve the efficacy of ABSA by framing a robust and enhanced set of rules. Several experiments were carried out to detect explicit and implicit aspects. The hybrid approach comprising of enhanced rule-based approach (ERBA) and domain-specific lexicon (DSL) is used to improve the solution of the aspect-based sentiment analysis problem. The proposed approach employs a domain-specific adjective-noun collocation list(DSANCL) tailored to the domain for fine-tuning the process of implicit aspect detection(IAD). The proposed model frames a new nine-point scale for measuring the sentiment strength by introducing a ternary classification of intensifiers based on their degree of intensification. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated using the university reviews dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of evidence suggests the capacity for animals to combine calls into larger communicative structures is more common than previously assumed. Despite its cross-taxa prevalence, little is known regarding the evolutionary pressures driving such combinatorial abilities. One dominant hypothesis posits that social complexity and vocal complexity are linked, with changes in social structuring (e.g. group size) driving the emergence of ever-more complex vocal abilities, such as call sequencing. In this paper, we tested this hypothesis through investigating combinatoriality in the vocal system of the highly social chimpanzee. Specifically, we predicted combinatoriality to be more common in socially-driven contexts and in females and lower-ranked males (socially challenging contexts and socially challenged individuals respectively). Firstly, through applying methods from computational linguistics (i.e. collocation analyses), we built an objective repertoire of combinatorial structures in this species. Second, we investigated what potential factors influenced call combination production. We show that combinatoriality is predominant in 1) social contexts vs. non-social contexts, 2) females vs. males, and 3) negatively correlates with male rank. Together, these results suggest one function of combinatoriality in chimpanzees may be to help individuals navigate their dynamic social world. More generally, we argue these findings provide support for the hypothesized link between social and vocal complexity and can provide insight into the evolution of our own highly combinatorial communication system, language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the historical development during the past three centuries of the English suffix -en, used to create denominal adjectives (e.g. golden, silken), focusing on words that have remained in the language until the present day. We specify a way of calculating the rate of loss of the suffix and apply this to different lexical items involved in this process. Finally, we explore the roles of word frequency and collocations, in order to shed some light on how these factors relate to the loss of a linguistic form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a project involving the construction of a corpus-based list which provides a large-scale selection of multi-word units that occur in academic English. Using the most up-to-date, reliable methods, the goal was to produce a large-scale resource which could either be studied directly or used as a reference for practitioners to create further resources. The paper details the procedures used to generate this academic multi-word unit list, explains why specific decisions were made to identify useful items, and discusses the resulting resource. Comparisons will be made between the list created and currently existing lists, and also between the characteristics of the list created versus characteristics of high-frequency general English word lists. Finally, applications of this free resource for English practitioners and students will be suggested. • This paper outlines the steps in the construction of a corpus-based academic English resource list. • A concgram-based methodology is used, in conjunction with manual processing of items. • It provides a large set of academic multiword units for educators and learners to use. • Comparisons are made about the features of this list to existing English for Academic Purposes resources. • Links are made between academic English and general English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes Croatian EFL learners' collocational competence with regard to congruent and incongruent collocations. Congruent collocations are those which express the same meaning in both languages with similar lexical components, whereby a direct translation from L1 into L2 produces an appropriate collocation. On the other hand, incongruent collocations use different lexical components in the two languages to express the same meaning and a direct translation from L1 into L2 most likely produces an error. Based on this difference between the two types of collocations, the hypothesis is that participants would be more successful in producing congruent as opposed to incongruent collocations due to a positive crosslinguistic influence. To test the hypothesis, 175 Croatian high school students at different year levels (ages 15-18) were tested by using a 22-item task in which they were asked to translate collocations from L1 Croatian into L2 English. The results show that students were more successful in producing congruent than incongruent collocations, and their collocational competence grew with year level and the number of foreign languages spoken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phraseological modification (PM) is a recurrent stylistic resource in specific types of texts, mainly journalistic texts, advertisements and literature. Since literary works are complete texts, the analysis of PM in these texts can go beyond the mere identification of the changes that the units have undergone, facilitating, in turn, the exploration of their stylistic effects. This paper explores the use of PM in a fable written by Luis Sepúlveda, The Story of a Seagull and the Cat Who Taught Her to Fly. The aim is to determine the extra value that modifications bring to the text by finding out not only the number and types of units modified but also the effects achieved. The results show that the author's choice