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[Display omitted] • We constructed an industrial waste metabolism input-output model. • We considered the industrial wastewater, industrial waste gas and industrial solid waste. • We accounted for both direct and indirect industrial waste discharge. • The dominant sectors and ecological utility relationships of systems are identified. • The results support the formulation of waste management plans in Jiangsu Province. The enormous discharge of industrial waste seriously hinders the sustainable development of cities. However, most studies only involve a single or limited category of industrial pollutants, ignoring the environmental pressure caused by multiple resources and environmental factors. This paper combines input-output analysis and ecological network analysis to construct an industrial waste metabolic input–output (IWMIO) model, which explores the industrial waste discharge and discharge relationships among different sectors in Jiangsu Province from the three aspects of industrial wastewater, industrial waste gas, and industrial solid waste. The results show that the indirect discharge of industrial waste is greater than the direct discharge in the industrial waste metabolism system. TI (Tertiary industry), CI (Chemical industry), SPM (Smelting and pressing of metals), and PSEH (Production and supply of electricity and heat) dominate the industrial waste metabolism system. In addition, MWC (Mining and washing of coal), MNMP (Manufacture of non-metallic mineral products), SPM (Smelting and pressing of metals) have more mutualism and competition relationships with other sectors, so the control of industrial waste discharge in these sectors contributes to achieving emission reduction targets. Based on the research results, this paper proposes corresponding policy recommendations such as considering both direct and indirect emissions of sectors when formulating waste reduction policies and developing pertinent industrial waste reduction programs based on the characteristics of the identified sectors. The results of this paper are helpful to identify the dependence and influence relationships of various sectors in the industrial waste metabolism system, promote industrial waste discharge control, and provide theoretical support for the adjustment of industrial structure and the formulation of related policies in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration of China’s regional integrated development, some functions of large cities have been decentralized to the peripheral areas, resulting in the increasing phenomenon of commuting to and from school or work across administrative regions. As a spatial unit of various factors flowing across regions, the metropolitan area has gradually become a significant carrier in the background of high-quality urbanization development. However, due to existing policy limitation, it has been hard to avoid administrative barriers in metropolitan area development. To fill the gap in the traditional policy system, regional spatial governance is being widely used in practice at various levels. Therefore, from the perspective of spatial governance, this paper explores a new approach to the governance of metropolitan areas with Chinese characteristics based on the analysis of the connotation evolution of metropolitan areas and the international experience of metropolitan development and governance. By taking several metropolitan areas in Jiangsu Province as examples, this paper explains that the key to metropolitan governance is to treat a metropolitan area as “policy area” and to construct a spatial governance system suitable to regional integrated development, through the combination of spatial planning and public policy, so as to propel urban development towards regional coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reveals the spatial-temporal correlation characteristics and coordination/ trade-off relationship of the "production-living-ecological" functions in the county of Jiangsu province, which can provide theoretical support for the spatial planning of the county. Based on the theory of "production-living-ecological" spatial superior group and niche situation theory, this paper constructs the function recognition system of land space from three dimensions of production, life and ecology. The spatial autocorrelation and correlation coefficient method were used to quantitatively measure the time effect and coordination/trade-off relationship of the "production-living-ecological" function in Jiangsu province in 1996, 2005 and 2015. The results were obtained as follows: (1) The niche width of "production-living-ecological" functions in Jiangsu was varied, and its spatial distribution had its own characteristics. The specific manifestation was that the niche width of production function had a general increasing trend in the period 1996-2015, but the changing process had the stage characteristic, presenting a pattern of "high in the south high but low in the north", the south bank of the Yangtze River was in strips distribution, and the north bank was multi-aggregated. From 1996 to 2015, the niche breadth of life function was continuously compressed, and the space was attenuated by the concentric circle centered on the municipal area. In the same period, the ecological function niche width increased continuously, the ecological functional niche breadth in space has high value near the mountain and water. (2) From 1996 to 2015, the three functions of production, life and ecology in this province had positive correlation type (HH, LL) clustering obviously, presenting a "group" type distribution with the change of time. On the contrary, negative correlation type (HL, LH) with low agglomeration, showing a "discrete" distribution. (3) Production and life function had spatial synergistic relationship, and production and ecological functions showed a coordination/trade-off fluctuations. The changing trend of life function and ecological function was similar to the production and ecological function with more obvious change, and