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The migration of Venezuelans nationals to other Latin-American countries has been defined as the most significant migratory phenomenon in the recent story of the region, with Colombia being the country that hosts the highest number of Venezuelan nationals. From a human rights perspective, this article critically analyzes the response of the Colombian State to address migration from Venezuela. The objective of this article is to show that Colombia has preferred to govern this migration through the creation of ad hoc permits, instead of recognizing the need for international protection of this population and their status as refugees. To this end, this paper analyzes the Colombian regulatory framework on migration and refuge and, in particular, the response of the Colombian State to the migration of people from Venezuela. Its central argument is that the Colombian authorities have opted for the design and implementation of alternative measures of migratory regularization, as it was at the time the Special Permit of Permanence and is today the Permit for Temporary Protection. This article concludes by stating that the approach to Venezuelan migration has led to a clear detriment to the refugee system, today collapsed and with no prospect of reform or strengthening. This is so because the institutional design of the Colombian refuge entails a host of obstacles that discourage applicants from following this path, even when they require international protection. The authors of this paper use legal dogmatic as the main research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a research project developed by the CINDE Foundation, the University of Manizales, the Center for Advanced Studies in Childhood and Youth of these entities and the Catholic University Luis Amigó with funding from the Historical Memory Center and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation - Minciencias; the project explored the representations that children have about recent violence in their contexts and the ways in which they have learned about it at home and at school. The research is called Peaceful Expedition: pedagogies of memory and reconciliation in schools, which began in December 2020 and ended in June 2022. The research was conducted by the CINDE Foundation, the University of Manizales, the Center for Advanced Studies in Childhood and Youth of the same entities and the Catholic University Luis Amigó, Manizales branch. It also received financial support from the Historical Memory Center and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation and from the University of Manizales. In particular, the article focuses on the processes related to the pedagogies of memory and the teaching of the recent past in an educational institution in the city of Manizales, with the participation of 40 children. The project provided resources from creation-action research and performative hermeneutic research, paying special attention to the cartographies and narratives of the participants, based on the performative ontological hermeneutic research proposal. The research project was conducted from a qualitative perspective and took resources from performative ontological hermeneutic research, which is understood by Alvarado et al. (2014), as that which allows the emergence of the voices of actors that have been silenced by traditional research mechanisms that, also makes it possible that the same research questions and the ways in which the voices of the group of actors are summoned, allow them to position themselves as political subjects, based on the recognition of their potencies and their capacities for the transformation of reality. On the other hand, the research also took resources from action-creation research, applying design and audiovisual resources as creative resources that allow narratives to be accompanied by creations made by the research participants themselves and that also communicate knowledge, experiences and knowledge. The work consisted of the development of five cartographic expeditions, the first related to the knowledge of the project, the second to the pedagogies of memory and the teaching of the recent past, the third to the construction of peace, the fourth to reconciliation, and the last to political agency. This paper analyzes the expedition related to the pedagogies of memory and the teaching of the recent past. The analysis of the information was based on the categories related to the teaching of the recent past and the pedagogies of memory, allowing the emergence of three subcategories, the first emphasizes the relationship between memory and territory, the second focuses on children as readers of reality, and the third is based on the continuity of adult voices and traditional media as the main sources of information for children. It was found that children prefer some places or regions of the country due to the events they have learned about from adults or from the news, which makes them generalize their imaginary about certain regions based on what is communicated to them. It was also possible to recognize that children assume certain positions according to what they hear from their families and from television, for example, stories were evidenced in which they give their opinion about the political situation in Colombia or the socio-political situation in Venezuela. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a decolonial feminist geopolitics of Venezuelan migration to Colombia, with Venezuelans fleeing the socialist Bolivarian Revolution and then facing discrimination and violence upon settling in capitalist Colombia amid its failing peace process context. Conflicts over migration and nationality permeate our global order of sovereign nation-states, both in north-south migrations and across the global south, while the feminisation and racialisation of migrants divides the subaltern class and facilitates capitalist exploitation. However, this paper elucidates migrants’ inter-national solidarities and grassroots peace struggles. Community organisers along the Colombia-Venezuela border – the women’s empowerment organisation Tejedores de Paz and youth leadership foundation Horizonte de Juventud – unite impoverished internally-displaced Colombians and Venezuelan immigrants to create resistance territories against xenophobia, patriarchy, and poverty. Illustrating the utility of the methodology of decolonial feminist geopolitics, I trace the reconfiguration of the spirit of sociopolitical revolution in South America through migrants’ emergent form of feminist non-state socialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of formative research conducted from January to June 2020 in the Department of Atlántico, Caribbean region of Colombia, whose findings were used as inputs to design the national strategy for comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) outside school – Tírala Plena – including its curriculum. This is within the framework of the multi-country project coordinated by UNFPA and WHO aimed at generating evidence on the role of facilitators in the delivery of CSE in non-school contexts. The research was carried out in four municipalities in northern Colombia, in rural and marginal urban contexts with conditions of vulnerability for the adolescent population, including a strong presence of migrant populations from Venezuela. A total of 150 male and female adolescents ages 10–17 participated in the formative research. Workshops such as patchwork quilt, body mapping and talking maps were used as methods to gather information. The groups were divided by sex and age (10–13 years old and 14–17 years old). Knowledge, attitudes and social norms regarding adolescent pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus, and gender-based violence, were identified in adolescents (schooled and not schooled, but with minimal or no access to CSE). All of the above enabled us to establish a set of recommendations for the strengthening of the CSE strategy Tírala plena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects of economic growth (GDPG) and energy consumption (ENRC) on environmental pollution (EP) in G-3 countries and to show the significance of renewable energy consumption (RENEW) on environmental pollution (EP). The data covers the period from 1970 to 2020 by applying the "Pooled Mean Group-Autoregressive Distributed Lag" (PMG-ARDL) model. The results indicate that GDPG is negatively co-integrated with CO2 emissions (pollution) in the short run (SR) but positively co-integrated in the long run (LR). Energy consumption has a positive impact in the long run, but there is no positive impact in the short run to accelerate pollution. In both the short and long run, renewable energy has a significant role in reducing environmental degradation. However, according to the Dumitrescu Hurlin panel, there was bidirectional causality (BC) involving energy consumption and pollution. Because of the large volume of energy emphasized in economic growth and development activities, energy use increases pollution. In addition, there was a BC involving energy consumption and economic growth. At the country level, a significant contribution implies sustainable development and the implication of environmental quality assurance policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of seismic intensity attenuation plays an important role in the analysis of menace that includes historical events. Mapping the intensity attenuation is usually done by regressing the intensity versus distance. Nowadays there are different ways to examine the characteristics of a seismic event using instrumental means, however, the experts face the problem of qualitative nature of the sources of information and the mapping of the relationship between intensity, magnitude and distance for the generation of risk scenarios based on historical information. This paper presents an alternative to map this relationship through artificial neural networks (ANN). As a result, we propose a procedure that was validated through the mapping of the intensities of 68 earthquakes that occurred northern South America, between 1766 and 2004. We found that ANNs present advantages with respect to the conventional models of regression: a. they preserve in a better way the first statistical moment, b. they reflect a minor approximation error and c. the variance explained by the ANN is better than the one from the models of statistical regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Records from the literature supplemented by reviewing reference collection specimens of fish in the Humboldt Institute - IAvH-P, Rancho Grande Biological Station - EBRG and Museum of Natural Sciences Guanare - MCNG, show 109 freshwater native species and 14 of marine estuarine origin living in the Catatumbo river basin, making it the system with the highest diversity of fish species on Maracaibo Lake. These species belong to 10 orders, 39 families and 91 genera. The taxonomic