of phraseological units (PUs) and modification procedures is not arbitrary. In this text, PM directly relates to distinctive features of fables, namely the humanisation of animals and humour, providing new semantic and symbolic dimensions absent in other fables which lack this pervasive use of modifications. Creative PU variation takes animal humanisation a step further by anthropomorphising animals and distancing them from humans at the same time. This, in turn, sustains the moral lessons of the story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Define Firthian collocation as a range of parameterized collocates. • Visualize Firthian collocation in a Cartesian plane. • Compare Firthian collocation with semantic abstraction and similarity computation. • Differentiate adverbial synonyms using Firthian collocation comparison. • Measure collocational accuracy of L2 learners with Firthian collocation comparison. This paper proposes a novel approach to collocation-based comparative linguistic analysis. The approach defines Firthian collocation as a range of collocates parameterized with positional information and association strength, and facilitates Firthian-collocation-based comparative analyses with a suite of quantitative tools including visualization, semantic abstraction, and similarity computation. The application of this approach is showcased in the synonym differentiation of four adverbs— actually , genuinely , really , and truly —and the collocation accuracy measurement of L2 learners that uses Chinese Learners English Corpus as the learners' corpus and British National Corpus as the reference corpus. These case studies demonstrate that the approach not only enables intuitive and holistic inference of syntactic and semantic functions of node words, but also supports large-scale quantitative investigation of lexical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corpora have given rise to a wide range of lexicographic resources aimed at helping novice users of academic English with their writing. This includes academic vocabulary lists, a variety of textbooks, and even a bespoke academic English dictionary. However, writers may not be familiar with these resources or may not be sufficiently aware of the lexical shortcomings of their emerging texts to trigger the need to use such help in the first place. Moreover, writers who have to stop writing to look up a word can be distracted from getting their ideas down on paper. The ColloCaid project (www.collocaid.uk) aims to address these problems by integrating information on collocation with text editors. In this paper, we share the research underpinning the initial development of ColloCaid by detailing the rationale of (1) the lexicographic database we are compiling to support the collocation needs of novice users of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and (2) the preliminary visualisation decisions taken to present information on collocation to EAP users without disrupting their writing. We conclude the paper by outlining the next steps in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to investigate the role of dictionary form (paper versus electronic) in language reception, production and retention. The body of existing research does not give a clear answer as to which dictionary medium benefits users more. Divergent findings from many studies into the topic might stem from differences in research methodology (including the various tasks, participants and dictionaries used by different authors). Even a series of studies conducted by one researcher (Dziemianko, 2010, 2011, 2012b) leads to contradictory conclusions, possibly because of the use of paper and electronic versions of existing dictionaries, and the resulting problem with isolating dictionary form as a factor. To be able to argue with confidence that the results obtained follow from different dictionary formats, rather than presentation issues, research methodology should be improved. To successfully generalize about the significance of the medium for decoding, encoding and learning, the current study replicates previous research, but the presentation of lexicographic data on paper and on screen is now balanced, and the paper/electronic opposition is operationalized more appropriately. A real online dictionary and its paper-based counterpart composed of printouts of screen displays were used in the experiment in which the meaning of English nouns and phrases was explained, and collocations were completed with missing prepositions. A delayed post-test checked the retention of the meanings and collocations. The results indicate that dictionary medium does not play a statistically significant role in reception and production, but it considerably affects retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to cast light on contemporary migration rhetoric by integrating historical discourse analysis. I focus on continuity and change in conventionalised metaphorical framings of emigration and immigration in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800 to 2018. The findings show that some metaphors persist throughout the 200-year time period (liquid, object), some are more recent in conventionalised form (animals, invader, weight) while others dropped out of conventionalised use before returning (commodity, guest). Furthermore, we see that the spread of metaphor use goes beyond correlation with migrant naming choices with both emigrants and immigrants occupying similar metaphorical frames historically. However, the analysis also shows that continuity in metaphor use cannot be assumed to correspond to stasis in framing and evaluation as the liquid metaphor is shown to have been more favourable in the past. A dominant frame throughout the period is migrants as an economic resource and the evaluation is determined by the speaker's perception of control of this resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper explores the synchronic distribution and historical development of an intensificatory construction that has so far received little attention in previous literature on English; i.e. what Huddleston and Pullum (2002) label as INTENSIFICATORY REPETITION (e.g. old old story, long long way). Synchronically, the paper records the existence of two functional subtypes