the coordination/trade-off relationship in different years had obvious differences in different units. Studies have shown that all of the above characteristics were in good agreement with regional economic and social development. In the future, we should gradually change the phenomenon of production function expansion and compression of life and ecological functions, so as to protect the ecological environment and to improve the quality of life oriented coordinated and optimized development path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The evolution of construction land expansion and space conflicts were visualized. • An index for analyzing the intensity of territorial space conflicts is constructed. • The intensity distribution of space conflicts is consistent with its dynamic changes. • Territorial space conflict changes are related to construction land expansion. • The collaboration degree between conflicts and socioeconomic factors is discussed. In rapidly urbanizing areas, intense human development activities and fierce competition for spatial resources have led to apparent territorial space conflicts. This paper selects Jiangsu Province as the study area to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and response relationship between the expansion of county-level construction land and territorial space conflicts from 1985 to 2020 to provide a reference for regional territorial space optimization. The results show that the construction land expansion intensity (CEI) at the county level showed a spatial characteristic of greater power in the southeast than in the northwest. The spatial expansion mode (SEI) was mainly characterized by spread type, with construction land experiencing marginal expansion, the emergence of new independent expansion points, and then the expansion process of agglomeration distribution. From 1985 to 2020, there was a significant increase in territorial space conflicts and an increase in spatial aggregation at the county level. The regions with high space conflicts intensity index (SCII) values and high increase in space conflicts intensity changes (SCII C) were mainly located in Xuzhou, Nanjing, and at the junction of Changzhou, Wuxi, Suzhou, and Zhenjiang. There was a positive correlation between CEI and SCII C , and the correlation of positive correlation units increased from south to north. There was a positive correlation between SEI and SCII C , and the units with a strong positive correlation were mainly located in Xuzhou, Nantong, Changzhou, and Wuxi. The changes in population density and GDP also affect SCII C. This paper strengthens the understanding of the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and related relationships of construction land expansion and territorial space conflicts at the county level over a long time, which can provide a decision-making basis and reference for the regulation of county construction land expansion, territorial space optimization in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research concentrated upon customers' consuming behaviors towards hydrogen vehicle in Jiangsu province, China. This paper discussed the associations between factors related to competitions in industries and customers' consuming behaviors. Different from previous literature, the present study explored whether industrial agglomeration would affect customers willingness to purchase hydrogen vehicles. Results from empirical analysis showed that industrial structure height in a city was positively associated with customers' acceptance towards hydrogen vehicles. This indicated that in addition to economic and environmental factors, the agglomeration of industrial activities from industry competition would increase customers purchase intention for hydrogen vehicle. • Industry agglomeration's impacts on hydrogen vehicle's consumption are discussed. • Housing burden is related to the degree of reluctance to buy hydrogen vehicles. • Willingness to energy-saving products and hydrogen vehicles is correlated. • The economic mechanism behind Chinese hydrogen vehicle industry is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions from the tourism industry are an important measure of the impact tourism has on the environment. Previous studies are predominantly focused on the static estimation of carbon emission from tourism transport. The effective estimation and analysis of carbon emission flows from self-driving tourism, and it’s related determinants, has become increasingly important. Using expressway traffic flow data at the level of toll-gate across Jiangsu Province in China (2014), this paper has estimated the carbon emission flows from self-driving tourism between counties, analyzed the spatial patterns of its inflow, outflow and net flows, and modelled the determinants of these flows globally and locally using the geographically weighted regression method. The spatial distribution of these flows show high concentration in the South, gradually decreasing to the North. The two geographically weighted regression models demonstrate that the determinants of both inflows (the per capita gross domestic product. and the scenic spot’s score) and outflows (the per capita and total population of permanent residents) indicate spatial non-stationarity across Jiangsu province. The flow perspective and geographically weighted regression methods used in this paper have been proven to be effective in theoretical understanding and methodogical analysis of carbon emission trading. It is concluded that the spatial variation of these determinants has provided important evidence for carbon emission trading at county level. This suggests that local governments should take the variations of per capita gross domestic product, score of attractive spots and total population of permanent residents into the process of estimating carbon emission trading between counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plain water network area is mainly distributed along the river, the coastal and the lakeside areas in the middle and lower reaches of the main rivers in the