Search

The magnet-less switched reluctance motor (SRM) speed-torque characteristics are ideally suited for traction motor drive characteristics and its advantage to minimize the overall cost of on-road EVs. The main drawbacks are torque and flux ripple, which have produced high in low-speed operation. However, the emerging direct torque control (DTC) operated magnitude flux and torque estimation with voltage vectors (VVs) gives high torque ripples due to the selection of effective switching states and sector partition accuracy. On the other hand, the existing model predictive control (MPC) with multiple objective and optimization weighting factors produces high torque ripples due to the system dynamics and constraints. Therefore, existing DTC and MPC can result in high torque ripples. This paper proposed a finite set (FS)-MPC with a single cost function objective without weighting factor: the predicted torque considered to evaluate VVs to minimize the ripples further. The selected optimal VV minimizes the SRM drive torque and flux ripples in steady and dynamic state behaviour. The classical DTC and proposed model were developed, and simulation results were verified using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed model operated in SRM drives experimental results to prove the effective minimization of torque and flux ripples compared to the existing DTC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary urinary Bladder Adenocarcinoma (PBA) is an uncommon neoplasm and can cause diagnostic difficulties due to histologic similarities with adenocarcinomas of adjacent structures like Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) and prostate, since involvement of the bladder by metastasis or direct spread can occur. Seven cases of bladder adenocarcinomas were diagnosed during a period of four years in a tertiary care hospital. Patient's age ranged from 26-78 years with a male predilection. Three cases were signet ring type adenocarcinomas, two cases were subtyped as enteric variant, one as mucinous variant and one as adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) variant. One case showed urachal involvement. Common site of involvement was the base and posterior wall of the bladder. Three cases had prior history of GIT malignancy. No morphologic difference was identified to differentiate primary from secondary adenocarcinomas. Bladder adenocarcinoma is rare tumours. Primary and secondary adenocarcinomas cannot be distinguished from each other on morphologic grounds. Ancillary studies may have limited role in distinguishing between the two. Hence, clinical correlation has a major role in their evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]