of repetitive intensification (affection and degree) and expands previous accounts by showing the functional versatility of the degree intensificatory subtype. At the diachronic level, the paper dates the establishment of (degree) intensificatory repetition to the Late Modern English (LModE) period. It also suggests that (a) intensificatory affection was the first repetitive (sub)type to develop in the language, and (b) that its collocational expansion from Early Modern English (EModE) onwards may have paved the way for the establishment of its degree intensification counterpart. More generally, the paper shows that formulaic phraseology can contribute to the development of fully productive constructions and advocates the need for further study of ‘minor’ intensificatory constructions (such as the one explored here) and the way in which they may help to refine current standard descriptions of the English Noun Phrase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the best-known features of verb-noun collocations is that one of their constituents, the collocative, has a metaphorical sense adapted to the main element of the construction, the basis. However, there has been little attention to the relation between collocations and metaphors. Thus, the aim of this paper is double: on the one hand, to highlight the tight relationship between metaphor and collocations; and, on the other, to discuss some metaphors codded in collocations with the movement verbs venio and incido, from the analysis of a representative corpus. As we will see, collocations with these two verbs are connected to two orientational metaphors frequently used in a wide range of languages in the world: STATES ARE CONTAINERS and INCEPTIONS OF EVENTS ARE ENDPOINTS OF TELIC MOVEMENTS. Moreover, the verb incido has in many collocations a negative meaning because of the conceptualization of the "fall" in the Roman world, related to the UP IS GOOD, DOWN IS BAD METAPHOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As renewable energies are incorporated in larger shares in the electricity grid and district heating and cooling networks, the integration of storage solutions becomes more important. Thermal Energy Storage is an effective way to store heat and utilize the synergies between different energy carriers. Stratified storage tanks are a promising technology because of their low cost, simplicity and reliability. However, the modeling of the thermocline region in a stratified tank remains a challenge. There is a need to develop a fast and accurate 1D model for simulations and optimizations of TES. In this paper, a new discretization scheme is applied to the vertical axis of the storage tank. Orthogonal Collocation accurately represents the temperature profiles inside the storage tank with less points than the traditional multinode model, therefore running faster. Oscillations appear in the temperature profiles computed with orthogonal collocation if the thermocline represented is too steep and a low number of discretization points is used. But if a realistic thermocline is used as initial condition, the model performs well. Thus, it is appropriate to represent the real behavior of a storage tank, where uniform temperature conditions are avoided. Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements runs even faster and represents a good perspective for optimization studies. The model developed in this paper is validated with real data from a solar thermal plant with storage. A continuous and smooth model is also developed for natural convection inside the storage tank. The limitations of the model are discussed and perspectives on the modeling of natural convection for optimization models are given. • Orthogonal collocation is suggested for the 1D storage tank model discretization. • The proposed model runs faster than the multinode model for the same accuracy. • Orthogonal collocation on finite elements is suggested for optimization studies. • The storage tank model is validated with real plant data. • A continuous and smooth model for natural convection is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reflect about the relationships between lexicalization and grammaticaiization in the emergence of Spanish verbal periphrases. We will analyse the evolution of three verbal periphrases (venir + a + infinitive, tener + de + infinitive, ir + y + verbal finite group) and we will try to demonstrate that there is a first stage that can be defined as lexicalization in its formation, because three different collocations are formed. In a second step, grammaticaiization takes place, since these collocations evolve to routinized verbal constructions fully productive specialised In expressing modal and temporal values. In this paper we will follow a usage-based approach to language change, combined with the assumptions of the theory of grammaticaiization and with Construction Grammar. We will base our study on data extrated from consulting the RAE corpora (CREA Y CORDE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language varieties should be taken into account in order to enhance fluency and naturalness of translated texts. In this paper we will examine the collocational verbal range for prima-facie translation equivalents of words like decision and dilemma, which in both languages denote the act or process of reaching a resolution after consideration, resolving a question or deciding something. We will be mainly concerned with diatopic variation in Spanish. To this end, we set out to develop a giga-token corpus-based protocol which includes a detailed and reproducible methodology sufficient to detect collocational peculiarities of transnational languages. To our knowledge, this is one of the first observational studies of this kind. The paper is organised as follows. Section 1 introduces some basic issues about the translation of collocations against the background of languages' anisomorphism. Section 2 provides a feature characterisation of collocations. Section 3 deals with the choice of corpora, corpus tools, nodes and patterns. Section 4 covers the automatic retrieval of the selected verb + noun (object) collocations in general Spanish and the co-existing national varieties. Special attention is paid to comparative results in terms of similarities