south of China. The population density in the area is large, the per capita cultivated land is small, the climate is humid, the rainfall is abundant, the terrain in the area is flat, the water network is densely distributed, and most of the area is located in the subtropical monsoon climate area, which belongs to a typical rice and wheat rotation area. Because of the special regional characteristics of plain water network area, it is particularly important to promote the comprehensive utilization of straw for the protection of water ecological environment in plain water network area. In order to promote the full quantitative utilization of regional crop straw, taking Jiangsu Province of plain water network as the research object, this paper analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of comprehensive utilization of straw returning and leaving the field, analyzed the influence on straw collection, storage and transportation from the point of view of straw binding type, collection, storage and transportation mode and operation cost. In view of the existing problems of straw collection, storage and transportation system, from the guidance of the government and the self-sufficient rate of equipment, the direction of capital support and R&D investment were put forward. The results showed that the way of straw leaving was not only beneficial to the cultivation of next crop and reduce the impact of ecological environment, but also could save the cost and increase the income for the farmers, and could make economic profits for the farmers through selling straw commodities. Through the comparison of the influences of straw binding types on straw collection, storage and transportation, it was concluded that large round bundled straw was the optimal binding type for straw collection, storage and transportation in plain water network area. At the same time, in view of the current mainstream (commercial) cooperative third party mode of collection, storage and transportation with straw, through in-depth analysis of the operation mechanism between different collection, storage and transportation subjects under this mode, straw collection, storage and transportation operation cost and profit space, the results showed that under the guidance of government policies and administrative coordination, straw off-field collection, storage and transportation costs were easy to achieve, and the cost of collection, storage and transportation was relatively stable and transparent. The bottleneck restricting the comprehensive utilization of straw leaving the field lies in the utilization form of terminal straw and the added value of terminal products. Finally, the problem of straw storage and transportation system was analyzed in this study, and put forward targeted countermeasures and suggestions. In addition, it provides theoretical and technical support for improving the quality of comprehensive utilization of straw and the construction of storage and transportation system in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism development is an important topic within tourism and regional studies. However, previous studies have lacked focus regarding the coexistence of spatial and temporal effects, where the mixed analysis of global and local influencing factors has been limited. This paper employs a semiparametric GWR model to explore the spatiotemporal relationships between regional tourism economy and influencing variables. Results indicate that in the areas of better tourism economic development, spatiotemporal lag factors play a key promotion role, while in the areas of lower tourism economic development, spatiotemporal lag factors play a restraining role. In comparison with traditional analysis methods, semiparametric GWR was found to be superior in analyzing regional tourism economies as it accounts for spatiotemporal relationship at both global and local scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental efficiency improvement has played a crucial role in the theory and practice of stimulating clean production. This paper analyzes the interaction between environmental efficiency and output efficiency, particularly whether they reinforce each other or compete with each other, on the basis of a data set of 137 firms in the textile industry in China's Jiangsu Province. In the first stage, generalized data envelopment analysis is applied to calculate efficiency measures of energy, waste water, waste gas, soot, and output efficiency taking capital, labor, water, and energy as inputs, industrial output value as desirable output, and waste water discharges, waste gas and soot emissions as undesirable outputs. In the second stage analysis, a structural equation model with latent variables is applied to analyze the interaction between the latent variable environmental efficiency, measured by the four observed environmental indicators, and output efficiency, taking also into account the endogenous variable profit. The main outcomes of the structural equation model are the following. Firstly, environmental efficiency negatively impacts on profit while profit positively impacts on environmental efficiency. In a similar vein, output efficiency is found to depress profit while profit increases output efficiency. Thirdly, environmental efficiency has a positive impact on output efficiency while there is no effect of output efficiency on environmental efficiency. Fourthly, taxes impair a firm's output efficiency. From the findings it follows that a swap of general taxes for an energy tax is likely to improve both output efficiency and energy efficiency. The latter outcome implies a win–win situation which will facilitate the further implementation and adoption of environmental policy. Finally, the paper illustrates the applicability of structural equation modeling in efficiency analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the early warning of food security, this paper sets the self-sufficiency rate as the principal indicator in a standpoint of supplement. It is common to use the quantitative methods to forecast and warning