orders with the highest number of families, genera and species were Siluriformes with 12 families, 42 genera and 61 species and Characiformes with 11 families, 24 genera and 32 species. The richest families were Loricariidae (16 genera and 25 species), Characidae (13 genera and 18 species) and Pimelodidae (6 genera and 8 species), there were between one and five species recorded in each of the remaining 37 families. Of the 123 species registered, 69 were collected and cataloged as sampling results of this study and 11 are new registers for Colombia. As for the Catatumbo 61 of the 68 species are considered endemic to the Maracaibo Lake basin and 40 were established themselves as commonly fished species for commercial purposes, six marine - estuarine and 34 freshwater. This paper discusses changes in the number of species registered in the different lists and their implications for species richness Catatumbo basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the main results of the project "Participation and social relationships in Twitter's online opinion leaders in Colombia, Venezuela and Iran, linked to the authors' research field. Our initial hypothesis said that new social networks in online media are strengthening the application of the flow communication model proposed by Klaus Jensen (Three-Step Flow), as well as they are contributing to the emergency of new opinion leaders. The findings confirm the relevance of Jensen's model and show how, the formation of new leaders of opinion online depend of factors out the ICT's effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last 10 years, diplomatic relation between Colombia and Venezuela has been marked by a constant instability. Such a relation has had two hard moments: between December 2004 and February 2005 with Granda case, and in March 2008 with the death of Raul Reyes. This paper shows an alternative analysis of agreements between both nations, emphasizing particularly the Granda case. The analysis is based on a dynamic game, through which it will be very important the effect on the economy of each country has the freezing of trade relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methods for enhanced recovery of heavy oil by steam injection, present great inconvenience in reservoirs of over three thousand feet deep. This is due to the high losses of energy from the generator on surface to the wellbore, so, the oil can not reach a temperature at which it is mobile and can be produced. This paper proposes the use of steam generators at bottom, with the goal of inject wet steam into deep reservoirs. Subsequently, is proposes the application of the technique steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), and that because it uses short distances between wells, requiring low rates of injection, such as those that provide these generators. Finally, is assessed the feasibility of implementing enhanced recovery processes in deposits of heavy crude oil with characteristics similar to those of the Colombian Llanos Orientales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980, Venezuelan income per capita in dollars was 1.4 times higher than that of Colombia, but in 2007, this ratio was reversed and the Colombian income was 1.1 higher than that of Venezuela. This result deserves an explanation, as both countries made similar structural reforms to allow a free economy and to integrate with international markets. This paper aims to explain this result. The main conclusion is that the State-entrepreneur relationship and the real exchange rate management are crucial for the explanation of the difference in the economic performance of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has shown an increase in research on ethnopedology, the study of local soil knowledge, as such studies have shown their utility for land management. But such studies have rarely moved beyond the 'local' because by definition they are site specific. Our paper compares two similar ecological settings in South America, the Amazon and Orinoco River floodplains, where indigenous peasantries demonstrate a similar knowledge base about the soils they farm. Our results indicate that there are at least three categories of convergence of knowledge about soils and their management namely: i) soil classification and associated land use, ii) use and management of vegetation, and iii) management of sediment quantity and quality into agricultural fields. This permits us to conclude that the evolution of ecological knowledge related to soils and their management, held by local people in similar environments, is based on global principles and not primarily constrained by local conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I describe two cases of syntactic (construction) reanalysis in the Cariban language Yukpa, spoken in Venezuela and Colombia (South America). In both cases, old nominal constructions acquired main clause verbal status, giving rise to a Progressive and to a Future. The two cases show that Yukpa fits Gildea's (1998) cross-Cariban description, making it look more like a typical member of the family. One of the two cases (the Future) belongs to a widely attested type (Desiderative > Future) but not one described by Gildea for the Cariban family. In the final section, I briefly discuss the plausibility of a different analysis of the Yukpa Progressive and Future constructions and comment on the impact of this reanalysis on its morphosyntactic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]