and mismatches. Section 5 presents conclusions and outlines avenues of further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speakers do not always attribute agency straightforwardly when they communicate. While complying with the maxims of explicitness and relevance, they may depict states of affairs headed by an identifiable source. More often than not, however, it seems they leave out this source for a number of reasons and through different mechanisms. This paper is a corpus-based study of one such non-identifying structures, namely the extrapositional have-it-that construction, in examples such as Several hypotheses have it that land-use changes. Drawing on data from the BNC, this paper investigates the use, distribution and functioning of the have-it-that construction. The paper also highlights the usefulness of simple collexeme analysis in revealing systematic co-selection relationships within the construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the collocational patterns of frequent verbs in medical research articles, and proposes a way to help non-native speakers of English learn word combinations frequently used in specific professional genres. We explore the correlations in the syntactico-semantic behavior and the collocational patterns of related verbs, in order to systematically teach recurrent word combinations.To this end, we present a corpus-based analysis of the collocational patterning of the verbs which belong to the same semantic frame in FrameNet, the frame EVIDENCE. These verbs were identified in 397 medical research articles from a pre-release version of the PERC (Professional English Research Consortium) corpus (3,155,118 tokens and 115,960 word types). The verbs examined, in approximate order of degree of increasing certainty, are suggest, argue, show, reveal, prove, demonstrate, substantiate, verify, confirm and corroborate. The results reveal that verbs that can be grouped into semantic and syntactic coherent sets also share combinatorial properties. We conclude that, rather than studying isolated verbs, making learners aware of these patterns of verb groups can greatly contribute toward efficient learning of the language of professional texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of collocations plays an important role for the proficiency of ESL/EFL learners. Hence, educators and researchers have long tried to identify collocations typical of either academic or general English and the challenges involved in learning them. This paper proposes a comprehensive and type-balanced academic English collocation list (AECL). AECL is based on a large corpus of academic English and was created to cover the types of collocations that will be most useful to ESL/EFL learners. AECL is the result of an innovative research-based procedure that involves a five-step selection method. A comparison of the collocations on AECL with those found in well-known collocation dictionaries of general English and on three existing academic English collocation lists indicates that AECL indeed contains mainly academic rather than general English collocations. In addition, AECL is more comprehensive with regard to the types of collocations that are relevant to learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship between grammar and language use by comparing word association and collocation. Since word association reveals mental semantic knowledge, usage-based approaches expect word association to mirror the relation between words in use, namely collocation. The paragraph is a more apt unit for collocation than the sentence in mirroring word association. Among measures of collocation, (simple) log likelihood and t-score turn out to be more consistent with association, with log likelihood leading by a small margin over MI or MI3. Overall, word association and collocation are quite close, but not perfectly close because of differences in relevant resources and the characteristics of lexical/semantic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to examine the role of two collocations (že jo and že ne) in spoken dialogue. Both are said to be typical of spontaneous conversation and express a large scale of pragmatic functions, e.g. uncertainty of the speaker or a request for a backchannel. The examination of their positioning within the utterance in relation to the meaning of their close context helped us to identify the functions and to distinguish between cases which are simple co-occurrences of the conjunction že and the particle jo/ne, and those which are instances of the set phrase. The source material comes from the ORAL2013 and DIALOG corpora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of word collocability is one of the main tasks of linguistics. The combinatory ability of language units, collocability, is one of the linguistic syntagmatic laws. This phenomenon is the main object of the phraseology and lexicography. The article deals with set phrases of different types in Russian, Czech and Slovak from the point of view of their quantitative evaluation. Corpus linguistics understand set phrases as statistically determined unities. This approach is the basic point of different automatic ways to extract idioms and collocations. The paper describes experiments which show how text corpora and corpus methods and tools can be used to expand the entries in existing dictionaries and how set phrases could be evaluated quantitatively. It is shown and maintained that corpus linguistics methods and tools allow to create dictionaries of new type which have to include a larger amount of set phrases and collocations than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the linguistic change whereby Spanish dar prevailed as the default verb to express causation when taking a state noun as its object, displacing alternatives such as hacer vergüeenza 'to cause embarrassment' or poner miedo 'to frighten'. In spite of the seeming regularity of the dar-plus-state-noun pattern, it is argued that this collocational pattern has an idiosyncratic character, since not all combinations of lexical units conveying an equivalent meaning are acceptable in present day Spanish, whilst some alternatives that are currently possible in related languages and were commonly found in previous stages of this language's history (hacer miedo lit. 