the insecurity. However, this paper considers more about the probable outcome when the government intervenes. By constructing the causal feedbacks among grain supplement, demand, productive input, and the policy factors to simulate the future food security in Jiangsu province, conclusions can be drawn as the following: (1) The situation of food security is insecure if the self-sufficiency rate is under 68.3% according to the development of system inertia. (2) it is difficult to guarantee the food security in Jiangsu just depending on the increase of grain sown area. (3) The valid solution to ensure the food security in Jiangsu is to improve the productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space in the process of urbanization is undergoing a great transition from physical space to social space. The relations between society and space become more important and complicated than ever. As a critical social theory, production of space means that urbanization has been reshaped by social factors or forces like capital, power and class, so that the urban space finally becomes their production and process. Based on socio-spatial dialectic, the main methodology of spatial production, urban space (re)shapes social relations and processes. The different spatial scales have and continuously produce the different social relations. In the researches about production of space, little work has been done on the index system to assess the extent of production of space and to analyze middle-scale region. This article designs a set of simple index system to reflect the spatial influences of capital, power as well as class, and chooses Jiangsu Province as a typical case because of its rapid and differential urbanization to indicate the process of spatial production from 2000 to 2015. In this index system, capital is represented by fixed-asset investment, real estate investment and foreign direct investment; power is represented by the index of the constructed urban land area; the index reflecting class is the urban-rural income ratio. Based on the analysis of these changing indexes, this paper finds that urbanization in Jiangsu is hybrid process: the forces from capital and power greatly contribute to rapid urbanization and high urbanization level, however, the gaps among the three sub-regions in the province and rural-urban income inequality have not decreased accordingly. Conversely, these gaps enlarge in some periods. This kind of urbanization pattern is characterized by large-scale spatial expansion, and is driven by capital and power, but there are many latent social risks and spatial inequality. In the process of spatial production, space and society interact, entangle and (re)shape the pattern of urbanization in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon neutrality is an important environmental management tool to deal with the global greenhouse effect. Addressing climate change is an important starting point for promoting the high-quality development of China's economy and the construction of ecological civilization, as well as an important area for participating in global governance and adhering to multilateralism. In this paper, from the perspective of carbon neutrality, taking China's Jiangsu Province as an example, the super-efficiency DEA model is selected to measure the level of ecological efficiency in Jiangsu, and on this basis, the Tobit model is used to verify the main factors affecting regional ecological efficiency. The results are as follows: (1) The regional eco-efficiency in Jiangsu shows a trend of decreasing from south to north, with obvious phenomenon of "club convergence", with significant spatial correlation and agglomeration. (2) The industrial structure is negatively related to the regional eco-efficiency of Jiangsu regions; Energy consumption structure has a positively impact in southern Jiangsu,but negatively in central and northern Jiangsu; FDI has a positively impact in central and northern Jiangsu, but negatively in southern Jiangsu; Regional economic development has a positively impact in southern and northern Jiangsu, but negatively in central Jiangsu; The progress in the technological level has positive effects on the eco-efficiency of all regions of Jiangsu. The final paper puts forward some suggestions based on the carbon neutral target Provide theoretical reference for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. • Construct an regional ecological efficiency evaluation index system. • Use super-DEAmethod to measure ecological efficiency level. • Study from the perspective of carbon neutrality. • Propose a reference for achieving carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial prerequisite for recycling, forming an integral part of municipal solid waste management is sorting valuable materials from municipal solid waste. China's waste sorting remains low, making it imperative to research waste sorting and provide scientific policy recommendations to promote waste sorting. China's low levels in waste sorting result from low household level participation. Therefore, this paper focuses on the influencing factors accounting for the intention to sort household waste using Jiangsu province of China as a case. The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) was extended with Guilt, Convenience, and Environmental concern. 