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A few decades ago, hydroelectric projects were considered a clean source of energy. The present study aims to assess the biomass and soil carbon (C) stock in the hydroelectric catchment in India and further, its implications to mitigate GHG emissions. The estimation depicts the low 'C' stock in the reservoir's catchment in comparison to reservoirs located globally in the same eco-region which will ultimately result in lower GHG emission in the future. Moreover, estimated total carbon density of the forest species was found as 54.92 ± 18.07 MgC.ha−1 while mean SOC was 79.64 ± 19.32 MgC.ha−1. The average total 'C' stock of Tehri hydroelectric reservoir's catchment was estimated as 134.56 MgC.ha−1. Moreover, ratios (total flooded carbon/installed capacity) comprised between 4 and304 kgC/W from the other reservoirs reported globally. These ratios are higher than the Tehri reservoir (0.28 kgC/W) as flooded area of Tehri reservoir during impoundment was 52 km2. Thus, Tehri reservoir was found to emit less GHG in time to come. The present study helps the hydropower industries, policymakers, and environmentalists in designing the catchment area treatment plan to minimize the negative impact of GHG on climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry has great potential for carbon (C) sequestration among different land uses of the Himalayan region, India. However, our knowledge of C sequestration in particular, agroforestry system around the world is poor. Therefore, we conducted a study to understand biomass accumulation and carbon allocation in different components of the agroforestry system. The highest stem biomass was recorded in Eucalyptus tereticornis (69.43 ± 0.90 Mg ha-1), branch biomass in Populus deltoids (5.04 ± 0.35 Mg ha-1), leaf biomass also in P. deltoids (2.21 ± 0.12 Mg ha-1), and root biomass in Albizia procera (14.01 ± 0.44 Mg ha-1). The highest (81.01%) C allocation was recorded in the stem of Toona ciliate, branch of P. deltoids (5.73%), leaves of E. tereticornis (2.93%) and root of Anthocephalus cadamba (16.83%). The highest CO2 mitigation (160.5 ± 2.55 Mg CO2 ha-1) and C sequestration (45.33 ± 0.60 Mg ha-1) were recorded in E. tereticornis. The highest wheat crop biomass (11.85 ± 0.23 Mg ha-1) and C stock (3.59 ± 0.05 Mg ha-1) were recorded in P. deltiodes. However, soil carbon stock was recorded in E. tereticornis (37.5 ± 3.52 Mg ha-1). Thus, trees on farmlands with crops are suitable for biomass production and C allocation in different components under changing climatic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Agroforestry forms an explicit part of the hill farming systems. • Mostly all the dominant agroforestry systems were prevalent in the study area. • Silvopastoral and agrohortosilviculture have the highest CO 2 mitigation potential. • Along elevation, the highest total carbon stock was recorded in Zone III. The estimation of carbon stock in agroforestry is crucial for curbing the global climate crisis. In this study, biomass production and carbon storage potential of the prevalent agroforestry systems along an altitudinal gradient in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh was carried out during 2019–2021. Agroforestry practices were categorized into eight land use systems viz., agrisilviculture, agrihorticulture, agrosilvohorticulture, agrohortisilviculture, hortiagriculture, silvopastoral, pastoralsilviculture and hortipastoral systems and were divided into four altitudinal ranges viz., <1000 m above sea level (m asl; Z-I), 1000–1500 m asl (Z-II), 1500–2500 m asl (Z-III) and > 2500 m asl (Z-IV). Results revealed that biomass production and total carbon storage (vegetation + soil) were significantly affected by the land use type along the altitudinal gradient. Among the different agroforestry systems, maximum aboveground biomass (47.48 Mg ha−1) and belowground biomass (12.20 Mg ha−1) were recorded for agrohortisilviculture. Biomass production was positively correlated with altitudes and increased with an increase in altitudes. Soil carbon density was the maximum (35.77 Mg ha−1) under silvopastoral showing a decreasing trend along the altitudinal gradient. The total carbon storage potential was observed the maximum (59.76 Mg ha−1) under silvopastoral system followed by agrohortisilvicuture > agrosilvohorticulture > agrisilviculture > pastoralsilviculture > hortiagriculture > hortipastoral > agrihorticulture. Along the elevation gradient, total carbon stock ranged from 43.99 to 51.13 Mg ha−1 with the maximum carbon stock corresponding to Z-III and the minimum for Z-IV. This study offers a useful approach for selecting different land use systems and vegetation patterns to maximize thecarbon stocks in a cost-effective manner, which will further help to mitigate global warming issues in other fragile Himalayan catchments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]