'to make fear') are no longer available. The study tries to show that the idiosyncratic character of these combinations in present-day Spanish can be explained in diachronic terms and that they are the result of two frequency effects that have been observed in other instances of linguistic change: on the one hand, the prevalence as productive patterns of linguistic structures with a high type frequency and, on the other, the resilience of structures with a high token frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methanol is usually produced in large amounts in fixed-bed reactors under steady-state conditions using Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 -catalyst. In this paper, possible improvements through forced periodic operation compared to optimal steady-state solution are investigated. The numerical study is done with a simplified model which describes a hypothetical 7-meter-long isothermal and isobaric fixed-bed reactor. The forced periodic operation is implemented using harmonic forcing and square-waves. Multi-objective optimization is performed for different operating conditions quantifying the achievable molar flow rate of methanol at the reactor outlet and the yield of methanol based on total carbon. The resulting PDE-constrained optimization problems are solved using a simultaneous approach, with orthogonal collocation as discretization. The results show most significant improvements through forced periodic operation with square-waves. The periodic operation can provide theoretical improvements of up to 50% for the methanol mean outlet molar flow rate and improvements of up to 10% for the yield based on total carbon. • Forced periodic operation theoretically improves the performance of methanol synthesis in fixed-bed reactors • Square-wave modulation provides more significant improvement than harmonic modulation • Less hydrogen is needed with forced periodic operation compared to steady-state operation • Orthogonal collocation is used to discretize the partial differential equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the issue of providing adequate equivalents in multilingual dictionaries. If equivalents are adequate, it means that: (1) the scope of meaning of one item is identical to its equivalent (cf. drive: drive a nail vs. drive a car); and (2) the collocations of the equivalents overlap. Two significant problems arise when searching for adequate equivalents: the lack of equivalents whose meanings are identical (narrower/wider meanings, partial overlap of meanings, more than equally good equivalent), and equivalents with homographs in a given language. Because such issues are difficult to resolve in a printed dictionary, we put forward some methods of addressing the problems in an electronic dictionary. The paper offers an example entry from such a dictionary, which presents a suggestion of a layout. We also took into consideration the potential problems which may appear if the entry is presented in this manner: first, one must set a limit for the description (a defined number of lexical units); second, one must avoid circularity, but at the same time also strive for an exhaustive description. Electronic dictionaries offer greater possibilities of presenting modern vocabulary and adding new classifiers (e.g. a classifier of politeness). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we discuss the characteristics that are habitually assigned to collocations: binarism, belonging to the norm and arbitrariness and show that these properties do not in fact define them. 1) The binary relationship between the base and the collocate is contradicted by the possibility of combining the same collocate with a number of bases. 2) The assumption that collocations belong to the norm is refuted by the existence of semantic paradigms formed by bases which combine with the same lexical unit: the collocate. 3) The very existence of semantic paradigms is not an arbitrary phenomenon, but rather, a consequence of the meaning of the units that constitute them, the bases, one of whose semantic features forms part of the meaning of the collocate. Thus, we can conclude that collocations are radial syntagmatic structures in which one semantic feature of the collocate determines its combination with a lexical class of units, bases, which share the same feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores ways in which research into collocation should be improved. After a discussion of the parameters underlying the notion of'collocation', the paper has three main parts. First, I argue that corpus linguistics would benefit from taking more seriously the understudied fact that collocations are not necessarily symmetric, as most association measures imply. Also, I introduce an association measure from the associative learning literature that can identify asymmetric collocations and show that it can also distinguish collocations with high and low association strengths well. Second, I summarize some advantages of this measure and brainstorm about ways in which it can help re-examine previous studies as well as support further applications. Finally, I adopt a broader perspective and discuss a variety of ways in which all association measures - directional or not - in corpus linguistics should be improved in order for us to obtain better and more reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is primarily methodological. It provides evidence that a research question investigated in a corpus can produce different results according to the software adopted, it queries the comparability of the results, and shows that the whole picture is always more than one piece of software can reveal. The field of research is a corpus of Letters to Shareholders referring to 2008, the year the current financial crisis began, compared to identically constructed corpora from the same companies, referring to 2006 and 2010. The paper argues that the macro analysis of key words and key semantic domains needs to be complemented by close phraseological analyses, since it is in the phraseology of the texts that the nuances of a message are to be found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has demonstrated that it is challenging for non-native speaker (NNS) writers