412 valid responses were used in assessing the hypotheses through structural equation modeling. It was found that attitude and subjective norm cardinally influenced intention towards waste sorting. The study found that residents' concern for the environment, the guilt associated with their actions, and the convenience of sorting waste positively influenced their intention toward waste sorting. Guilt positively influenced attitude, while environmental concern influenced guilt and convenience positively. Guilt mediated environmental concern towards waste sorting intention. The study furnishes stakeholders with meaningful policy implications to promote maximum household waste sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced a massive rural-urban migration process since the mid-1980s. During the period, a new generation of rural migrants has increasingly accounted for a large segment of the total floating population. The younger generation differs from its predecessors with respect to certain characteristics, exhibiting improved human capital, less farming experience and a stronger desire for urban settlement. This generation prefers to settle in urban areas rather than return to rural hometowns to farm. Although the topic of permanent migration and urban settlement is an issue confronting China and other countries, research focussing on cohort differences in urban settlement decisions is limited. The paper, which reports the results of a 2010 survey of rural migrants in Jiangsu Province, China, provides an in-depth comparison of the determinants of urban settlement for younger and older generations for different types of urban destinations. Survey respondents were divided into two cohorts based on birth year, and both geographic and socioeconomic factors were examined. Binary logit regression models found that disparities between the two generations were related to differences in the life-cycle stages of the two cohorts, attitudes and behaviours, and recent economic and social transitions in Jiangsu Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper firstly introduced overall condition of agricultural and rural economic development in Jiangsu Province, and analyzed restrictive factors and bottleneck in the process of new socialist countryside construction from policy, fund and understanding. There are many problems in the process of new socialist countryside construction, including no supply and management system for rural public service products, no agricultural ecological compensation mechanism, increasingly prominent rural hollowing and decline of passing on economic culture, lack of funds and technologies for new socialist countryside construction, and inadequate understanding of new socialist countryside construction. In line with these problems, it came up with recommendations and countermeasures for beautiful improvement, innovation management and cultural cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The CO2 emissions of Jiangsu over the period 1995–2009 are calculated based on the presented method. [•] This paper examines the occurrence of a decoupling between economic activity and CO2 emission. [•] Jiangsu economy experienced weak decoupling and strong decoupling except 2003–2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since the start of economic reform in 1979, Jiangsu Province has become one of the most developed regions in China. To ensure adequate energy supply and sustainable development of economy and environment, it is necessary to analyze Jiangsu Province’s energy balance. The energy flow chart is taken as a useful tool for sorting out and displaying energy statistics data. The purpose of this paper is to draft the Jiangsu Province’s energy flow chart for 2009, which is used to study the characteristics of energy production and consumption in Jiangsu Province. We find that: (1) In 2009, energy imported from other regions accounted for 96.1% of the total primary energy supply. However, its energy supply mainly came from coal. (2) Jiangsu thermal power and heating efficiencies in 2009 were higher than those of Guangdong and China in 2007. However, its coal processing and petroleum refineries efficiencies in 2009 were lower than those of Guangdong and China in 2007. (3) Electricity supply in Jiangsu Province mainly depended on thermal power, which accounted for 88.97% of the total electricity supply. However, 96.36% fuel for thermal power was coal. (4) The share of final energy consumption of the secondary industrial sector was 81.28% in 2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The efficiency and order of urban land use structure (ULUS) are vital for the level of urban sustainable development. This paper evaluated the efficiency and order of ULUS of thirteen cities in Jiangsu province, China, using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and information entropy method to characterize the spatial-temporal variation. Although literature using the DEA approach and information entropy method to measure the performance of ULUS exists, the main contributions of this study were considering different types of undesirable outputs and using long-term panel data in the process of urban land use. The Slacks-Based Measure (SBM)-Undesirable window analysis technique was used to measure the annual change of urban land use efficiency (ULUE) in Jiangsu during the period 2006–2017. In particular, urban land resource saving, undesirable output emission reduction potential and reducing size were constructed to comprehensively evaluate the improvement approaches of ULUE. Moreover, the grey relational grade between efficiency and order of ULUS, land use types and ULUE were evaluated using the grey relational model. The empirical results revealed that the ULUE in Jiangsu province was relatively high and the potential to improve ULUE was small. The change of information entropy of ULUS showed a low fluctuation trend of "decline-rise-decline". In addition, there was a distinct correlation between ULUE and information entropy of ULUS during the period examined. The analysis using DEA and information entropy approach elucidated that overall, the performance of ULUS presented a typical spatial and temporal distribution, which was closely related to the level of regional social and economic development and urbanization. Based on these results, several policy implications are proposed to improve urban land use performance within Jiangsu province. Furthermore, these results enable researchers and policymakers to understand the performance of ULUS and set goals for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution, caused by industrial wastewater discharge, restricts the transformation of China's industrial economy. In terms of its gross industrial product, Jiangsu Province has always been among the top-ranking areas of China. To ensure the green and sustainable development of Jiangsu's industry, it is imperative to formulate specific strategies toward the reduction of industrial water pollutant emissions. First, by the parameter quadratic directional output distance function and the shadow price model, this paper estimates the technical inefficiency and marginal abatement costs of industrial chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 –N) in Jiangsu Province between 2006 and 2017. Second, spatial and temporal distributions as well as the dynamic evolution tendencies of technical inefficiency, and abatement costs of industrial COD and NH 3 –N are analyzed. Third, the Morishima elasticity model is utilized to measure the output substitution elasticity of industrial COD and NH 3 –N for Jiangsu. The results show that the technical inefficiency of industrial water pollutants in Jiangsu Province followed a decreasing trend from 2006 to 2017; moreover, significant differences were found in technical inefficiency among different regions. Over time, the regional disparity followed a polarization trend. For Jiangsu Province, the marginal abatement cost of industrial COD increased rapidly and continuously, while the marginal abatement cost of industrial NH 3 –N showed fluctuating and marginal growth from 2006 to 2017. The marginal abatement cost of industrial COD in southern Jiangsu exceeded that of other regions; however, the marginal abatement cost of industrial NH 3 –N in northern Jiangsu was highest. Additionally, the negative sign of the Morishima output elasticity for Jiangsu indicates a "trade-off" relationship between gross industrial output and industrial water pollutants. Finally, according to the empirical results, corresponding policy recommendations are proposed. • This study analyzed the technical inefficiency of industrial water pollutants. • The quadratic directional distance function was used to analyze this efficiency. • The shadow price model was used to calculate the abatement costs of pollutants. • Morishima elasticity was used to assess the output substitutability of pollutants. • Differentiated emission reduction policies should be adopted in Jiangsu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) mapping of localized ground surface deformation has become an important tool to manage subsidence-related geohazards. However, monitoring land surface deformation using InSAR at high spatial resolution over a large region is still a formidable task. In this paper, we report a research on investigating ground subsidence and the causes over the entire 107, 200 km2 province of Jiangsu, China, using time-series InSAR. The Sentinel-1 Interferometric Wide-swath (IW) images of 6 frames are used to map ground subsidence over the whole province for the period 2016–2018. We present processing methodology in detail, with emphasis on the three-level co-registration scheme of S-1 data, retrieval of mean subsidence velocity (MSV) and subsidence time series, and mosaicking of multiple frames of results. The MSV and subsidence time series are generated for 9,276,214 selected coherent pixels (CPs) over the Jiangsu territory. Using 688 leveling measurements in evaluation, the derived MSV map of Jiangsu province shows an accuracy of 3.9 mm/year. Moreover, subsidence causes of the province are analyzed based on InSAR-derived subsidence characteristics, historical optical images, and field-work findings. Main factors accounting for the observed subsidence include: underground mining, groundwater withdrawal, soil consolidations of marine reclamation, and land-use transition from agricultural (paddy) to industrial land. This research demonstrates not only the capability of S-1 data in mapping ground deformation over wide areas in coastal and heavily vegetated region of China, but also the potential of inferring valuable knowledge from InSAR-derived results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid process of urbanization, anthropogenic heat generated by human activities has become an important factor that drives the changes in urban climate and regional environmental quality. The nighttime light (NTL) data can aptly reflect the spatial distribution of social-economic activities and energy consumption, and quantitatively estimate the anthropogenic heat flux (AHF) distribution. However, the commonly used DMSP/OLS and Suomi-NPP/VIIRS NTL data are restricted by their coarse spatial resolution and, therefore, cannot exhibit the spatial details of AHF at city scale. The 130 m high-resolution NTL data obtained by Luojia 1-01 satellite launched in June 2018 shows a promise to solve this problem. In this paper, the gridded AHF spatial estimation is achieved with a resolution of 130 m using Luojia 1-01 NTL data based on three indexes, NTLnor (Normalized Nighttime Light Data), HSI (Human Settlement Index), and VANUI (Vegetation Adjusted NTL Urban Index). We chose Jiangsu, a fast-developing province in China, as an example to determine the best AHF estimation model among the three indexes. The AHF of 96 county-level cities of the province was first calculated using energy-consumption statistics data and then correlated with the corresponding data of three indexes. The results show that based on a 5-fold cross-validation approach, the VANUI power estimation model achieves the highest R2 of 0.8444 along with the smallest RMSE of 4.8277 W·m−2 and therefore has the highest accuracy among the three indexes. According to the VANUI power estimation model, the annual mean AHF of Jiangsu in 2018 was 2.91 W·m−2. Of the 96 cities, Suzhou has the highest annual mean AHF of 7.41 W·m−2, followed by Wuxi, Nanjing, Changzhou and Zhenjiang, with the annual mean of 3.80–5.97 W·m−2, while the figures of Suqian, Yancheng, Lianyungang, and Huaian, the cities in northern Jiangsu, are relatively low, ranging from 1.41 to 1.59 W·m−2. This study has shown that the AHF estimation model developed by Luojia 1-01 NTL data can achieve higher accuracy at city-scale and discriminate the spatial detail of AHF effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]