to acquire phraseological competence in academic English and develop a good working knowledge of domain-specific collocational patterns. This paper aims to investigate if NNS writers, in our case Spanish doctors, who are required to publish in medical journals, are aware of the common collocational patterns of abstract nouns that occur in published health science discourse. Twenty-four Spanish doctors completed a worksheet based on the collocational patterning of four abstract nouns (conclusion, comparison, agreement and decision). The analysis of the collocation exercises in the worksheet highlights that the participants were aware of some of the common collocational patterns that occur but still would need support for some others. The paper concludes with a brief reflection on the teaching and learning of collocations and the implications of publishing in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a near synonymous pair of prepositions in emotion constructions, at and by. Data from COCA concerning high-frequency adjectives or past-participles' collocations with at and by indicate that recurring emotional adjectives or past-participles which precede at and by are, in contrast to other prepositions in emotion constructions, largely identical. The emotion terms of at and by share certain similarities in that they both arise suddenly and momentarily. However, their following nominals show distinctive aspects, specifically, complements of at focus on the resultant states and those of by describe events. This paper argues that this difference is attributable to the schematic meanings of the prepositions. Although both prepositions express causality of momentary emotion, they have different schematic meanings, viz. target (at) and agent (by). Given the schematic meaning of target, the nominals following at are static and resultative. In contrast, since the schematic meaning of agent relates to dynamic changes, the complements of by describe dynamic situations. Based on the underlying assumption that the collocation patterns of at and by with emotion terms and following nominals are semantically motivated by their schematic meanings, this study examines at and by in three phases. The first phase comprises a qualitative analysis of historical data relating to the emergence of the schematic meanings of the prepositions; the second involves a corpus analysis, using the COCA to determine the emotion causality of prepositions and their conceptual rationale in emotion constructions synchronically; and the final phase consists of an experimental analysis to identify their different conceptualizations in emotion constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines changing perceptions of poor people in seventeenth-century England by means of a corpus analysis of the phrase the poor as it appears in the Early English Books Online (EEBO) corpus. We address the challenges of using a very large historical corpus and describe our methodological approach -- our study is based upon a collocational analysis in which collocates are categorised in terms of how often they attach to the poor in each decade. Dominant popular discourses regarding people living in poverty tell us who these people were, the hardships they faced, and the type of relief, both official and charitable, they were given. We found that the phrase the poor was often associated with the criminalized poor at the beginning of the century but, as the decades progressed, the phrase was increasingly accompanied by collocates which presented poor people as deserving of compassion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In all natural languages, some words collocate with other words to create multi-worded blocks of meaning - the collocations. Since identification of collocations is vital for information retrieval, language learning, psycholinguistics, authorship determination and translation, collocation extraction is an important issue in natural language processing. In this paper we present a method which is designed to improve current statistical methods that generate ranked lists of collocation candidates. Due to meaning integrity, any word in a collocation must suggest or at least imply the subsequent words composing the collocation. As a result, we may state that the words in a random text differ in the tendency to facilitate the prediction of the next word. If a word helps the prediction then it tends to collocate, otherwise it does not. In this paper, an attempt has been made to extract collocations by measuring collocation tendency of words and word combinations. The method used is to filter out free word pairs (the words that do not facilitate the prediction of the next word or those in which meaning integrity has not been completed yet) in the lists of candidate pairs. Collocation tendency method is tested on a base data set extracted by some statistical collocation extraction techniques (frequency of occurrence, point-wise mutual information, the t-test, chi-square techniques) and is evaluated by precision and recall measures. We have found that collocation tendency method brings a remarkable improvement on frequency of occurrence and the t-test techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper I use two case studies to show how corpus linguistics can be used to help in the teaching of business English. Senior managers in global companies often find themselves having to do their job in a foreign language. Given that language is one of the key tools of management, the senior managers are normally very keen to develop a sophisticated command of what they perceive to be key lexis. Consequently, the business English teacher may be required to answer searching and demanding questions in a very precise and accurate way. In this paper I show how a corpus-based investigation of the collocational behaviour of key lexis can be used to answer many of these questions. For example, a study of this kind can reveal the different senses of a word and show how it may be associated with a particular semantic prosody. By studying the collocations associated with a group of so-called synonyms it is often possible to identify slight but significant differences in the meaning of the words in the group. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]